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Purpose: This systematic review examined the association between prior concussion history and clinical outcomes following concussion among collegiate athletes. Methods: This review was registered with PROSPERO database for systematic reviews (protocol ID: CRD42016041479 & CRD42019128300) and adhered to PRISMA guidelines. Three searches of nine online databases were conducted: (1) database inception to June of 2016; (2) January 1, 2016 to February 1, 2019; and (3) February 1, 2019 to May 15, 2021. We screened 5118 abstracts and 619 full-text articles were reviewed. We utilized a likelihood heuristic to assess evidence for an association between concussion history and clinical outcomes. Results: Sixteen studies met inclusion criteria, and 13 studies reported the number of participants with a history of prior concussions (≥1)—which totaled 1690 of 4573 total participants (37.0%). Newcastle-Ottawa risk of bias ratings ranged from 3 to 9 (mean = 5.4, SD = 1.4). Across all studies, 43.8% (k = 7/16) reported a statistically significant result among primary analyses showing an association between concussion history and worse clinical outcome. A minority of studies reporting on symptom duration (4/13, 30.8%) and time to return to play (2/7, 28.6%) found an association between concussion history and worse outcome. Conclusions: The question of whether college athletes with a history of concussion have, on average, worse clinical outcome from their next concussion remains unresolved. Many studies to date are small, and only three focused specifically on this topic. Important clinical outcomes, such as time to return to academics, have not been adequately studied. Larger hypothesis-driven studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) affects 33-46% of patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD) and may be a risk factor for neuropsychological impairment. However, the cognitive profile in PD patients with RBD has yet to be fully determined. This study examined differences in neuropsychological performance among non-demented PD patients with (PD/RBD+) and without RBD (PD/RBD-), and healthy controls (HC). Methods One hundred seventy-five participants, including 45 PD/RBD+ patients, 78 PD/RBD- patients, and 52 HC, completed the RBD sleep questionnaire and underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological battery assessing attention/working memory, language, visuospatial function, verbal and visual learning and memory, and executive function. Results The PD/RBD+ group demonstrated significantly poorer global neuropsychological performance compared to both the PD/RBD- and HC groups (p's <.003; η_p^2 =.16). MANOVA demonstrated significant group differences on all individual cognitive domains (p's <.001), except visuospatial function (p =.10). Both PD/RBD+ and PD/RBD- patients had significantly lower scores compared to the HCs in the domains of attention/working memory, language, learning, and memory. Additionally, the PD/RBD+ group had significantly lower executive functioning scores compared to the HCs, and poorer learning performance compared to the PD/RBD- group. Conclusions Compared to PD patients without RBD, PD/RBD+ patients have greater levels of cognitive impairment specific to the acquisition of new information. Moreover, PD/RBD+ patients have greater executive dysfunction compared to HCs, underscoring the importance of RBD assessment for improved detection and treatment of neuropsychological impairment (e.g. targeted cognitive interventions). Longitudinal investigations are needed to determine the enduring effects of RBD in PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]