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In the present world the quality is it an arm of competition, for what constitutes a necessity out the accreditation of the laboratory assays that are carried out to demonstrate the competition of the organism that executes them. The analytic Group CEBI -- DQ of the Natural Sciences Faculty carries out relative analysis to the environment and it should demonstrate its competition for the satisfaction of the clients .In what manner the initial step is a System of Administration of the Quality that it should be implanted it establishes the politics and objectives of the quality of the organism, , it applies the methods to measure effectiveness and efficiency to prevent non conformities. The application and maintenance of a system of quality not causes only a change in the form of thinking of the personnel that applies it but also that it contributes to the decrease of errors and it improves the efficiency and it guarantees the quality of these assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of organic fertilizers has acquired great importance again due to its biggest advantages on the chemical fertilizers; for this reason it is necessary to have appropriate and accessible analytic methods for the characterization of the same ones. The validation of methods of assay constitutes a premise for the realization of services and a guarantee of the quality of the results to propose. In the present work it is carried out the validation of the determinations of the ions nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), ammonium (NH4+) ions; for that which the following parameters are calculated: lineality, precision, accuracy of the methods with the use of internal reference patterns, recovered analysis and they are compared with the results that they are obtained for the samples study object in a laboratory of grateful national prestige, through lineality hypothesis tests, Fisher tests, of Student test, being demonstrated that significant differences don't exist for 95 % of dependability among the same ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work it is studied the biodegradation degree of coffee pulp. For this it was realizet the chemical characterization of coffee pulp before and after of the cultivation of edible mushroom Pleurotus. It was made the bromathological analysis, the determination of carbohydrates, reducing sugars, amino acids and minerals, so as caffein, tannins and phenols. It was composted the biodegradation that provokes the cultivation of the edible mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus var. Florida on caffee pulps Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora var. Robusta, observing diminution in the content of crude fiber, caffein, tannins and phenols, which confirms the higher quality of pleurotina for its use in the animal feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Childhood diarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Nicaragua. Amongst the risk factors for its transmission are 'poor' hygiene practices. We investigated the effect of a large number of hygiene practices on diarrhoeal disease in children aged <2 years and validated the technique of direct observation of hygiene behaviour.Methods: A prospective follow-up study was carried out in a rural zone of Nicaragua. From the database of a previously conducted case-control study on water and sanitation 172 families were recruited, half of which had experienced a higher than expected rate of diarrhoea in their children and the other half a lower rate. Hygiene behaviour was observed over two mornings and diarrhoea incidence was recorded with a calendar, filled out by the mother, and collected every week for 5 months.Results: Of 46 'good' practices studied, 39 were associated with a lower risk of diarrhoea, five were unrelated and only for two a higher risk was observed. Washing of hands, domestic cleanliness (kitchen, living room, yard) and the use of a diaper/underclothes by the child had the strongest protective effect. Schooling (>3 years of primary school) and better economic position (possession of a radio) had a positive influence on general hygiene behaviour, education having a slightly stronger effect when a radio was present. Individual hygiene behaviour appeared to be highly variable in contrast with the consistent behaviour of the community as a whole. Feasible and appropriate indicators of hygiene behaviour were found to be domestic cleanliness and the use of a diaper or underclothes by the child.Conclusion: A consistent relationship between almost all hygiene practices and diarrhoea was detected, more schooling producing better hygiene behaviour. The high variability of hygiene behaviour at the individual level requires repeated observations (at least two) before and after the hygiene education in the event one wants to measure the impact of the campaign on the individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of halomethyl-1,2,3-triazole derivatives have been tested for their effect on ICR Swiss female mice bearing the Ehrlich carcinoma ascites (ECA) tumor. Two