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723 results on '"Pebody, R."'

5. The Seroepidemiology of Bordetella pertussis Infection in Western Europe

Author

Pebody, R. G., Gay, N. J., Giammanco, A., Baron, S., Schellekens, J., Tischer, A., Andrews, N. J., Edmunds, W. J., Lecoeur, H., Lévy-Bruhl, D., Maple, P. A. C., De Melker, H., Nardone, A., Rota, M. C., Salmaso, S., Conyn-Van Spaendonck, M. A. E., Swidsinski, S., and Miller, E.

Published
2005

10. Sero-Epidemiology of Mumps in Western Europe

Author

Nardone, A., Pebody, R. G., van den Hof, S., Levy-Bruhl, D., Plesner, A. M., Rota, M. C., Tischer, A., Andrews, N., Berbers, G., Crovari, P., Edmunds, W. J., Gabutti, G., Saliou, P., and Miller, E.

Published
2003

11. The Seroepidemiology of Measles in Western Europe

Author

De Melker, H., Pebody, R. G., Edmunds, W. J., Lévy-Bruhl, D., Valle, M., Rota, M. C., Salmaso, S., Van den Hof, S., Berbers, G., Saliou, P., Spaendonck, M. Conyn-Van, Crovari, P., Davidkin, I., Gabutti, G., Hesketh, L., Morgan-Capner, P., Plesner, A. M., Raux, M., Tischer, A., and Miller, E.

Published
2001

13. The Seroepidemiology of Rubella in Western Europe

Author

Pebody, R. G., Edmunds, W. J., Spaendonck, M. Conyn-Van, Olin, P., Berbers, G., Rebiere, I., Lecoeur, H., Crovari, P., Davidkin, I., Gabutti, G., Gerike, E., Giordano, C., Hesketh, L., Plesner, A. M., Raux, M., Rota, M. C., Salmaso, S., Tischer, A., Valle, M., and Miller, E.

Published
2000

15. The Sero-Epidemiology of Diphtheria in Western Europe

Author

Edmunds, W. J., Pebody, R. G., Aggerback, H., Baron, S., Berbers, G., Conyn-Van Spaendonck, M. A. E., Hallander, H. O., Olander, R., Maple, P. A. C., de Melker, H. E., Olin, P., Fievret-Groyne, F., Rota, C., Salmaso, S., Tischer, A., Von-Hunolstein, C., and Miller, E.

Published
2000

16. Global SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence from January 2020 to April 2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis of standardized population-based studies

Author

Bergeri, I, Whelan, MG, Ware, H, Subissi, L, Nardone, A, Lewis, HC, Li, Z, Ma, X, Valenciano, M, Cheng, B, Al Ariqi, L, Rashidian, A, Okeibunor, J, Azim, T, Wijesinghe, P, Le, L-V, Vaughan, A, Pebody, R, Vicari, A, Yan, T, Yanes-Lane, M, Cao, C, Clifton, DA, Cheng, MP, Papenburg, J, Buckeridge, D, Bobrovitz, N, Arora, RK, Van Kerkhove, MD, and Group, Unity Studies Collaborator

Subjects
Adult, SARS-CoV-2, Low and middle income countries, Virus testing, COVID-19, Respiratory infections, General Medicine, Metaanalysis, Medical risk factors, Cross-Sectional Studies, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Humans, Vaccination and immunization, SARS CoV 2, Child, Pandemics, COVID 19
Abstract

