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In this paper, a controller for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) connected to a wind system is proposed. This control assigning its own structures as an optimal control method, the electric model in the DFIG state space is also shown, for which it is expected to estimate a linear model through the subspace technique and thus to design the controller. It will be possible to show that a structure assignment controller is undoubtedly a good option for the control of multivariable systems. The results of the output signals will be analyzed when applying the controller, assigning their own structures, which will allow us to observe that the response and disturbance times are below two tenths of a second.

For a time, each new processor churned out more waste heat than the last. Had these chips kept on the trajectory they were following in the early 2000s, they would soon have packed about 6,400 watts onto each square centimeter-the power flux on the surface of the sun.

The fundamental problem of propagation invariant Bessel beams is that they are not square-integrable in the transverse direction, and are therefore associated with an infinite power flux. H...

In modern practical medicine, along with pharmacological agents, more and more attention is paid to physiotherapeutic methods. Over the past decades, extremely high-frequency therapy (EHF-therapy) has been widely used. The electromagnetic radiation of the EHF range is used in medicine not only as a therapeutic, but also as a diagnostic tool. At the moment, there are various methods for determining individual sensitivity to EHF-therapy at the cellular level of patients with cardiovascular diseases, although this method of physiotherapy is also successfully used to treat neurological diseases. A cytobiophysical technique was developed and studied to determine individual sensitivity to EHF-therapy in neurology. The technique is based on determining the number of negatively charged nuclei of the patient’s buccal epithelium cells before and after exposure to cells of electromagnetic radiation from the EHF range and comparing the obtained parameters to determine individual sensitivity to EHF therapy. The measurements were carried out using buccal epithelium of conditionally healthy donors 24–35 years old of both sexes (n=8), as well as patients with degree I and II degree discirculatory encephalopathy at the age of 41–77 years (n=55) who were hospitalized. A generator of type G4-141 served as a source of EHF radiation, irradiation was carried out at a wavelength of λ=7,1 mm, and a power flux density of 10 mW/cm2. The cytobiophysical technique allows us to solve the problem of individualization in the case of EHF-therapy, since the current approaches to the treatment of patients with discirculatory encephalopathy require maximum individualization of treatment and a combination of drug treatment with physiotherapeutic methods of treatment. The cytobiophysical technique is easy to use, non-invasive, painless for the patient, allows you to determine individual sensitivity to EHF-therapy for various pathologies, and also allows you to quickly (study time is 15–20 minutes) to monitor the effectiveness of any type of therapy, including EHF-therapy at all stages of treatment.

There is increasing interest in applications which use the 30 to 90 GHz frequency range, including automotive radar, 5 G cellular networks and wireless local area links. This study investigated pulsed 30–90 GHz radiation penetration into the human ear canal and tympanic membrane using computational phantoms. Modelling involved 100 ps and 20 ps pulsed excitation at three angles: direct (orthogonal), 30° anterior, and 45° superior to the ear canal. The incident power flux density (PD) estimation was normalised to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (1998) standard for general population exposure of 10 Wm−2 and occupational exposure of 50 Wm−2. The PD, specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature rise within the tympanic membrane was highly dependent on the incident angle of the radiation and frequency. Using a 30 GHz pulse directed orthogonally into the ear canal, the PD in the tympanic membrane was 0.2% of the original maximal signal intensity. The corresponding PD at 90 GHz was 13.8%. A temperature rise of 0.032° C (+20%, −50%) was noted within the tympanic membrane using the equivalent of an occupational standard exposure at 90 GHz. The central area of the tympanic membrane is exposed in a preferential way and local effects on small regions cannot be excluded. The authors strongly advocate further research into the effects of radiation above 60 GHz on the structures of the ear to assist the process of setting standards.

For a first-order quasilinear equation with power flux function, a generalized entropy solution of the Cauchy problem with exponential initial condition is constructed. An example of a nonunique generalized entropy solution in the class of locally bounded functions of the Cauchy problem with zero initial condition is given.

Recently, there has renewed and growing interest in the characterization of spin (SAM) and orbital (OAM) angular momentum (OAM) of electromagnetic waves, with a view to potential applications in increasing capacity of wireless communication systems. Both the generation and the accurate detection and evaluation of OAM in reference and real-life electromagnetic environments is posing new challenges.