of these compounds, namely 4-bromomethyl-1-(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2,3-triazole and 4-iodomethyl-1-(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2,3-triazole, referred to here as compounds H and K, respectively, promoted a significant increase in the median survival time (145% and 195%) when injected IP for 9 consecutive days at doses of 75 mg/kg/injection and 100 mg/kg/injection, respectively. DNA synthesis, as measured by (methyl-H)thymidine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-precipitated material, was always inhibited by all the triazole derivatives to a greater extent than the incorporation of (5,6-H)uridine, (5-H)proline, and (6-H)-glucose. Moreover, inhibition of DNA synthesis was complete and irreversible following exposure to selected triazole derivatives. Compounds H and K inhibited the incorporation of di(H)methyl sulfate by ECA cells. In addition, compound K promoted the release of radioactivity associated with trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material coming from (8-H)guanosine-prelabeled cells. This release of radioactivity did not occur when cells were prelabeled with (methyl-H)thymidine. It is concluded from these results that these triazole derivatives act as alkylating agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The validation of analytical methods assays constitutes a premise for the realization of services and a guarantee of the quality of the results. At presently work is carried out a validation for the determination of the Chemical Demand of Oxygen (COD) in the Analytical Laboratory of the Industrial Biotechnology Center (CEBI). The same one consisted on validating the employment of a termoreactor for the heating of the samples and two detection methods: spectrophotometric and volumetric. They were determined parameters like lineality, precission, accuracy, detection and determination limits. As a result of the work it was concluded that both detection methods can be used for the analyses of COD of the samples that are processed in the analytical laboratory and the validation was achieved for the closed reflux method with spectrophotometric detection for the determination of the COD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the agreement between three observers with different levels of experience using the PSMA-RADS 2.0 criteria and the miTNM system for the interpretation of PET-PSMA with [ 18 F]DCFPyL in males with prostate cancer., Materials and Methods: PET-PSMA images from 114 prostate cancer patients were blindly reported twice by three different observers at intervals of 8 weeks. The evaluations were performed according to the molecular imaging TNM (miTNM) and PSMA-RADS 2.0 criteria. We used Fleiss' Kappa to analyse inter and intraobserver agreements., Results: Moderate overall agreement was obtained in the assessment of the PET-PSMA results (Fleiss'k = 0.53; 95% CI 0.45-0.62; p < 0.001), with significant agreement in the miT, miN and miM reports. There was a substantial level of agreement in the reporting of prostatic disease and lymphatic involvement (Fleiss'k = 0.66 and 0.65), being lower than that observed in the reporting of metastatic disease (Fleiss'k = 0.86), especially in the M0 group (Fleiss'k = 0.99). Upon re-evaluation of the images, observer 1 had moderate overall agreement for miT (Fleiss'k = 0.51) and substantial agreement for miN and miM (Fleiss'k 0.75 and 0.63, respectively)., Conclusions: The use of a structured scoring system such as PSMA-RADS 2.0, as well as the miTNM classification system in the interpretation of PET-PSMA images in prostate cancer patients, provides a highly reproducible report format. High levels of interobserver and intraobserver agreement are found, especially when ruling out disease, which supports its use in routine clinical practice., (Copyright © 2024 Sociedad Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of suspected abuse of non-institutionalised elderly people and the associated variables., Patients and Method: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, multicentre study in patients aged 65 years or older, non-institutionalised, consecutively selected in primary care (PC). The EASI questionnaires (Suspected Elderly Abuse Index), the EAI questionnaire (Suspected Abuse Index in patients with cognitive impairment), the Barthel index, and the EUROQOL-5D questionnaire were used with patients, and the CASE questionnaire and the Zarit test were used with caregivers. Socio-demographic, health, and quality of life variables were analysed in all patients., Results: Eight hundred four patients were included, mean age 78.9±7.9 years, 58.3% women. The prevalence of suspected abuse was 11.3% (95% CI: 9.1%-13.9%). Suspected abuse was more frequent in women than in men (14.4% vs. 7.1%; odds ratio (OR)=1.97; 95% CI=1.1-3.4; p=0.016) and in those who lived with two or more people compared to those who lived alone (18.4% vs. 7.3%; OR=2.42; 95% CI=1.1-5.0; p=0.017). Among older patients, the lower their dependency, the lower the prevalence of suspected abuse (30.0% in highly dependent vs. 8.7% in