Background Our understanding of the global scale of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains incomplete: Routine surveillance data underestimate infection and cannot infer on population immunity; there is a predominance of asymptomatic infections, and uneven access to diagnostics. We meta-analyzed SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies, standardized to those described in the World Health Organization’s Unity protocol (WHO Unity) for general population seroepidemiological studies, to estimate the extent of population infection and seropositivity to the virus 2 years into the pandemic. Methods and findings We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, searching MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, preprints, and grey literature for SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence published between January 1, 2020 and May 20, 2022. The review protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020183634). We included general population cross-sectional and cohort studies meeting an assay quality threshold (90% sensitivity, 97% specificity; exceptions for humanitarian settings). We excluded studies with an unclear or closed population sample frame. Eligible studies—those aligned with the WHO Unity protocol—were extracted and critically appraised in duplicate, with risk of bias evaluated using a modified Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. We meta-analyzed seroprevalence by country and month, pooling to estimate regional and global seroprevalence over time; compared seroprevalence from infection to confirmed cases to estimate underascertainment; meta-analyzed differences in seroprevalence between demographic subgroups such as age and sex; and identified national factors associated with seroprevalence using meta-regression. We identified 513 full texts reporting 965 distinct seroprevalence studies (41% low- and middle-income countries [LMICs]) sampling 5,346,069 participants between January 2020 and April 2022, including 459 low/moderate risk of bias studies with national/subnational scope in further analysis. By September 2021, global SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence from infection or vaccination was 59.2%, 95% CI [56.1% to 62.2%]. Overall seroprevalence rose steeply in 2021 due to infection in some regions (e.g., 26.6% [24.6 to 28.8] to 86.7% [84.6% to 88.5%] in Africa in December 2021) and vaccination and infection in others (e.g., 9.6% [8.3% to 11.0%] in June 2020 to 95.9% [92.6% to 97.8%] in December 2021, in European high-income countries [HICs]). After the emergence of Omicron in March 2022, infection-induced seroprevalence rose to 47.9% [41.0% to 54.9%] in Europe HIC and 33.7% [31.6% to 36.0%] in Americas HIC. In 2021 Quarter Three (July to September), median seroprevalence to cumulative incidence ratios ranged from around 2:1 in the Americas and Europe HICs to over 100:1 in Africa (LMICs). Children 0 to 9 years and adults 60+ were at lower risk of seropositivity than adults 20 to 29 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). In a multivariable model using prevaccination data, stringent public health and social measures were associated with lower seroprevalence (p = 0.02). The main limitations of our methodology include that some estimates were driven by certain countries or populations being overrepresented. Conclusions In this study, we observed that global seroprevalence has risen considerably over time and with regional variation; however, over one-third of the global population are seronegative to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Our estimates of infections based on seroprevalence far exceed reported Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. Quality and standardized seroprevalence studies are essential to inform COVID-19 response, particularly in resource-limited regions.

Published
2023
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40. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in standardised first few X cases and household transmission investigations: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Lewis, HC, Marcato, AJ, Meagher, N, Valenciano, M, Villanueva-Cabezas, J-P, Spirkoska, V, Fielding, JE, Karahalios, A, Subissi, L, Nardone, A, Cheng, B, Rajatonirina, S, Okeibunor, J, Aly, EA, Barakat, A, Jorgensen, P, Azim, T, Wijesinghe, PR, Le, L-V, Rodriguez, A, Vicari, A, Van Kerkhove, MD, McVernon, J, Pebody, R, Price, DJ, Bergeri, I, Lewis, HC, Marcato, AJ, Meagher, N, Valenciano, M, Villanueva-Cabezas, J-P, Spirkoska, V, Fielding, JE, Karahalios, A, Subissi, L, Nardone, A, Cheng, B, Rajatonirina, S, Okeibunor, J, Aly, EA, Barakat, A, Jorgensen, P, Azim, T, Wijesinghe, PR, Le, L-V, Rodriguez, A, Vicari, A, Van Kerkhove, MD, McVernon, J, Pebody, R, Price, DJ, and Bergeri, I

Abstract

We aimed to estimate the household secondary infection attack rate (hSAR) of SARS-CoV-2 in investigations aligned with the WHO Unity Studies Household Transmission Investigations (HHTI) protocol. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and medRxiv/bioRxiv for "Unity-aligned" First Few X cases (FFX) and HHTIs published 1 December 2019 to 26 July 2021. Standardised early results were shared by WHO Unity Studies collaborators (to 1 October 2021). We used a bespoke tool to assess investigation methodological quality. Values for hSAR and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted or calculated from crude data. Heterogeneity was assessed by visually inspecting overlap of CIs on forest plots and quantified in meta-analyses. Of 9988 records retrieved, 80 articles (64 from databases; 16 provided by Unity Studies collaborators) were retained in the systematic review; 62 were included in the primary meta-analysis. hSAR point estimates ranged from 2% to 90% (95% prediction interval: 3%-71%; I 2 = 99.7%); I 2 values remained >99% in subgroup analyses, indicating high, unexplained heterogeneity and leading to a decision not to report pooled hSAR estimates. FFX and HHTI remain critical epidemiological tools for early and ongoing characterisation of novel infectious pathogens. The large, unexplained variance in hSAR estimates emphasises the need to further support standardisation in planning, conduct and analysis, and for clear and comprehensive reporting of FFX and HHTIs in time and place, to guide evidence-based pandemic preparedness and response efforts for SARS-CoV-2, influenza and future novel respiratory viruses.

Published
2022

47. Systematic review of the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of high-dose seasonal influenza vaccines for the prevention of laboratory-confirmed influenza in individuals ≥18 years of age

Author

Comber, L. O Murchu, E. Jordan, K. Hawkshaw, S. Marshall, L. O'Neill, M. Teljeur, C. Ryan, M. Carnahan, A. Pérez Martín, J.J. Robertson, A.H. Johansen, K. de Jonge, J. Krause, T. Nicolay, N. Nohynek, H. Pavlopoulou, I. Pebody, R. Penttinen, P. Soler-Soneira, M. Wichmann, O. Harrington, P.