Для приемных систем, установленных на борту судна, одним из важнейших типов шумов, дающим значительный вклад в суммарное шумовое поле, является структурная помеха, создаваемая вибрациями элементов корпуса. Разработка, анализ и выбор эффективных алгоритмов обработки сигналов, базирующихся на измерении двух компонент поля, требует знания характеристик векторно-скалярного акустического поля шумов, на фоне которых выполняется обнаружение цели. Такие характеристики обнаружения приемных систем, как вероятность правильного обнаружения и ложной тревоги, рассчитываются с использованием плотности вероятности сигналов и шумов. Поэтому особый интерес представляют статистические характеристики компонент векторно-скалярного поля. В работе представлены результаты экспериментального исследования характеристик векторно-скалярного шумового поля на приемном элементе, установленном на борту носителя, и состоящем из скалярного датчика и трех ортогональных векторных датчиков. Анализируются энергетические и статистические характеристики структурной помехи, как скалярной и векторных компонент поля, так и для мультипликативной компоненты – потока мощности. Показано, что экспериментальные результаты совпадают с результатами компьютерного моделирования, полученными при расчете характеристик акустического поля методом случайных источников. Как следствие, рекомендуется при проектировании векторно-скалярных приемных систем, устанавливаемых на борту, использовать метод случайных источников, который значительно упрощает расчеты. На основе сравнительного анализа среднеквадратических ошибок оценки компонент поля показана высокая эффективность обнаружения локального источника сигналов при использовании мультипликативной компоненты акустического поля – потока мощности., Structural noise created by the vibrations of the hull elements is one of the most important types of noise which makes a significant contribution to the total noise field for the onboard receiving systems. Development, analysis and selection of the efficient signal processing algorithm that uses the measurements of two components of the acoustic field requires knowledge of the characteristics of the vector-scalar acoustic background noise field, in the presence of which target detection is performed. Detection characteristics, such as the probability of correct detection and false alarm probability, are calculated using the probability densities of signals and noise. Therefore, the statistical characteristics of the components of the vector-scalar field are of particular interest. The paper presents the results of an experimental study of the characteristics of a vector-scalar noise field for a receiving module installed on board the carrier, and consisting of a scalar sensor and three orthogonal vector sensors. The energy and statistical characteristics of the structural noise are analyzed for the scalar, vector and multiplicative (power flux) components of the field. It is shown that the experimental results coincide with the simulation results obtained when calculating the characteristics of the acoustic field using the method of random sources. As a consequence, it is recommended to use the random sources method, which significantly simplifies the calculations, when designing vector-scalar receiving systems installed on board the carrier. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the root mean square errors for the field components characteristics' estimations, a high efficiency of detecting a local target is shown when using the multiplicative component of the acoustic field., №27(1) (2019)

Wave mixing of ultrasonic guided wave has attracted considerable attention because of its potential for localizing micro-damage in plate-like structures. Non-zero power flux and phase-velocity matching are regarded as the necessary conditions for generating cumulative harmonics. However, selecting a high-efficiency Lamb mode with obvious difference or sum harmonics remains problematic in practice. In this paper, experiment and numerical simulations have been performed to investigate the excitation efficiency of mode pairs that satisfy resonance conditions. The result shown that a mode pair (S0 mode at 1.2MHz and S0 mode at 3.0MHz can generate the S2 mode at 4.2MHz) has more obvious harmonics than other mode pairs. We could find that the potential of the excitation efficiency simulation on selecting mode pairs with obviously harmonics.

Analytical and numerical analysis of electromagnetic wave propagation in cylindrical waveguides filled with isotropic metamaterial is presented. Emphasis is given to the characteristics of power flux in the waveguide. In the structure of the waveguide, The characteristics equation for the modes in this waveguide is obtained. The behavior of the dispersion curves and the energy flux are examined theoretically. The negative energy flux propagation through the cylindrical waveguide is confirmed.

Five-layer slab a waveguide combined with a metamaterial has been studied. The central layers were the metamaterial and a normal material in the core of waveguide. The dispersion relation, field formulas, power formulas and the power flux formula has been derived. The waveguide property was controlled by changing the permittivity and permeability and thicknesses of the layers. The presence of metamaterial contributes to cut-off the mode TEo and other modes were propagated to backward. The stopping light was determined using the power flux value. However, the negative values of it refer to the backward direction of propagation. Furthermore the stopped light can be achieved in a certain value of power. Our results found it is good for different applications in communication and controlling.

