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Liver resections are a significant source of primary human hepatocytes used mainly in artificial liver devices and pharmacological and biomedical studies. However, it is not well known how patient-donor and surgery-dependent factors influence isolated hepatocytes’ yield, viability, and function. Hence, we aimed to analyze the impact of all these elements on the outcome of human hepatocyte isolation.Patients and methodsHepatocytes were isolated from liver tissue from patients undergoing partial hepatectomy using a two-step collagenase method. Hepatocyte viability, cell yield, adhesion, and functionality were measured. In addition, clinical and analytical patient variables were collected and the use or absence of vascular clamping and its type (continuous or intermittent) plus the ischemia times during surgery.ResultsMalignant disease, previous chemotherapy, and male gender were associated with lower hepatocyte viability and isolation cell yields. The previous increase in transaminases was also associated with lower yields on isolation and lower albumin production. Furthermore, ischemia secondary to vascular clamping during surgery was inversely correlated with the isolated hepatocyte viability. An ischemia time higher than 15 min was related to adverse effects on viability.ConclusionSeveral factors correlated with the patient and the surgery directly influence the success of human hepatocyte isolation from patients undergoing liver resection.

Abstract This work presents a collaboration between the so-called Gasset Service Association (responsible for providing drinking water to 100,000 inhabitants from a surface water reservoir) and researchers from the University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). The main aim of this work was providing a comprehensive characterization of the formation and removal of disinfection by-products in a real drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) and water distribution network. According to the results obtained, it can be stated that bromate is formed on the pre-oxidation stage and it is not eliminated throughout the DWTP; meanwhile, total organic carbon is partially removed on the clarification process. Moreover, it demonstrates the key role of the residence time and the type of water storage throughout the distribution network (either in pipes or in tanks) due to the combined effect of, at least, four overlapped mechanisms: THMs chemical generation, air stripping, hydrolysis and biological removal. This comprehensive view of the drinking water production and distribution network represents an excellent framework for allowing the improvement in the drinking water quality for a very common water production case study: a medium-size city fed by a surface water source.

During the 2021 La Palma strombolian and fissure eruption, two faults were identified that controlled the spatial distribution of earthquake hypocenters and effusive eruptive vents. One of these faults has a NW-SE trend (Tazacorte Fault: TZF) and the other one shows an ENE-WSW trend (Mazo Fault: MZF). Previous works on fault structural analysis in La Palma indicated that the eruption zone was compatible with an extensional tectonic strain ellipsoid which activated normal-strike-slip directional faults at the confluence of TZF and MZF. These fractures were activated during the 2021 Tajogaite eruption, determining the NW-SE and WSW-ENE spatial distribution of vents. Both faults were mapped in real time during the volcanic eruption from fieldwork and remote sensing imagery (aerial drone images). We have collected more than 300 fracture data associated with the effusive vents and post-eruption seismic creep. Since the affected area was densely inhabited, most of these fractures affect houses and infrastructures. Some of the houses affected by the TZF were damaged 9 months after the eruption, although they were not damaged during the eruption. Surprisingly, these houses already had repairs made to the same fractures since 1980, giving information of previous fault creep movement. During the 2021 Tajogaite eruption, shallow seismicity was spatially related to both faults, suggesting a seismic behavior instead of the precedent creep movement. However, the lack of seismicity after the eruption indicates that the faults went back to creep aseismic behavior, similarly to 1980. The mapping and monitoring of these faults (TZF and MZF) is relevant bearing in mind that they have been active since 1980 and the post-eruptive phase of the 2021 volcanic eruption, which has to be included in the land use planning in areas affected by the volcanic eruption and creep movement. Furthermore, both faults could act as seismogenic sources triggering volcanic earthquakes with potential high macroseismic intensities and mass movements. The data presented here show the importance of having this type of study before the onset of the eruption, thus allowing a better interpretation of seismic data during volcanic unrest.