non-dependent: p-trend=0.006); and the better the perceived health status, the lower the prevalence of suspected abuse (29.6% in poor health status vs. 6.9% in optimal health status; p-trend=<0.001). Among caregivers, the prevalence of suspected abuse was 20.4% (95% CI=12.8%-28.0%). A trend of higher prevalence of suspected abuse could be observed with higher scores on the CASE questionnaire (56.3% at high risk and 9.6% with no risk of abuse; p-trend=0.007). In the case of the ZARIT questionnaire with scores below 47, the prevalence of suspected abuse was 9.1%, and for scores above 55, it was 52.6% (p-trend<0.001)., Conclusions: The results of the PRESENCIA study show that approximately 1 in 10 patients aged ≥65 meet the criteria for suspected abuse. The probability of abuse increases in women, in patients with greater dependency and in patients with poorer perceived health status. Caregivers with greater overload and greater risk presented a greater suspicion of elder abuse., (Copyright © 2024 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To determine the prevalence, impact and management of hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD) according to the presence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM)., Methods: IBERICAN is an ongoing multicenter, observational and prospective study, including outpatients aged 18-85 years who attended the Primary Care setting in Spain. In this study, the prevalence, impact and management of HMOD according to the presence of T2DM at baseline were analyzed., Results: At baseline, 8066 patients (20.2% T2DM, 28.6% HMOD) were analyzed. Among patients with T2DM, 31.7% had hypertension, 29.8% dyslipidemia and 29.4% obesity and 49.3% had ≥1 HMOD, mainly high pulse pressure (29.6%), albuminuria (16.2%) and moderate renal impairment (13.6%). The presence of T2DM significantly increased the risk of having CV risk factors and HMOD. Among T2DM population, patients with HMOD had more dyslipidemia (78.2% vs 70.5%; P=0.001), hypertension (75.4% vs 66.4%; P=0.001), any CV disease (39.6% vs 16.1%; P=0.001) and received more drugs. Despite the majority of types of glucose-lowering agents were more frequently taken by those patients with HMOD, compared to the total T2DM population, the use of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists was marginal., Conclusions: In patients daily attended in primary care setting in Spain, one in five patients had T2DM and nearly half of these patients had HMOD. In patients with T2DM, the presence of HMOD was associated with a higher risk of CV risk factors and CV disease. Despite the very high CV risk, the use of glucose-lowering agents with proven CV benefit was markedly low., (Copyright © 2024 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

The COVID-19 pandemic has strained healthcare systems globally. The successive epidemic waves have shown different characteristics. The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 modified the epidemic behavior that previous variants had followed. The aim of this analysis was to determine the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 during the sixth epidemic wave and its differences according to the predominance of the Delta or Omicron variants. The epidemiological data corresponding to the sixth wave of the epidemic published by official organizations were analyzed, and the cumulative incidence of infection (CI-I) and case fatality rates (CFR) were calculated, both for Spain as a whole and for the different Autonomous Communities, in the population as a whole and by age groups. The results showed that the CI-I was higher with the Ómicron variant (10.89% vs 0.75% with Delta) while the CFR was higher with the Delta variant (4.2‰ vs 1.3‰ with Ómicron), as well as a higher rate of hospitalization and ICU admission with the Delta variant., (Copyright © 2023 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: People with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) have a higher prevalence of frailty compared to those without DM2. However, there is a lack of consensus on the diagnosis and clinical management of frail individuals with DM2., Objectives: This study aims to identify limitations and current needs in the use of the frailty concept in PCDM2 (people with DM2), as well as define and evaluate the dimensions that should be included in its routine clinical assessment., Methods: A multidisciplinary team of eight health professionals from different hospitals in Spain participated in a process based on the nominal group technique., Results: The study identified eight limitations in the assessment of frailty in PCDM2, categorized by importance, and 10 unmet needs related to the diagnosis and follow-up of the disease. Additionally, seven dimensions were identified that should be included in the definition of frail individuals with DM2, prioritized by importance and novelty., Conclusions: This article aims to increase knowledge and usage of the frailty concept in individuals with DM2 within the medical community. It also suggests the potential for future projects to develop a consensus definition of frailty