Background: Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from mobile communication technologies is changing rapidly. To characterize sources and associated variability, we studied the differences and correlations in exposure patterns between children aged 8 to 18 and their parents, over the course of the day, by age, by activity pattern, and for different metrics of exposure. Methods: Using portable RF-EMF measurement devices, we collected simultaneous real-time personal measurements of RF-EMF over 24 to 72 h in 294 parent-child pairs from Denmark, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Switzerland, and Spain. The devices measured the power flux density (mW/m(2)) in 16 different frequency bands every 4 s, and activity diary Apps kept by the participants were used to collect time-activity information in realtime. We analyzed their exposures by activity, for the different source constituents of exposure: downlink (radiation emitted from mobile phone base stations), uplink (transmission from phone to base station), broadcast, DECT (digital enhanced cordless telecommunications) and Wi-Fi. We looked at the correlations between parents and children overall, during day (06:00-22.00) and night (22:00-06:00) and while spending time at home. Results: The mean of time-weighted average personal exposures was 0.16 mW/m(2) for children and 0.15 mW/m(2) for parents, on average predominantly originating from downlink sources (47% for children and 45% for parents), followed by uplink (18% and 27% respectively) and broadcast (25% and 19%). On average, exposure for downlink and uplink were highest during the day, and for Wi-Fi and DECT during the evening. Exposure during activities where most of the time is spent (home, school and work) was relatively low whereas exposure during travel and outside activities was higher. Exposure to uplink increased with age among young people, while DECT decreased slightly. Exposure to downlink, broadcast, and Wi-Fi showed no obvious trend with age. We found that exposure to total RF-EMF is correlated among children and their parents (R-speannan = 0.45), especially while at home (0.62) and during the night (0.60). Correlations were higher for environmental sources such as downlink (0.57) and broadcast (0.62) than for usage-related exposures such as uplink (0.29). Conclusion: The generation gap between children and their parents is mostly evident in uplink exposure, due to more and longer uplink and cordless phone calls among parents, and their tendency to spend slightly more time in activities with higher environmental RF-EMF exposure, such as travel. Despite these differences in personal behavior, exposure to RF-EMF is moderately correlated between children and their parents, especially exposures resulting from environmental RF-EMF sources., GERoNiMO project: This work was supported by funding from the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement number FP7 603794.r HERMES project: This work is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (project number 138190). This research is also supported by the Swiss Research Foundation for Electricity and Mobile Communication (reference number 41).r ABCD, The Netherlands: This work is supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (grant 2100.0076) and within the programme Electromagnetic Fields and Health Research (grants 85600004 and 85800001).r DNBC, Denmark: This work is supported by the Danish Epidemiology Science Centre; The Lundbeck Foundation; Egmont Foundation; March of Dimes Birth Defect Foundation; Augustinus Foundation; and the Medical Research Council.r ZuMe, Switzerland: This work is supported by the AWEL (Office for Waste, Water, Energy and Air) in Zurich.r INMA, Spain: This study was funded by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176; CB06/02/0041; PI041436; PI081151 incl. FEDER funds; PI12/01890 incl. FEDER funds; CP13/00054 incl. FEDER funds; MS13/00054), CIBERESP, Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241, Generalitat de Catalunya-AGAUR (2009 SGR 501, 2014 SGR 822), Fundacio La marato de TV3 (090430), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2012-32991 incl. FEDER funds), Agence Nationale de Securite Sanitaire de l'Alimentation de l'Environnement et du Travail (1262C0010), European Commission (261357, 308333 and 603794). ISGlobal is a member of the CERCA Program, Generalitat de Catalunya.

The solid angle for \(\tan {\theta }\) = 20 km/40 km, or θ=26.5o. This is \(\varOmega = 2\pi \int _0^{\theta }\ \sin {\theta }\ \mathrm {d} \theta = 2\pi (1 - \cos {\theta })\) = 0.663 steradians. By inserting the numbers, the flux is determined to be 2 10−10 W m−2. To reach the edge of a city with a radius of 20 km, this is 47.7 km from the transmitter, with the required power flux the radiated power must be P = 2 × 10−10 W m−2 × [(47.7 × 103)]2 m2 = 0.4 W. This is a very small quantity. The danger level is at a distance R, where the flux reaches 0.4 W/R2 = 10−2W, so R = 6.3 m. This is a proposal put forth by Facebook.

