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6. Visiting Tol-e Tahmachi, a Fifth Millennium BCE Settlement in the Persian Gulf Littoral, Southwest Iran

Author

Moghaddam, Abbas and Rashidian, Elnaz

Abstract

ABSTRACTPrevious archaeological investigations of the northern coast of the Persian Gulf have assumed that it had an unstable landscape due to successive fluctuations and sea-level changes in the mid-Holocene, and no prehistoric settlements were expected there. This impression has also been reinforced by the lack of a systematic strategy for carrying out detailed archaeological surveys on the northern shores of the Persian Gulf, which contrasts to the systematic approaches use in the inter-montane valleys of the Zagros Mountain and the lowland plains of Khuzestan. Geoarchaeological studies have partially reconstructed landscape evolution of the Persian Gulf’s northern coasts, and prehistoric sites are now being found in this region. One prominent recent find is Tahmachi, a fifth millennium BCE settlement in the Liravi (Deylam) plain, which is less than 5 km north of the current shoreline. The two remaining mounds situated alongside the Zendarun stream attest to the presence of a permanent settlement with at least 10 m of cultural deposits in a dynamic and resource-rich landscape. Based on material culture and surface finds, the prehistoric population here had access to diverse resources from both sea and land.

Published
2024
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9. Karstic spring wetlands of the Persepolis Basin, southwest Iran: unique sediment archives of Holocene environmental change and human impacts

Author

Djamali, Morteza, Gondet, Sebastien, Ashjari, Javad, Aubert, Cyril, Brisset, Elodie, Longerey, Julien, Marriner, Nick, Mashkour, Marjan, Miller, Naomi F., Naderi-Beni, Abdolmajid, Pourkerman, Majid, Rashidian, Elnaz, Rigot, Jean-Baptiste, Shidrang, Sonia, Thiery, Alain, and Gandouin, Emmanuel

Subjects
Wetlands -- Natural history, Sediments (Geology) -- Natural history, Basins (Geology) -- Natural history, Earth sciences
Abstract

Palustrine carbonates are frequently found with active and dried karstic springs in the foothills of the mountains bordering the Persepolis Basin, southwest Iran. A combination of geological conditions favours their formation, including (i) the presence of karstic limestone aquifers in the limbs of anticlines cut through by fault systems; (ii) very gentle slopes from the spring resurgence point towards the centre of the alluvial plain, creating a flat waterlogged area; and (iii) a semiarid climate with marked precipitation seasonality or significant fluctuations in water discharge and wetland water table. We suggest the term 'anastomosing wetlands' or 'anastomosing palustrine environments' to denote the studied karstic spring-fed carbonate wetlands, because of similarities with anastomosing river systems in aerial view. The common presence of extended anastomosing wetland carbonatesin the Persepolis Basin and adjacent basins in the central and southern Zagros suggests that they can play an important role in the geological records of collision-related basin-and-range settings dominated by karstic limestones. Karstic spring wetlands are a main source of fresh water hosting a rich biodiversity, which attracts human communities, whose impact is visible in the archaeological material imbedded in the wetland stratigraphy. Fresh water availability, through these spring wetlands, partly explains why the semiarid Persepolis region was selected by successive civilizations, from Elamites to Persians until early Islamic entities, to establish regional centres throughout the period from the third millennium B.C. to the first millennium A.D. Only a few of these ecosystems have survived the intensive human activities of recent decades. Des carbonates palustres sont frequemment associes a des sources karstiques actives et assechees dans le contrefort des montagnes bordant le bassin de Persepolis, dans le sud-ouest de l'Iran. Une combinaison de conditions geologiques favorise leur formation, a savoir: i) la presence d'aquiferes de calcaires karstiques dans les flans d'anticlinaux decoupes par des systemes de failles, ii) les pentes tres douces des points de resurgence de sources vers le centre de la plaine alluviale, creant une zone plane saturee et iii) un climat semi-aride caracterise par une saisonnalite marquee des precipitations ou d'importantes fluctuations de l'ecoulement de l'eau et de la nappe phreatique dans les zones humides. Nous proposons le terme << zones humides anastomosees >> ou << milieux palustres anastomoses >> pour designer les zones humides a carbonates karstiques alimentees par des sources en raison de similitudes qu'elles presentent en vue aerienne avec des reseaux hydrographiques anastomoses. La presence repandue de carbonates dans les zones humides anastomosees du bassin de Persepolis et des bassins voisins des parties centrales et sud des monts Zagros indiquerait qu'ils peuvent jouer un role important dans les profils geologiques des milieux de bassins et montagnes. Ces milieux sont associes a des collisions tectoniques dans lesquels predominent des calcaires karstiques. Les zones humides karstiques alimentees par des sources constituent une source d'eau douce majeure abritant une grande diversite biologique qui attire les collectivites humaines, dont l'impact est visible dans le materiel archeologique present dans la stratig-raphie des zones humides. La disponibilite d'eau douce qu'offrent ces zones humides alimentees par des sources explique en partie pourquoi la region semi-aride de Persepolis a ete retenue par des civilisations successives, des Elamites aux Perses jusqu'aux premieres entites islamiques, pour y etablir des centres regionaux durant toute la periode allant du 3e] millenaire avant notre ere au 1er millenaire de notre ere. Seuls quelques-uns de ces ecosystemes ont survecu a l'intense activite humaine des recentes decennies. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Palustrine carbonates are continental carbonates deposited in marginal shallow lake environments or wetland systems, later modified by subaerial exposure and pedogenic processes (Alonso-Zarza 2003; Alonso-Zarza and Wright 2009a). They [...]