tailored to this specific group., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: During the first and second epidemic waves in Spain, the SARS-CoV-2 case-fatality rates (CFRs) showed significant differences between Autonomous Communities (ACs). Comparing CFRs in the third and fifth epidemic waves can provide information on the impact of the different vaccination coverages in the ACs., Objective: To evaluate the impact of vaccination on COVID-19 CFRs in the third and fifth epidemic waves in Spain, according to sex, age, and AC., Methods: This work is an observational, descriptive study which uses data on COVID-19 infections, deaths, and vaccinees published by the Spanish Ministry of Health and the regional Health Departments of the ACs. The third epidemic wave was defined as the period from 26th December 2020 to 19th April 2021, and the fifth wave, from 19th July to 19th September 2021. The CFRs (deaths per 1000 infected [‰]) were calculated according to sex, age group, and AC. The standardized case-fatality ratio (SCFR) was adjusted for age and sex for each wave. We estimated the correlation between CFRs and their change between the two epidemic waves with the vaccination coverages reached at the beginning of the fifth wave., Results: The CFR in the fifth wave (5.7‰) was lower than in the third wave (16.5‰). In addition, the CFR in both waves was significantly higher in men than in women, and in older people than in younger ones. A decrease in the CFR between both waves was only observed in those older than 49. A strong direct and positive correlation (R 2 a=0.8399) was found between vaccination coverage by age group and decrease in CFR between both epidemic waves. Significant differences were seen between ACs in the two waves, as regards both CFRs and SCFRs. When comparing ACs, a direct correlation was observed between vaccination coverage and CFRs in the fifth wave, and also - although weak - between vaccination coverage and decrease in CFR between both waves., Conclusion: The CFR significantly decreased in Spain between the third and the fifth epidemic waves in population aged 50 or older, probably due to the high vaccination coverage in that age group. Differences were observed between CFRs and SCFRs between ACs that are not explained by the differences in vaccination coverage, suggesting the need for further research and evaluation., (Copyright © 2023 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: In Spain, health systems are transferred to the Autonomous Communities (AC), constituting 19 health systems with differentiated management and resources. During the first epidemic wave of COVID-19, differences were observed in reporting systems and in case-fatality rates (FR) between the AC. The objective of this study was to analyze the FR according to AC. during the 2 nd epidemic wave (from July 20 to December 25, 2020), and its relationship with the prevalence of infection., Material and Methods: A descriptive observational study was carried out, extracting the information available on the number of deaths from COVID-19 registered in the Ministry of Health, the Health Councils and the Public Health Departments of the AC, and according to the excess mortality reported by the System Monitoring of Daily Mortality (MoMo). The prevalence of infection was estimated from the differences between the second and fourth rounds of the ENE-COVID study and their 95% confidence intervals. The global FR (deaths per thousand infected) were calculated according to sex, age groups (< 65 and ≥ 65 years) and AC. The age-Standardized Fatality Rates (SFR) of the AC were calculated using the FR of Spain for each age group. These estimates were made with officially declared deaths (FRo) and excess deaths estimated by MoMo (FRMo). The correlations between the prevalences of infection and the FRo and FRMo were estimated, weighting by population., Results: For the whole of Spain, the FRo during the second epidemic wave was 7.6%, oscillating between 3.8% in the Balearic Islands and 16.4% in Asturias, and the TLMo was 10.1%, oscillating between 4.8% from Madrid and 21.7% in Asturias. Significant differences were observed between the FRo and the FRMo in the Canary Islands, Castilla la Mancha, Extremadura, the Valencian Community, Andalusia and the Autonomous Cities of Ceuta and Melilla. The FRo was significantly higher in men (8.2%) than in women (7.1%). The FRo and FRMo were significantly higher in the age group ≥ 65 years (55.4% and 72.2% respectively) than in the group <65 years (0.5% and 1.4% respectively). The Basque Country, Aragon, Andalusia and Castilla la Mancha presented SFR significantly higher than the global FR of Spain. The correlations between the prevalence of infection and the FRo were inverse., Conclusions: The case-fatality from COVID-19 during the second epidemic wave in Spain improved compared to the first wave. The case-fatality rates were higher in men and the elderly people, and varied significantly between AC. It is necessary to delve into the analysis of the causes of these differences., (Copyright © 2022. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U.)