In this meta-study, the major forms of thorium based nuclear reactors were compared using thermodynamic parameters to find which reactor type holds the highest thermodynamic efficiency and hence, determine which reactor would be most beneficial to research further and implement for energy production. Our study found that molten salt reactors had the best thermodynamic efficiency and also runs at one atmospheric pressure, making it safer than conventional water reactors. The findings in this study show molten salt reactors would be the most efficient reactor to replace standard water reactors, which dominate the market in use of nuclear energy production. This study found a strong link between the thermal efficiency of the plant and the pressure and temperature at which it runs. Reactor core volumes also appeared to have a small effect on the efficiencies. Power flux density was calculated for each style of reactor and compared to other parameters but no distinct relationship was found between them.

The narrow scrape-off layer power component observed in COMPASS inner wall limiter circular discharges by means of IR thermography is investigated by Langmuir probes embedded in the limiter. The power flux profiles are in good agreement with IR observations and can be described by a double-exponential decay with a short decay length (

The problem of solving the dispersion relations for waves in guiding electrodynamic structures on the complex planes of wavenumbers is considered. A method combining the positive features of the Muller method and the phase variation method based on the argument principle is proposed. The implementation of the method is described. For estimating the correctness of the solutions obtained, a new approach employing the convergence to zero of the period-averaged power flux of complex waves is suggested.

Los estudios de circuitos de distribución comienzan con el cálculo de flujo de potencia por el circuito. Este refleja su estado actual en cuanto a pérdidas y caídas de tensión; básicos para cualquier análisis. Cuando se trabaja con técnicas genéticas, estos cálculos se realizan miles de veces. En este trabajo se sugiere un método de cálculo de flujo de potencia en circuitos de distribución radiales. Se aplica éste cuando solo se conoce la demanda total del circuito utilizando “Ardvinson” para asignar una “demanda de cálculo” a cada nodo. En esencia se realiza una primera iteración utilizando esa demanda y la tensión nominal del circuito en una dirección. La segunda iteración recurre a los valores obtenidos en la primera. Se exponen los cálculos realizados en un circuito real utilizando un sistema de cálculo específico y el Microsoft EXCEL para demostrar la rapidez del método y su nivel de exactitud. The first step in Distribution Circuits studios consist in power flux calculus. It shows the actual situation. of the circuit. When the studio is realized using genetic techniques, this step is repeated thousands times. A method to obtain power flux in distribution circuits is presented. The method is applied when only have the total circuit demand. Here is applied Ardvinson method to obtain “Calculus demand” in each node, realize the first iteration with these demand and nominal tension. Later, repeat the calculus using the values obtained before. An example of real circuit is resolved using specific software and EXCEL to demonstrate the efficiency of the method.

Microwave irradiation of animals on the frequency of the resonance transparency of aqueous media at the power flux density 10 NW/cm2 didn’t accompanied by a statistically significant effect on the severity of experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome. Analysis of the distribution of pulmonary index, as an indicator of the severity of the alveolar-capillary disorders, suggests that while the power flux density of microwave radiation 10NW/cm2, its normalization occurs in 40% of the animals. It is noted that in this capacity, there is a reduction in the proportion of animals with lung index in the range of 8-12% from 60 to 20% (p=0.011). The statistical analysis revealed significant differences distributions it absolute values in this group and the comparison group, in which microwave irradiation hasn’t been conducted (χ2=36,4; р=0,001). Microwave irradiation with the power flux density 50 NW/cm2 is manifested by normalization of pulmonary index in 83% of the animals. However, in 17% of animals subjected to such exposure it was noted the high conservation values of the index, which doesn’t exceed 12 units. The increase of power of microwave radiation of up to 80 NW/cm2 is accompanied by normalization of the manifestations of acute distress syndrome in 77% of the animals (p

The influence of microwave radiation with a power flux density of 80 W/cm2 and carrier frequency of 9.4 GHz on the thermal stability of aluminum nanopowder after irradiation in air is studied. It is established that, after irradiation, the chemical activity of aluminum nanopowder increases, the temperature for the beginning of its oxidation decreases by 40°, while the thermal effect of oxidation decreases by 13.5%.

