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Simple Summary: House flies are important carriers of diseases and can cause economic losses in livestock by reducing feeding activity. Overuse of chemical insecticides has led to resistance in many house fly populations worldwide. This study aimed to assess how two house fly populations in Antalya, Türkiye respond to the insecticides cyfluthrin and etofenprox. By exposing adult flies to these chemicals, the researcher found that the Kemer population showed very low resistance to cyfluthrin, while the Serik population exhibited moderate resistance. For etofenprox, Kemer flies showed no resistance, and Serik flies showed very low resistance. The findings suggest that integrated pest control methods and regular resistance monitoring are necessary to manage and prevent further resistance in house fly populations. The house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is a significant vector for many pathogens and parasites. Presence of this vector causes economic losses due to decreased feeding activity in livestock, resulting in reduced yields of products. The repeated and unconscious application of chemical insecticides has resulted in the development of resistance in the majority of house fly populations worldwide. The aim of this research was to determine the susceptibility levels of two field M. domestica populations to cyfluthrin and etofenprox in Antalya, Türkiye. The LD50 values, resistance ratios, and resistance status were determined by exposing adult house flies to the test chemicals for one hour. The Kemer population exhibited very low resistance to cyfluthrin, with a 5-fold increase, while the Serik population, in contrast, showed moderate resistance with a 29.67-fold increase. The resistance ratios of field populations to etofenprox were 2.33-fold (no resistance) for Kemer and 6.44-fold (very low resistance) for Serik, respectively. This is the first study to determine the resistance levels of house flies against cyfluthrin and etofenprox insecticides in Türkiye. To prevent or reduce the development of resistance to insecticides in house flies, integrated control methods and resistance management programs should be employed. Furthermore, it is advised that regular monitoring tests be conducted to observe the level of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cockroaches, widespread pests found in metropolitan areas, are known as vectors of various disease agents, including viruses, fungi and antibiotic‐resistant bacteria, as well as causing allergies in humans. Insect growth regulators have been used in pest management for several decades. These insecticides disrupt insect development and reproduction. Chitin synthesis inhibitors interfere with chitin biosynthesis in insects, causing abortive moulting and mortality, as well as inhibiting egg fertility, and larval hatching in insects. In this research, we evaluated the various effects of diflubenzuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on synthetic pyrethroid‐resistant German cockroach (Blattella germanica L. Blattodea: Ectobiidae), including ootheca production, oothecal viability, ootheca incubation time, the number of nymphs emerging from the ootheca and survivorship of nymphs. The cockroaches were fed diets that contained diflubenzuron, which was added to solid bait (impregnated fish food) and ingestible aqueous bait (impregnated cotton). Three concentrations (0.5%, 1% and 2%) were used in the experiments. As a result, diflubenzuron treatment led to ootheca production ranging from 60% to 100%; statistically, no difference was found between the treatment and the control groups. The number of nymphs emerging from the first and second ootheca was reduced by 40%–100% in the diflubenzuron‐treated groups compared with the control. Nymphs exposed to diflubenzuron‐impregnated solid bait and ingestible aqueous bait experienced mortality exceeding 92.1% and 66.27% within 15 days, respectively. In conclusion, diflubenzuron is a potential insecticide for use in cockroach baits to control B. germanica, as it caused high nymphal and embryonic mortality in the synthetic pyrethroid‐resistant population and decreased the number of nymphs emerging from the ootheca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The house fly, Musca domestica, is vector for pathogens and parasites and causes economic damage to livestock by reducing forage conversion efficiency, negatively impacting weight gain and milk production. It has shown resistance to multiple insecticide classes. The aim of this research was to determine the susceptibility levels of seventeen field M. domestica strains to thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid insecticide, in Türkiye. Methods: Insecticide susceptibility of the house flies to thiamethoxam was determined using the WHO glass jar method. A probit analysis program was used to determine LD50 values, and then the resistance ratios were compared with insecticide-susceptible