Published
2018
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13. Early Sasanian landscape modification: New geoarchaeological evidence from the Ardashir Pond in southwest Iran (Palace of Ardashir, third century CE)

Author

Djamali, Morteza, primary, Rashidian, Elnaz, additional, Askari‐Chaverdi, Alireza, additional, Aubert, Cyril, additional, Brisset, Elodie, additional, Demory, François, additional, Faucherre, Nicolas, additional, Gandouin, Emmanuel, additional, Lahijani, Hamid, additional, Marriner, Nick, additional, Naderi‐Beni, Abdolmajid, additional, and Parnell, Andrew, additional

Published
2021
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14. Early Sasanian landscape modification: New geoarchaeological evidence from the Ardashir Pond in southwest Iran (Palace of Ardashir, third century CE)

Author

Djamali, Morteza, Rashidian, Elnaz, Askari‐Chaverdi, Alireza, Aubert, Cyril, Brisset, Elodie, Demory, François, Faucherre, Nicolas, Gandouin, Emmanuel, Lahijani, Hamid, Marriner, Nick, Naderi‐Beni, Abdolmajid, Parnell, Andrew, Djamali, Morteza, Rashidian, Elnaz, Askari‐Chaverdi, Alireza, Aubert, Cyril, Brisset, Elodie, Demory, François, Faucherre, Nicolas, Gandouin, Emmanuel, Lahijani, Hamid, Marriner, Nick, Naderi‐Beni, Abdolmajid, and Parnell, Andrew

Abstract

The Sasanian period (224–651 CE) marked an era of large‐scale urban projects insouthwest Asia, including Iran's semi‐arid highlands, with particular efforts to ma-nipulate water bodies. This study presents a recent interdisciplinary investigation ofa spring‐fed pond at the entrance of the Palace of Ardashir (Firuzabad plain,southwest Iran), part of a recently registered World Heritage site. Historical ac-counts suggest that the entire water system of the plain, including the pond, un-derwent a hydraulic re‐organization at the beginning of the Sasanian period, a factthat has never been investigated geoarchaeologically. A series of sediment coreswere retrieved from the pond to probe its evolution and examine the extent of itslandscape modification. The cores were sedimentologically described andradiocarbon‐dated with age–depth models established based on 57 AMS (accel-erator mass spectrometry)14C dates to understand the basin's depositional history.The results indicate that (i) Ardashir Pond has existed as part of a larger wetlandcomplex since at least 4500 years ago, (ii) it was substantially enlarged at the be-ginning of the Sasanian era, and (iii) it was abandoned at the end of the Sasanianperiod. The Ardashir Pond is one of the first geoarchaeologically investigated casestudies to demonstrate the Sasanian landscape in the framework of the“Iranshahr”sociopolitical concept.

Published
2021

16. The Iranian Plateau during the Bronze Age

Author

Attarpour, Samira, Berthon, Rémi, Bessenay-Prolonge, Julie, Biscione, Raffaele, Casanova, Michèle, Dabbagh, Mina, Decaix, Alexia, Eskandari, Nasir, Fahimi, Hamid, Fathi, Homa, Francfort, Henri-Paul, La Farina, Riccardo, Le Brun, Alain, Mashkour, Marjan, Maziar, Sepideh, Meier, David M.P., Meyer, Jan-Waalke, Meyer, Jan‑Waalke, Mohaseb, Fatemeh Azadeh, Palumbi, Giulio, Piran, Sedigheh, Pittman, Holly, Rafiei-Alavi, Babak, Rashidian, Elnaz, Sardari, Alireza, Tengberg, Margareta, Vahdati, Ali A., Vallet, Régis, Vila, Emmanuelle, Zalaghi, Ali, Meyer, Jan-Waalke, Vila, Emmanuelle, Mashkour, Marjan, Casanova, Michèle, and Vallet, Régis