Abstract

This review sought to assess the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of high-dose inactivated influenza vaccines (HD-IIV) for the prevention of laboratory-confirmed influenza in individuals aged 18 years or older. A systematic literature search was conducted in electronic databases and grey literature sources up to 7 February 2020. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs) were included. The search returned 28,846 records, of which 36 studies were included. HD-IIV was shown to have higher relative vaccine efficacy in preventing influenza compared with standard-dose influenza vaccines (SD-IIV3) in older adults (Vaccine effectiveness (VE) = 24%, 95% CI 10–37, one RCT). One NRSI demonstrated significant effect for HD-IIV3 against influenza B (VE = 89%, 95% CI 47–100), but not for influenza A(H3N2) (VE = 22%, 95% CI −82 to 66) when compared with no vaccination in older adults. HD-IIV3 showed significant relative effect compared with SD-IIV3 for influenza-related hospitalisation (VE = 11.8%, 95% CI 6.4–17.0, two NRSIs), influenza- or pneumonia-related hospitalisation (VE = 13.7%, 95% CI 9.5–17.7, three NRSIs), influenza-related hospital encounters (VE = 13.1%, 95% CI 8.4–17.7, five NRSIs), and influenza-related office visits (VE = 3.5%, 95% CI 1.5–5.5, two NRSIs). For safety, HD-IIV were associated with significantly higher rates of local and systemic adverse events compared with SD-IIV (combined local reactions, pain at injection site, swelling, induration, headache, chills and malaise). From limited data, compared with SD-IIV, HD-IIV were found to be more effective in the prevention of laboratory-confirmed influenza, for a range of proxy outcome measures, and associated with more adverse events. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Published
2022

48. Systematic review of the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of MF59® adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccines for the prevention of laboratory-confirmed influenza in individuals ≥18 years of age

Author

O Murchu, E. Comber, L. Jordan, K. Hawkshaw, S. Marshall, L. O’Neill, M. Ryan, M. Teljeur, C. Carnahan, A. Pérez, J.J. Robertson, A.H. Johansen, K. Jonge, J.D. Krause, T. Nicolay, N. Nohynek, H. Pavlopoulou, I. Pebody, R. Penttinen, P. Soler-Soneira, M. Wichmann, O. Harrington, P.

Abstract

The most effective means of preventing seasonal influenza is through vaccination. In this systematic review, we investigated the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of MF59® adjuvanted trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccines to prevent laboratory-confirmed influenza. A systematic literature search was conducted in electronic databases and grey literature sources up to 7 February 2020. Randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs) were eligible for inclusion. The search returned 28,846 records, of which 48 studies on MF59® adjuvanted vaccines met our inclusion criteria. No efficacy trials were identified. In terms of vaccine effectiveness (VE), MF59® adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccines were effective in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in older adults (aged ≥65 years) compared with no vaccination (VE = 45%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 23%–61%, 5 NRSIs across 3 influenza seasons). By subtype, significant effect was found for influenza A(H1N1) (VE = 61%, 95% CI 44%–73%) and B (VE = 29%, 95% CI 5%–46%), but not for A(H3N2). In terms of relative VE, there was no significant difference comparing MF59® adjuvanted trivalent vaccines with either non-adjuvanted trivalent or quadrivalent vaccines. Compared with traditional trivalent influenza vaccines, MF59® adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccines were associated with a greater number of local adverse events (RR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.50–2.39) and systemic reactions (RR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.02–1.38). In conclusion, MF59® adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccines were found to be more effective than ‘no vaccination’. Based on limited data, there was no significant difference comparing the effectiveness of MF59® adjuvanted vaccines with their non-adjuvanted counterparts. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Published
2022

49. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza in the UK: clinical and epidemiological findings from the first few hundred (FF100) cases

Author

McLEAN, E., PEBODY, R. G., CAMPBELL, C., CHAMBERLAND, M., HAWKINS, C., NGUYEN-VAN-TAM, J. S., OLIVER, I., SMITH, G. E., IHEKWEAZU, C., BRACEBRIDGE, S., MAGUIRE, H., HARRIS, R., KAFATOS, G., WHITE, P. J., WYNNE-EVANS, E., GREEN, J., MYERS, R., UNDERWOOD, A., DALLMAN, T., WREGHITT, T., ZAMBON, M., ELLIS, J., PHIN, N., SMYTH, B., McMENAMIN, J., and WATSON, J. M.

Published
2010

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