Dysferlinopathy is a muscular dystrophy with a highly variable functional disease progression in which the relationship of function to some patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) has not been previously reported. This analysis aims to identify the suitability of PROMs and their association with motor performance.Two-hundred and four patients with dysferlinopathy were identified in the Jain Foundation's Clinical Outcome Study in Dysferlinopathy from 14 sites in 8 countries. All patients completed the following PROMs: Individualized Neuromuscular Quality of Life Questionnaire (INQoL), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and activity limitations for patients with upper and/or lower limb impairments (ACTIVLIMs). In addition, nonambulant patients completed the Egen Klassifikation Scale (EK). Assessments were conducted annually at baseline, years 1, 2, 3, and 4. Data were also collected on the North Star Assessment for Limb Girdle Type Muscular Dystrophies (NSAD) and Performance of Upper Limb (PUL) at these time points from year 2. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Rasch analysis was conducted on ACTIVLIM, EK, INQoL. For associations, graphs (NSAD with ACTIVLIM, IPAQ and INQoL and EK with PUL) were generated from generalized estimating equations (GEE). The ACTIVLIM appeared robust psychometrically and was strongly associated with the NSAD total score (Pseudo R2 0.68). The INQoL performed less well and was poorly associated with the NSAD total score (Pseudo R2 0.18). EK scores were strongly associated with PUL (Pseudo R2 0.69). IPAQ was poorly associated with NSAD scores (Pseudo R2 0.09). This study showed that several of the chosen PROMs demonstrated change over time and a good association with functional outcomes. An alternative quality of life measure and method of collecting data on physical activity may need to be selected for assessing dysferlinopathy.

This study used spatiotemporal land gravity data to investigate the 2021 eruption that occurred in the Cumbre Vieja volcano (La Palma, Canary Islands). First, we produced a density model by inverting the local gravity field using data collected in July 2005 and July 2021. This model revealed a low-density body beneath the western flank of the volcano that explains a highly fractured and altered structure related to the active hydrothermal system. Then, we retrieved changes in gravity and GNSS vertical displacements from repeated measurements made in a local network before (July 2021) and after (January 2022) the eruption. After correcting the vertical surface displacements, the gravity changes produced by mass variation during the eruptive process were used to build a forward model of the magmatic feeding system consisting of dikes and sills based on an initial model defined by the paths of the earthquake hypocenters preceding the eruption. Our study provides a final model of the magma plumbing system, which establishes a spatiotemporal framework tracing the path of magma ascent from the crust–mantle boundary to the surface from 11–19 September 2021, where the shallowest magma path was strongly influenced by the low-density body identified in the inversion process.

This article sheds light on some lexical items from the semantic field of everyday life (agricultural activity, livestock, other activities and food) in a corpus from the south province of Avila throughout the 15th century. It is also the continuation of another forthcoming article (2019). First of all, it starts with a description of these lexical items in context; next, there is a contrastive analysis with similar diachronic corpora using different lexicographical sources. It also offers some information on the current uses of the words in the area, based on information obtained through field surveys. Thus, this lexical repertoire provides a better characterization of the current use of this linguistic variety from the diachronical and diatopic point of view.

The analysis of the historical documentary sources together with evidence from the geological record is essential to understand the impact and processes triggered by tsunamis on the Canary Islands. This archipelago has been affected by tsunamis caused by different geological processes, of which the most studied have been those generated by prehistoric mega-landslides. However, there is also evidence of those produced by distant tsunamigenic sources. An exhaustive review of all documentation available was made, identifying the existence of at least four seismically triggered tsunami episodes (1755, 1761, 1941 and 1969), the majority with an epicenter in the Azores-Gibraltar boundary. In this work, several tsunamis are cited for the first time, such as the one produced by the Argaga (La Gomera) landslide in 2020. Other episodes historically identified as tsunamis are discarded as they corresponded to other geological events. The effects of most historic tsunamis have gone unnoticed, having occurred in epochs of sparsely populated coastal areas. But their study allows us to infer the need for the archipelago authorities to establish preventive measures to avoid possible damage from tsunamis, especially if we consider the presently high population density of the Canarian littoral.