Subjects
Near East, Bronze Age, HD, bioarchéologie, Iron Age, bioarchaeology, archéologie, iconographie, archaeology, Kura-Araxes, Elam, âge du Fer, Middle East, Mesopotamia, Central Asia, âge du Bronze, Kuro-Araxe, geoarchaeology, iconography, SOC003000, géoarchéologie
Abstract

The book compiles a portion of the contributions presented during the symposium “Urbanisation, commerce, subsistence and production during the third millennium BC on the Iranian Plateau”, which took place at the Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée in Lyon, the 29-30 of April, 2014. The twenty papers assembled provide an overview of the recent archaeological research on this region of the Middle East during the Bronze Age. The socio-economic transformation from rural villages to towns and nations has prompted many questions into this evolution of urbanisation. What was the impact of interactions between cultures in the Iranian Plateau and the surrounding regions (Mesopotamia, the South Caucasus, Central Asia, Indus Valley)? What was the overall context during the Bronze Age on the Iranian Plateau? What was the extent and means of the expansion of the Kuro-Araxe culture? How did the Elamite Kingdom become established? What new knowledge has been contributed by the recent excavations and studies undertaken in the east of Iran? What was the influence of the Indus Valley culture, known as an epicentre of urbanisation in South Asia? What are the unique characteristics of the ancient cultures in Iran? While the urbanisation of early Mesopotamia has been the subject of much debate for several decades, this topic has only recently been raised in respect to the Iranian Plateau. This volume is the product of an international community from Iranian, European, and American institutions, consisting of recognised specialists in the archaeology of the Iranian Bronze Age. It provides an overview of the latest research, including abundant results from current on-going excavations. The current state of archaeological research in Iran, comprising many dynamic questions and perspectives, is presented here in the form of original contributions on the first emergence of towns in the Near and Middle East. L’ouvrage rassemble une partie des contributions présentées lors du colloque «Urbanisation, commerce, subsistance et production au iiie millénaire avant J.-C. sur le Plateau iranien» qui s’est tenu à la Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée à Lyon les 29 et 30 avril 2014. Les vingt articles réunis livrent un état récent de la recherche archéologique dans cette région du Moyen‑Orient pour l’âge du Bronze. Le développement socio-économique entre le mode de vie rural et la formation des villes et des états soulève de nombreuses interrogations sur le processus de l’urbanisation. Quel est l’impact des relations culturelles entre le Plateau iranien et les régions adjacentes (Mésopotamie, Sud-Caucase, Asie centrale, vallée de l’Indus) ? Quel est le contexte global de l’âge du Bronze sur le Plateau Iranien ? Comment s’opère l’expansion de la culture Kuro-Araxe à partir du Caucase ? Comment le royaume élamite se met en place ? Quel est l’apport des fouilles et travaux récents dans l’Est iranien ? Quelle est l’influence de la vallée de l’Indus, un centre d’urbanisation important en Asie ? Comment se manifestent les singularités du monde iranien ? Alors que la thématique de l’urbanisation en Mésopotamie a été très débattue ces dernières décennies, cette question est abordée depuis peu pour le Plateau iranien. Le présent volume émane d’une communauté internationale d’archéologues d’institutions iraniennes, européennes et américaines, spécialistes reconnus de l’archéologie iranienne de l’âge du Bronze. Il dresse un panorama de l’état des recherches qui se nourrit amplement des travaux de terrain en cours. L’ouvrage rend compte de la dynamique actuelle de la recherche archéologique en Iran, riche de nouveaux questionnements et de nouvelles perspectives, et constitue un apport original à la réflexion sur l’émergence des villes au Moyen-Orient.

Published
2020

17. In search of cities in Elam. For a geoarchaeological approach to the toponym-hydronym interaction

Author

Rashidian, Elnaz

Subjects
Near East, Bronze Age, HD, bioarchéologie, Iron Age, bioarchaeology, archéologie, iconographie, archaeology, Kura-Araxes, Elam, âge du Fer, Middle East, Mesopotamia, Central Asia, âge du Bronze, Kuro-Araxe, geoarchaeology, iconography, SOC003000, géoarchéologie
Abstract

