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The coexistence of microorganisms in complex soil environments greatly affects the environmental behavior and ecological effects of microplastics (MPs). However, relevant studies are sparse, and internal mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), a common symbiotic microorganism in the soil–plant system, was proved to significantly affect MPs absorption and migration with a “size effect”. Specifically, the existence of AMF accelerated small-sized MPs (0.5 μm) uptake but slowed large-sized MPs (2 μm) uptake in lettuce. The content of 0.5 μm MPs absorbed by plants with AMF was 1.26 times that of the non-AMF group, while the content of 2 μm MPs was only 77.62 % that of non-AMF group. Additionally, the different effects of microorganisms on the intake content of MPs with different particle sizes in plants also led to different toxic effects of MPs on lettuce, that is, AMF exacerbated small-size MPs toxicity in lettuce (e.g., reduced plant biomass, photosynthesis, etc), and it weakened large-sized MPs toxicity (e.g., increased plant height, antioxidant enzyme activity, etc). The above phenomenon mainly because of the change in AMF on the plant root structure, which can be visually observed through the intraradical and extraradical hyphae. The symbiotic structure (hyphae) formed by AMF and host plants root could enhance the absorption pathway for small-sized MPs in lettuce, although not for large-sized MPs. Additionally, the effects of AMF varied with the soil environment of differently sized MPs, which promoted the migration of small-particle MPs to plants but aggravated large-particle MPs fixation at the soil interface. These findings could deepen the understanding of MPs pollution in terrestrial systems and provide theoretical basis and technical support to accurately assess soil MPs pollution.

[Display omitted] • Rhizosphere symbiosis causes plants to absorb more small-sized microplastics rather than larger-sized microplastics. • Rhizosphere symbiosis enhance small-sized microplastics and reduce the harm of larger-sized microplastics to plants. • Symbiotic structures of rhizosphere microorganisms and plants offer a new way for small-sized microplastics to enter plants. • Size effects in rhizosphere environment restrict the pathway of large-sized microplastics into plants through hyphae. The coexistence of microorganisms in complex soil environments greatly affects the environmental behavior and ecological effects of microplastics (MPs). However, relevant studies are sparse, and internal mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), a common symbiotic microorganism in the soil–plant system, was proved to significantly affect MPs absorption and migration with a "size effect". Specifically, the existence of AMF accelerated small-sized MPs (0.5 μm) uptake but slowed large-sized MPs (2 μm) uptake in lettuce. The content of 0.5 μm MPs absorbed by plants with AMF was 1.26 times that of the non-AMF group, while the content of 2 μm MPs was only 77.62 % that of non-AMF group. Additionally, the different effects of microorganisms on the intake content of MPs with different particle sizes in plants also led to different toxic effects of MPs on lettuce, that is, AMF exacerbated small-size MPs toxicity in lettuce (e.g., reduced plant biomass, photosynthesis, etc), and it weakened large-sized MPs toxicity (e.g., increased plant height, antioxidant enzyme activity, etc). The above phenomenon mainly because of the change in AMF on the plant root structure, which can be visually observed through the intraradical and extraradical hyphae. The symbiotic structure (hyphae) formed by AMF and host plants root could enhance the absorption pathway for small-sized MPs in lettuce, although not for large-sized MPs. Additionally, the effects of AMF varied with the soil environment of differently sized MPs, which promoted the migration of small-particle MPs to plants but aggravated large-particle MPs fixation at the soil interface. These findings could deepen the understanding of MPs pollution in terrestrial systems and provide theoretical basis and technical support to accurately assess soil MPs pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]