International audience; In this paper a method is described which allows estimating the power flux brought by an electric arc on the electrodes. This information is highly important for the understanding of contact erosion mechanisms, as well as for the practical choice of appropriate materials and sizes in switching devices applications. Our method is applied to the case of Ag-SnO 2 electrodes. Compatibility conditions between experimental values of mass loss in well-defined situations and numerical calculations of melted/vaporized metal lead to a maximum surface power density of 8×10 9 W/m 2 for cathode and 2×10 9 W/m 2 for anode. Moreover it is found that less than 16% of the total power brought to the electrodes contributes to metal phase changes.

In this paper a method is described which allows estimating the power flux brought by an electric arc on the electrodes. This information is highly important for the understanding of contact erosion mechanisms, as well as for the practical choice of appropriate materials and sizes in switching devices applications. Our method is applied to the case of Ag-SnO 2 electrodes. Compatibility conditions between experimental values of mass loss in well-defined situations and numerical calculations of melted/vaporized metal lead to a maximum surface power density of 8×109 W/m2 for cathode and 2×109 W/m2 for anode. Moreover it is found that less than 16% of the total power brought to the electrodes contributes to metal phase changes.

One of the major concerns in the design and performance of satellite communications links is the possible effects of interference on the communications link. This chapter reviews the types of interference affecting satellite communications and provides several specific analysis tools and parameters used to quantify interference and mitigate its effects on system performance. Understanding the source of the interference is the first step in developing mitigation techniques for interference avoidance or reduction. Interference signals can be introduced to the satellite system through several propagation conditions (or mechanisms) that may be present in the region of the satellite link. The presence of unwanted signals on the radio frequency (RF) link produces the potential for interference degradations on the performance of the satellite network. The primary parameter involved in the evaluation of interference is the power flux density (pfd).

The paper is devoted to solution of theoretical and experimental problems in development of electromagnetic (EM) technology in the millimeter wavelength range for disinfection and warming of baled wool during its processing. Sheared wool is an environment well fit for existence of a variety of microorganisms. It was established that 1 kg of wool contains 400 to 7000 million bacteria. This often leads to workers infection with pathogens of brucellosis, myterosis, glanders, toxicoplasmosis, ku-reketmosis, leptospirosis, anthrax and plague. When storing unwashed wool, especially at low temperatures, its compression and fat hardening take place. Fat softens and the rune easily unfolds at temperatures of 25...30 °C. This improves sorting quality and preserves natural wool properties. In this regard, the work studied the regularities of influence of EM energy in the millimeter wavelength range on the pathogenic microorganisms existing in wool. As a result of the studies, a range of changes in the biotropic EMF parameters was determined for destruction of microorganisms. The performed calculations have shown that the biotropic parameters of electromagnetic field include frequency range of 35.3...36.3 GHz; power flux density of 1.25 mW/cm 2 , exposure time of 2·10 3 s. Theoretical analysis of the model of warming up baled wool have shown that the temperature rise up to 24...40 °C is possible when wool is exposed to EMF with the following parameters (frequency; power flux density; exposure time): 36 GHz; 1.25...1.5 mW/cm 2 ; 120...180 s. It was established that when wool was exposed to an EMF with certain biotropic parameters, wool breaking load increased by 200...300 cN and relative strength increased by 2...3 cN/tex in comparison with the control runs. The study results make it possible to create an environmentally friendly and efficient technology for primary wool processing by EM energy.

Background: This case-control study, conducted in 2012, was performed to determine if MMWT, a non invasive therapeutic treatment modality, could reduce postoperative pain and infection in patients who had abdominal sections. Methods: The study group (30 patients) incision sites were exposed to MMWT within 24 hour of cesarean and the control group (90 patients) was not exposed to MMWT. Millimeter wave apparatus with intensity of 38 GHz and power flux output density of 40 mW/cm 2 was used for subjecting the cesarean incision site to MMWT. The first exposure to MMWT was done for 30 minutes within 24 hour of cesarean section. In total, they were exposed for 30 minutes daily for 3 days. Wound healing was assessed every day. Results: Pain intensity score in the exposure group reduced significantly compared to the control group. The mean pain intensity score of the study group on the 3rd postoperative day was 3.3±1.8 (95% CI 2.6-3.9) compared to 4.2±1.6 (95% CI 3.8-4.5) of the control group (P< 0.01). Pain reduction rate on day 3 was significantly higher than day 1 in the study group compared to the control group (P = 0.0024). Routine white blood cell (WBC) count was significantly lower in the MMWT treated patients (11.3±1.8×10 9 ; 95% CI 10.6-12) compared to the control group (12.3±2.9×10 9 ; 95% CI 11.7-12.9)(P

