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Background: The vascularity of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) is altered after reduction mammoplasty, increasing the risk of complications after repeat reduction or nipple-sparing mastectomy.Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate angiogenesis of the NAC via serial analysis of magnetic resonance images.Methods: Magnetic resonance images of breasts after reduction mammoplasty were analyzed for 35 patients (39 breasts) from 3-dimensional reconstructions of maximum-intensity projection images. All veins terminating at the NAC were classified as internal mammary, anterior intercostal, or lateral thoracic in origin. The vein with the largest diameter was considered the dominant vein. Images were classified based on the time since reduction: <6 months, 6 to 12 months, 12 to 24 months, >2 years.Results: The average number of veins increased over time: 1.17 (<6 months), 1.56 (6-12 months), 1.64 (12-24 months), 1.73 (>2 years). Within 6 months, the pedicle was the only vein. Veins from other sources began to appear at 6 to 12 months. In most patients, at least 2 veins were available after 1 year. After 1 year, the internal mammary vein was the most common dominant vein regardless of the pedicle used.Conclusions: Repeat reduction mammoplasty or nipple-sparing mastectomy should be performed ≥1 year following the initial procedure. After 1 year, the superior or superomedial pedicle may represent the safest option when the previous pedicle is unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Obesity and type 2 diabetes are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and mortality, and they commonly result in weight variabilities. We aimed to investigate the association between body weight variability and risk of major cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes using large-scale, nationwide cohort data on the Korean population.Research Design and Methods: We enrolled 624,237 individuals with type 2 diabetes who underwent health examinations provided by the Korean National Health Insurance System between 2009 and 2010, with three or more body weight measurements within 5 years since enrollment and followed up until the end of 2017. We assessed body weight variability using four indices, including variability independent of the mean (VIM). A multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed.Results: During the follow-up, 15,832, 25,038, and 44,716 cases of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and all-cause mortality, respectively, were recorded. Body weight variability was associated with increased risks of major cardiovascular outcomes after adjusting for confounding variables. Compared with the hazard ratios (HRs) of the lowest quartile group, the HRs (95% CIs) of the highest quartile group of VIM for body weight were 1.15 (1.10-1.20), 1.22 (1.18-1.26), and 1.58 (1.53-1.62) for MI, stroke, and all-cause mortality, respectively.Conclusions: Body weight variability was associated with increased risks of MI, stroke, and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and may be a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in such patients. Appropriate interventions to maintain stable weight could positively influence health outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]