Objectives: To know the degree of simultaneous optimal control of diabetes (DM), high blood pressure (BP) and hypercholesterolemia and determine the associated factors., Material and Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study in diabetic patients 18 years aged or older selected consecutively in primary care centers (PC). Patient data were obtained through access to electronical clinical history. Clinical and analytical variables of interest were registered. Good metabolic control was considered as HbA1c < 7%, good blood pressure control (PA) as values < 140/80 mmHg and good LDL cholesterol control (c-LDL) as values < 100 mg/dL. Bivariate analysis was performed and odds ratio were calculated in a logistic regression model. The study was approved by the San Carlos Clinical Hospital's Clinical Research Ethics Committee (CREC), in Madrid., Results: 1420 patients (55.8% male), with an average (SD) age of 70.6 (10.8) years were included. 75.9% were hypertensive patients, and 69.1% dyslipemic. HbA1c values were 6.9 (1.2) %, sistolic BP 135.0 (16.8) mmHg, diastolic BP 75.9 (10.6) mmHg and LDL-cholesterol 93.7 (32.8) mg/dL. Good metabolic control of DM was achieved at 63.0% (95% CI: 60.4-65.5), good control of HTA at 42.6% (95% CI: 40.0-45.2) and good LDL cholesterol control in 61.1% (95% IC: 58.4-63.7) of patients. Good simultaneous control of the three cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) was reached at 16.1% (95% CI: 14.2-18.1). A positive and independent association (p<0.05) was observed between good simultaneous control of CVRF with age (OR: 1.017) and with personal history of cardiovascular disease (OR: 1.596)., Conclusions: The results of our study indicate that a small proportion, less than two out of 10 patients, meet the good control goals recommended by clinical practice guidelines. We found important differences between patients with and without cardiovascular disease., (Copyright © 2021 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic persists with all its virulence despite 650,382,819 doses of COVID vaccine worldwide. The reference test for infection identification is reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The usefulness of this test may be diminished by simplifying its result as positive or negative. Determining the number of cycles (Ct) in positive RT-qPCR tests can assist in decision-making when interpreted in the clinical context of patients., (Copyright © 2021 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Modification of legal capacity is a protective measure involving a judicial procedure; a deeper understanding of this concept is necessary for its execution in such vulnerable populations as patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Unawareness of a patient's legal capacity and failure to adequately protect them may give rise to situations of avoidable risk., Patients and Methods: We designed a closed survey for informal caregivers of patients with AD, the general population, medical students, and healthcare professionals to determine the degree of understanding of the concept of modified legal capacity., Results: The survey was administered to a total of 401 individuals: 100 caregivers, 117 members of the general population, 128 medical students, and 58 healthcare professionals. Women accounted for 66.1% of the sample (n=265); mean age (SD) was 43.2 (0.9) years. The overall mean survey score was 7.7 (0.9). By group, caregivers scored 7.5 (0.18), the general population scored 6.9 (0.16), students scored 8.4 (0.17), and healthcare professionals scored 8.7 (0.20) (P=.000). Of all respondents, 78.8% had not received information on legal issues related to dementia. Among students, no significant differences in survey score were observed between members of different years (P>.05)., Conclusions: There is a low level of understanding of modified legal capacity and of the legislation governing issues related to cognitive impairment among caregivers, the general population, and even medical students. It is important to design strategies to improve understanding of the concept, particularly among future healthcare professionals., (Copyright © 2019 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)