The results of analysis of the operating mode of power system of the Republic Moldova when accomplishing the interconnection with the power system of Romania using the Back-to-Back (BtB) power unit at the transformer station Vulcanesti have been presented in the paper. Installation of BtB leads to the loading of overhead power line (OPL) 330kV Vulcanesti-Chisinau up to 571 MW with the change of the value and the direction of power flux in OPL from Chisinau toward Kuchurgan power station, the decrease of power flux entering the north of the country (OPL 330kV HPP Dnestrovsk - Balti) and in the OPL 330kV (Kotovsk- Kuchurgan power station). Essential changes of the active power flux occur at the buses of Kuchurgan power station toward Ukraine in comparison with the actual topology of power network (base regime). The change of the direction and of values of power flux through the unified power system has as a consequence the increase by 171MW (from 2961MW to 3132MW), as well as the increase by 7,1% of the losses of power in high voltage Moldovan network comparing with the base regime. It is pointed that the accomplishment of asynchronous interconnection with Romania has the impact at regional scale causing the change of power fluxes both in the power system of the Republic of Moldova and of Ukraine with Romania including the Kuchurgan power station. Assessment of financial aspects indicates to the trend of increasing of the project’s cost of the interconnection with Romania, but in the case of investment return considering the increase of the cost for the service of transmission of power is expected the necessity to increase the tariff with nearly 154% in comparison with the value of 2015 year, considering zero value of bank and inflation rates during the 10 years of investment return, as well as the constant exchange rate of MDL to EURO during the 10 years investment return period.

On the eve of component procurement, this paper discusses the present physics basis for the first ITER tungsten (W) divertor, beginning with a reminder of the key elements defining the overall design, and outlining relevant aspects of the Research Plan accompanying the new “staged approach” to ITER nuclear operations which fixes the overall divertor lifetime constraint. The principal focus is on the main design driver, steady state power fluxes in the DT phases, obtained from simulations using the 2-D SOLPS-4.3 and SOLPS-ITER plasma boundary codes, assuming the use of the low Z seeding impurities nitrogen (N) and neon (Ne). A new perspective on the simulation database is adopted, concentrating purely on the divertor physics aspects rather than on the core-edge integration, which has been studied extensively in the course of the divertor design evolution and is published elsewhere. Emphasis is placed on factors which may increase the peak steady state loads: divertor target shaping for component misalignment protection, the influence of fluid drifts, and the consequences of narrow scrape-off layer heat flux channels. All tend to push the divertor into an operating space at higher sub-divertor neutral pressure in order to remain at power flux densities acceptable for the target material. However, a revised criterion for the maximum tolerable loads based on avoidance of W recrystallization, sets an upper limit potentially ∼50% higher than the previously accepted value of ∼10 MW m−2, a consequence both of the choice of material and the finalized component design. Although the simulation database is currently restricted to the 2-D toroidally symmetric situation, considerable progress is now also being made using the EMC3-Eirene 3-D code suite for the assessment of power loading in the presence of magnetic perturbations for ELM control. Some new results for low input power corresponding to the early H-mode operation phases are reported, showing that even if realistic plasma screening is taken into account, significant asymmetric divertor heat fluxes may arise far from the unperturbed strike point. The issue of tolerable limits for transient heat pulses is an open and key question. A new scaling for ELM power deposition has shown that whilst there may be more latitude for operation at higher current without ELM control, the ultimate limit is likely to be set more by material fatigue under large numbers of sub-threshold melting events. Keywords: ITER, Tungsten, Divertor, Heat fluxes, SOLPS

A method for the uncertainty estimation of probe calibrations using the power flux density (PFD) system of (18~26.5) GHz recently developed at the National Institute of Metrology, China is presented. A measurement model is developed first, and then the sources of uncertainty and the corresponding evaluation procedures are explained. The method is used to estimate the uncertainty of the calibration factor of a FP7050 probe at 18 GHz obtained by the PFD system. The good agreement between the calibration results from two PFD systems validates the method.