This study examines the role of North Atlantic storms degrading a Late Pleistocene rocky shoreline formed by basaltic rocks overlying hyaloclastite rocks on a small volcanic peninsula connected to Gran Canaria in the central region of the Canary Archipelago. A conglomerate dominated by large, ellipsoidal to angular boulders eroded from an adjacent basalt flow was canvassed at six stations distributed along 800 m of the modern shore at El Confital, on the outskirts of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. A total of 166 individual basalt cobbles and boulders were systematically measured in three dimensions, providing the database for analyses of variations in clast shape and size. The goal of this study was to apply mathematical equations elaborated after Nott (2003) and subsequent refinements in order to estimate individual wave heights necessary to lift basalt blocks from the layered and joint-bound sea cliffs at El Confital. On average, wave heights in the order of 4.2 to 4.5 m are calculated as having impacted the Late Pleistocene rocky coastline at El Confital, although the largest boulders in excess of 2 m in diameter would have required larger waves for extraction. A review of the fossil marine biota associated with the boulder beds confirms a littoral to very shallow water setting correlated in time with Marine Isotope Stage 5e (Eemian Stage) approximately 125,000 years ago. The historical record of major storms in the regions of the Canary and Azorean islands indicates that events of hurricane strength were likely to have struck El Confital in earlier times. Due to its high scientific value, the outcrop area featured in this study is included in the Spanish Inventory of Geosites and must be properly protected and managed to ensure conservation against the impact of climate change foreseen in coming years.

Convective hydrothermal systems have been extensively studied using electrical and electromagnetic methods given the strong correlation between low conductivity anomalies associated with hydrothermal brines and high temperature areas. However, studies addressing the application of similar geophysical methods to hot dry rock geothermal systems are very limited in the literature. The Timanfaya volcanic area, located on Lanzarote Island (Canary Islands), comprises one of these hot dry rock systems, where ground temperatures ranging from 250 to 605 °C have been recorded in pyroclastic deposits at shallow (

Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia de la infección tuberculosa y el riesgo anual de infección en la población escolar de Ceuta. Método: Estudio transversal. Se realizó la prueba de la tuberculina (2UT RT-23 Tween 80) a los niños de 7 años de edad escolarizados en Ceuta en 2008. Se consideraron positivos los niños no vacunados con una induración >5mm a las 72 horas. Resultados: Se estudiaron 612 niños. La prevalencia de la infección fue del 0,98% (intervalo de confianza del 95%, margen de error del 2,5%). Su distribución mostró diferencias entre las tres zonas de salud, y fue mayor en las zonas más deprimidas, donde llegó al 2,07%. El riesgo anual de infección fue del 0,15%. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de la infección es de las más altas de España, según los últimos estudios realizados. Los resultados no se corresponden con los datos epidemiológicos de tuberculosis de Ceuta, al tener en cuenta los casos importados.Objective: To determine the prevalence of tuberculosis infection and annual risk of infection in the school population of Ceuta. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted. A tuberculin test (2UT RT-23 Tween 80) was given to 7-year-old schoolchildren in Ceuta in 2008. A positive result was considered as an induration of >5mm at 72hours in unvaccinated children. Results: A total of 612 children were studied. The prevalence of tuberculosis infection was 0.98% (95% confidence interval with a 2.5% margin of error). The distribution showed differences among three health areas, and was greatest in the most deprived area (2.07%). The annual risk of infection was 0.15%. Conclusions According to the most recent studies, the prevalence of tuberculosis infection in Ceuta is one of the highest of Spain. Our results do not agree with the epidemiological data for tuberculosis in Ceuta, which also includes imported cases.

Se comprobó la necesidad de la aplicación del procedimiento de limpieza como paso esencial previo al proceso de esterilización. Se utilizaron como dispositivos muestras de catéteres cardiovasculares y de aspiración, clasificados como artículos críticos y semicríticos respectivamente, compuestos químicamente por cloruro de polivinilo y fluoroetileno propileno (teflón), los cuales fueron inoculados con una concentración específica de Bacillus stearothermophylus y sometidos posteriormente al procedimiento de limpieza. El análisis tanto cualitativo como cuantitativo se realizó mediante métodos espectrofotométricos y se obtuvieron menores niveles de reducción de biocarga microbiana en los dispositivos compuestos por teflón. Con relación a la acción de los agentes tensoactivos se obtuvo una mayor reducción (3 log10 ufc/mL) con la aplicación de los detergentes enzimáticos. Se demostró la eficiencia del procedimiento de limpieza en la reducción de la biocarga microbiana sobre los dispositivos y el desprendimiento de contaminantes orgánicos e inorgánicos como garantía para disminuir a niveles de 10-6 las unidades formadoras de colonias en los dispositivos esterilizados.It was proved the need of applying the cleaning procedure as an essential step previous to sterilization. Cardiovascular catheters and of aspiration classified into critical and semicritical items, respectively, and chemically composed of polyvinyl chloride and propylene fluoroethylene (teflon) were used as devices and inoculated with a specific concentration of Bacillus stearothermophylus and subjected later to the cleaning procedure. The qualitative and quantitative analysis was made by spectrophotometric methods and lower levels of reduction of microbial bioburden were observed in devices composed of teflon. As to the action of the tensoactive agents it was obtained a higher reduction (3 log10 ufc/mL) on applying enzimatic detergents. It was demonstrated the efficiency of the cleaning procedure in the reduction of the microbial bioburden in the devices and the release of organic and inorganic pollutants as a guarantee to lower the colony-forming units to levels of 10-6 in the sterilized devices.