strain. Results: All strains were ≥18.5-fold resistant to thiamethoxam. The data showed that 10 out of 17 strains had either high or very high resistance levels. Our findings revealed that house flies from solid waste landfills in Samsun, Ankara, and Kocaeli exhibited higher resistance ratios compared to those found in animal shelters. Conversely, in Gaziantep, Antalya, İzmir and Erzurum, the exact opposite trend was observed. Regarding the LD50 values among solid waste storage areas, the lowest rate was obtained from Gaziantep (0.72 gr ai/m²), and the highest rate was obtained from Ankara (9.35 gr ai/m²). Furthermore, regarding the LD50 values among animal shelters, the lowest was obtained from Samsun (0.37 gr ai/m²), and the highest was obtained from Denizli (21800 gr ai/m2). Conclusion: The use of integrated control systems is recommended for controlling house fly populations, including insecticide class rotations for preventing, or at least, delaying the onset of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to evaluate the repellent activity of three essential components (cineole, terpinen- 4-ol, alpha-pinene) against 10-15 days-old (2nd or 3rd instar) nymphs of Blattella germanica L. and Supella longipalpa Fabricius with Y-tube olfactometer. When all essential oil components were compared on the basis of repellent activity against B. germanica nymphs, cineole was the most repellent component at all times and there was no statistical significant difference between terpinen- 4-ol and alpha-pinene. The highest repellency (96.4%) for cineole was seen at 20th min. Cineole was also more statistically significant repellent than the other two components against S. longipalpa nymphs. As a result, all components showed repellent activity against both cockroach species and exhibited no significant time dependent repellent activities (P>0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to evaluate the fumigant activity of essential oils obtained from aerial parts of three Lamiaceae plants [Mentha longifolia L. subsp. typhoides (Brig.) Harley, Dorystoechas hastata Boiss. & Heldr. ex Bentham (endemic), and Origanum minutiflorum O. Schwarz et. H. Davis (endemic)] which naturally grow in Antalya region on 10-15 days old (2nd or 3rd instar) nymphs of German cockroach {Blattella germanica L.) at different concentrations ranging from 25 to 500 μl/L. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 1,8-cineole (25.9%), borneol (18.98%) and camphor (16.93%) in D. hastata, carvacrol (97.93%) in O. minutiflorum, as well as cis-piperitone epoxide (53.25%) and piperitenone oxide (31.46%) in M. longifolia subsp. typhoides. When all essential oils were compared on the basis of fumigant toxicity, D. hastata essential oil is a more statistically significant fumigant than the other two essential oils at 100, 200 and 300 μl/L levels. There is no significant difference found at these concentrations between M. longifolia and O. minutiflorum essential oils. Moreover, at application levels of 400 and 500 μl/L, the most toxic essential oil was also from D. hastata, followed by those of M. longifolia and O. minutiflorum, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residual effectiveness of VectoMax® WSP (a water-soluble pouch formulation containing a combination of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis strain AM65-52 and B. sphaericus strain ABTS 1743) when applied to septic tanks against 3rd- and 4th-stage larvae of Culex pipiens L. was evaluated in this study. This formulation was evaluated at operational application rates of 1 pouch (10 g) and 2 pouches (20 g) per septic tank. Both application rates resulted in >96% control of larvae for 24 days. Operationally, VectoMax WSP has proven to be a useful tool for the nonchemical control of Culex species in septic tank environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is a serious public health pest that is a mechanical. vector of many human pathogens. Due to its high reproductive rate, this fly has rapidly developed resistance against various insecticides. Among these insecticides, synthetic pyrethroids are recommended by the WHO for the control of houseflies. The aim of the present study was to determine the resistance of house fly population from the solid waste collection facility of Varsak, Antalya against some commonly used synthetic pyrethroids; cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, deltarnethrin, permethrin. A high resistance to cypermethrin and cyphenothrin was found in the house fly population in the solid waste collection facility of Varsak, Antalya when compared with the susceptible population from WHO. Mortalities after 24 h for all insecticides ranged between 70.5-100%. Perniethrin gave the highest mortality rate of 100% in facility population. Also considering the knock down time (KDT50 and KDT90) values of permethrin was the most toxic active product on sensitive and field house flies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]