After more than 150 years of both archaeological and philological research on ancient Elam, only too little has been found out and too much remains to be discovered regarding its landscape and settlement setting. One of the most exciting issues in this regard is the case of urban Elam from the 3rd millennium forwards. Yet, the paucity of geo‑data about the spatial distribution of Elam’s settlements makes it almost impossible to reconstruct an outline of urban Elam and its interaction with the natural setting. The archaeological investigations up until now are mostly sporadic and fitful. In addition, the written evidence is philologically contradictory and vague at best.Seeking a reliable comprehension of a given toponym there is obviously no alternative to a successive and long planned excavation supported by extensive surveying. However, due to individual cases of site formation process this way does not always yield assuring results either. It is suggested that using geoarchaeological methods one can take steps towards a better understanding of the toponym-hydronym interaction. Morphological analysis – as the by far most useful methodology in geoarchaeological research – is proposed here as an indispensable tool, albeit a complementary one, for current investigation in this field. Both macro- and micro-morphology provide invaluable insights of a settlement (i.e. toponym) and its environs (e.g. hydronym) while being at low cost and causing no damage to the archaeological context.Here, the definitions of “Elam” and “[pre‑] urban” are discussed foremost. Then, most impediments of the above-mentioned issues regarding philological and archaeological contradictions as well as site formation peculiarities in search for cities in Elam are summarized via examples. Finally, in both spectra morphological methods are suggested to address those issues, using examples of current research in geoarchaeology elsewhere. Malgré plus de 150 ans de recherche à la fois philologique et archéologique sur l’Élam antique, très peu de choses seulement sont connues et beaucoup restent à découvrir sur le milieu et sur le système d’occupation. L’une des questions les plus intéressantes à cet égard est celle de l’urbanisation de l’Élam à partir du IIIe millénaire av. J.‑C. Pourtant, la rareté des données géographiques sur la distribution spatiale des sites en Élam rend quasi impossible une reconstitution, même sous forme d’esquisse, de l’Élam urbanisé et de son interaction avec l’environnement naturel. Les fouilles archéologiques jusqu’à maintenant sont souvent pour la plupart sporadiques et incomplètes. En outre, les données écrites sont du point de vue philologique, au mieux, vagues et contradictoires.Lorsque l’on cherche à comprendre un toponyme donné d’une manière exacte, il n’y a évidemment pas d’autre alternative que de faire une série de fouilles programmées accompagnées de prospections extensives. Cependant, en raison des cas individuels dans le processus de formation des sites, cette approche n’est pas toujours garante de résultats. L’utilisation des méthodes géo-archéologiques est suggérée pour mieux comprendre l’interaction entre toponyme et hydronyme. L’analyse morphologique – de loin la méthode la plus utile dans la recherche géo-archéologique – est proposée ici comme un outil indispensable, quoique complémentaire, pour les recherches actuelles dans ce domaine. La macro- et la micro-morphologie fournissent chacune des indications précieuses sur un site (toponyme) et ses environs (p. ex. hydronyme) tout en étant de faible coût et sans dommage pour le contexte archéologique.Les définitions de “Élam” et de “[pré] urbain” sont discutées ici avant tout. Puis, la plupart des obstacles aux problèmes mentionnés ci‑dessus, dus aux incohérences archéologiques et philologiques, ainsi que la recherche des spécificités dans la formation des villes en Élam sont résumés à travers des exemples. Enfin, des méthodes morphologiques sont suggérées pour aborder ces questions, en prenant des exemples dans la recherche actuelle en géo-archéologie d’autres régions. با وجود پیشینه طولانی پژوهش‌ های باستان ‌‌شناسی و زبان ‌‌شناسی، آگاهی ما از الگوهای استقراری عیلام، به ویژه شهرنشینی هزارۀ سوم پیش از میلاد، هنوز بسیار اندک است. همچنین کمبود اطلاعات دربارهؑ چشم ‌‌اندازطبیعی این منطقه در هزاره‌‌ های پیشین، بازشناسی این الگو‌‌ها را با تکیۀ صرف بر داده‌‌ های ناقص در دسترس، نا‌‌ممکن کرده است. این نقص بزرگ، مهم ‌‌ترین مانع بر سر بازیابی نام ‌‌جای‌ها (Toponym) و نام‌‌آب‌‌ها‌‌یی (Hydronym) بوده که در منابع نوشتاری عیلام و همسایگانش در این دوره از آن‌ها یاد می شود. در این نوشتار، پس از اشاره به ابعاد این نقص در باستان‌شناسی عیلام، پژوهش‌‌ های زمین‌‌ باستان ‌‌شناختی با کمک چند مثال کاربردی، به عنوان راه حلی مناسب برای جبران این امر معرفی می شوند. به ویژه ‌‌ریخت‌‌شناسی (مورفولوژی) به عنوان کارآمد‌ترین روش در پژوهش‌ های زمین ‌‌باستان ‌‌شناسی برای تکمیل داده‌‌ های حاصل از کاوش باستان‌ شناسی به بحث گذاشته شده است. همچنین به روش‌ های نوین برای بازشناسی جریان‌ های آبی کهن در چشم‌‌انداز کنونی مانند لیدار (LiDAR) و ساب سار (Sub SAR) اشاره می شود. نویسنده بر این باور است که زمین‌‌ باستان‌‌شناسی یک ابزار اجتناب‌‌ناپذیر در پژوهش ‌‌های باستان‌‌ شناسی عیلام بوده که با هزینۀ کم داده ‌های بی‌‌ نظیری در اختیار گروه قرار‌‌داده و امکان بازشناسی الگوهای استقراری در چشم ‌انداز کهن منطقه (Paleo‑Landscape) را فراهم می ‌‌کند. این امر حضور و همکاری زمین‌‌ باستان ‌‌‌شناسان در کاوش ‌‌های میدانی باستان‌ شناسی عیلام را ضروری می‌‌ سازد.

