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Interoperable multi-vendor High-Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC) grids are a key enabler for the integration of renewable energy (in particular offshore wind) and its transmission over longer distances to consumers. However, most HVDC systems today are single-vendor and point-to-point. Various technical and non-technical aspects need to be considered, for example, (real-time) testing, legal aspects (intellectual property and regulation), and the multi-vendor interoperability process. This paper presents findings from the READY4DC project, which is a larger and open European effort involving diverse stakeholders, including HVDC manufacturers, transmission system operators, wind developers, academia, and research institutes. It summarizes key technical recommendations, emphasizing comprehensive interaction studies and the development of a structured legal framework to facilitate the development and operation of a multi-vendor, multi-terminal HVDC grid. The READY4DC project highlights the need for increased harmonization, transparent communication among stakeholders, and future-oriented research to ensure the robustness and interoperability of interconnected grids. Collaborative efforts are key for addressing technical complexities and advancing the deployment of multi-vendor multi-terminal HVDC technology., QC 20240619

This book is a Liber Amicorum for Martha Roggenkamp, Professor of Energy Law at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. The chapters in this book celebrate her unique contribution to energy law. Martha Roggenkamp is a true force of energy, both personally and professionally. Her chair in energy law at the University of Groningen was the first in the Netherlands. She co-established the Dutch Energy Law Association and co-founded the Groningen Centre of Energy Law and Sustainability. With a formidable range of seminal publications, building on a large number of externally funded research projects, and of course her hearty laugh, she is one of the leading women in energy law in the Netherlands, in Europe and beyond. The chapters in this book showcase the diversity of the subject matter, the high academic standards as well as the connections that Martha Roggenkamp has nurtured across decades and continents. Painter portrait: Rianne SmitPhotographer portrait: Dirk FennemaCover design: Bas EkkersTypesetting: Riëtte van Zwol, LINE UP boek en media bv Publisher: University of Groningen PressBroerstraat 4 9712 CP Groningen Production support: LINE UP boek en media bv This publication is peer reviewed Editor Biographies Ruven Fleming is Assistant Professor of Energy Law at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands, and Visiting Lecturer at TU Berlin, Germany. He is also Project Leader of hydrogen projects at the German Fuel Institute (DBI), TU Freiberg, Germany. Kars de Graaf is Professor of Public Law and Sustainability at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. He is also Chair of the Dutch Association of Environmental Law (VMR). Leigh Hancher is Professor of European Law at Tilburg University, the Netherlands. She is also part-time Professor at the Florence School of Regulation (FSR) within the European University Institute (EUI) in Florence, Italy. Edwin Woerdman is Professor of Markets and Regulation at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. He is