Nieves Sánchez Garre (coord.): Imágenes y escenarios de la Semana Santa vallisoletana (1958-1984). Valladolid, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes, 2012, 189 pp.

We performed an economic analysis of an intervention to decrease ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) prevalence in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) at two Nicaraguan hospitals to determine the cost of the intervention and how effective it needs to be in order to be cost-neutral. A matched cohort study determined differences in costs and outcomes among ventilated patients. VAP cases were matched by sex and age for children older than 28 days and by weight for infants under 28 days old to controls without VAP. Intervention costs were determined from accounting and PICU staff records. The intervention cost was approximately $7,000 for one year. If VAP prevalence decreased by 0.5%, hospitals would save $7,000 and the strategy would be cost-neutral. The finding that the intervention required only modest effectiveness to be cost-neutral and has potential to generate substantial cost savings argues for implementation of VAP prevention strategies in low-income countries like Nicaragua on a broader scale.

The pictures of the Mayors that governed during the Late Francoism and the beginning of the democracy between 1961 and 1984, belonging to the fund of the Town Archives of Valladolid, were taken by professionals working for Diario Regional (Local Newspaper) and Hoja del Lunes (Monday Leaf). In the recent article, an analysis based on photographic documents is done in order to construct the image of the Town Councillors deepening into the history of the town and its celebrities, the press and the photography. The archives of photographic documents contribute in the creation of stories that shape the imaginary image of a society. In these documents the official character of the pictures is maintained during all the mandates due to the fact that in Valladolid the change initiated on national level in the middle of the sixties is hardly noticed.

A lo largo de la historia de la fotografía se han empleado diversas técnicas que han contribuido al enriquecimiento de la expresión artística. Así como hubo artistas que comenzaron a deformar imágenes, de la misma manera hubo fotógrafos que ensayaron experimentos muy sorprendentes con el objeto de hacer el procedimiento fotográfico más accesible a las necesidades del artista.

La irrupción de la fotografía en el siglo XIX planteó algunas confusiones estéticas en cuanto se advirtieron mágicos poderes que hasta el momento ningún sistema de imágenes había llegado a alcanzar. La Revolución francesa y la aparición de la industria moderna durante esta época hicieron que buena parte del pensamiento estético centrase su atención en la relación del artista con la sociedad. En Inglaterra, John Ruskin y William Morris fueron los grandes críticos de la sociedad victoriana desde el punto de vista estético, denunciando la pérdida del buen gusto, la destrucción de la belleza natural y la trivialización del arte. La fotografía se convirtió en una actividad febril donde realismo y verdad objetiva eran requisitos imprescindibles en todos los modelos estéticos y literarios de la época.

The rise of information and communication technologies has not gone unnoticed in the university context. An increasing number of university faculty members are using technological resources in their teaching. However, the success of technologies in the teaching and learning process depends on the way they are used. This article analyses the actions of university faculty members who engage in inclusive teaching practices using educational technologies in their classrooms. A qualitative approach was followed using the biographical narrative method. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured individual interviews with 42 inclusive faculty members from 6 Spanish public universities. The results obtained reveal the technological resources used by these faculty members in their classrooms, the main uses they make of virtual learning platforms, as well as the actions that the faculty members implement to facilitate access and participation of students with disabilities through the use of technologies. These results allow us to detect some of the faculty’s training needs related to the use of educational technologies and offer practical keys that contribute to guaranteeing inclusive and quality learning for all students.