Published
2020

18. An absolute radiocarbon chronology for the world heritage site of Sarvestan (SW Iran): A late Sasanian heritage in early Islamic era.

Author

Djamali, Morteza, Capano, Manuela, Askari‐Chaverdi, Alireza, Faucherre, Nicolas, Guibal, Frédéric, Northedge, Alastair, Rashidian, Elnaz, Tuna, Thibaut, and Bard, Edouard

Subjects
WORLD Heritage Sites, RADIOCARBON dating, CARBON isotopes, ARCHITECTURAL designs, PLASTER, ARCHITECTURAL history, POLITICAL stability
Abstract

This study presents a new precise radiocarbon chronology for the World Heritage site of Sarvestan (SW Iran). The monument is a key construction in the history of architecture because it is a typical Sasanian construction built during the late Sasanian or early Islamic period. Previous attempts to date the monument have suggested the ages ranging from the middle Sasanian (fifth century CE) to early Abbasid (ninth century CE) era. These age estimations are based on the analysis of architectural plans and techniques, and a few radiocarbon dates with very large age uncertainties. This paper presents the results of a systematic radiocarbon dating of timbers in the walls and charcoals in plaster mortars used in the main dome of the monument. It further applies wiggle matching technique and R_Combine function to substantially reduce the age uncertainties in wood sections. The results indicate that a major construction work was undertaken sometime between 658 and 683 CE, the century of the invasion of Fars by Muslim Arabs. This finding pushes back the age of Sarvestan for two centuries and suggests that the monument was built at the transitional period between Sasanian to Islamic era. Sarvestan would have been an architectural project designed and possibly initiated during the late Sasanian period but mainly accomplished during the second half of the seventh century CE. It can thus be considered a late Sasanian heritage in early Islamic period. Its construction at a time of political unrest further suggests that some areas of Fars may have benefited from certain socio‐political stabilities during the expansion of Islam into the east at mid‐ to late seventh century CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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20. The Riverine Landscape of Formative and Archaic Susiana (SW Iran); A Suggestion Based on Recent Geoarchaeological Evidence.

Author

Rashidian, Elnaz

Subjects
ARCHAEOLOGICAL geology, LANDSCAPES, WETLANDS, NEOLITHIC Period, MATERIAL culture
Abstract

The settlement evolution of the Early Neolithic period is considered a milestone in the human cultural history. While the archaeological implications of this period are discussed extensively, the landscape of Early Neolithic Iran has remained underrepresented, mostly due to lack of geoarchaeological investigations. The early periods Formative and Archaic Susiana, attested in several sites in the Susiana plain in southwestern Iran, are of utmost importance as they bear witness to the first implications of standardization of material culture and intra-regional organization. This paper summarizes our current understanding of these periods as well as their landscape in the seventh and sixth millennia BCE. Then, it proposes a preliminary reconstruction of the landscape in this period based on recent geoarchaeological investigations by the author, applying a combination of different methods such as remote sensing, GIS analysis, and original geoarchaeological data including sediment cores, soil profiles, as well as laboratory analyses including sedimentological and chemical analyses (and lithological description in the field) and OSL dating. The results widen our perspective regarding the region’s hydrology. The Early Neolithic landscape of Susiana seems to have been different from the current one, primarily due to the tangible changes in watercourses and the noticeable differences in the surface soil and vegetation. The results further confirm that heavy sedimentation of later periods covers most of the surface of this buried landscape including now buried watercourses and small wetlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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