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The latest global challenges and events reordered the business scenes and created a new world economic system revolving around the expansion of international markets and trade and the emergence of novel products and services. Consequently, a knowledge-based economy has risen granting huge importance to Intellectual Property (IP). Intellectual properties are intangible assets of high value that generate revenues while Intellectual property rights (IPR) include copyrights, patents, and trademarks rights. IPR promotes innovation and supports economic growth in developed and developing countries. The huge shift from tangible to intangible assets under the new global economy supported the prominence of a major type of intellectual property which is Trademarks. A trademark is a special sign, name or symbol that differentiates a product or service. A trademark is an intangible asset that has value beyond the value of the business it represents. The trademarks sector is responsible for creating jobs driving economic growth, supporting businesses and elevating the competitive advantages of countries. This emphasizes the importance of protecting IPR, especially Trademarks, therefore, countries around the world apply legal measures to protect IPR and establish IPR offices to preserve their economy. The U.A.E has been working on staying in the front row in terms of economic growth, thus, trademarks were part of the U.A.E.'s strategy for the country’s competitiveness and economic position. As such, the Ministry of Economy in the U.A.E. has established an active Trademark management office. This project is supported by the Ministry of Economy. From connecting with the Ministry and going through the literature, it was found that the Trademarks systems suffer from many challenges related to centralization, mishandled trademarks data communications, trademarks authentication and validation difficulties, absence of ownership transfer and rights of usage management platform and lengthy inefficient processes. Our research intends to utilize the powerful blockchain technology to tackle the challenges the trademarks sector suffers from and establish an elevated novel model for trademarks management systems that inherits the useful features of blockchain. Our solution will utilize smart contracts to support verified, transparent, secured, authenticated, trademark registration and payment, modification and renewal, ownership transfer and usage rights management system in addition to updated trademark activities reporting. The resulting system shall enhance the U.A.E.’s competitive position, support its economic growth and fulfill its future strategy. Our solution shall be easily generalized to fit any trademarks office in any nation.

With the continued expansion of e-commerce, logisticians' obligation to address last-mile delivery challenges has grown. To improve delivery operations, innovative solutions such as drone are being integrated into traditional delivery networks. When drones are paired with other vehicles (e.g. truck), they produce a more flexible, if complex, truck-drone delivery system that allows customers to be reached using either the truck or a drone. Combined drone delivery systems have attained interest from academic and practitioners, with focusing mainly on the economic viability of such systems. However, less attention is paid to their environmental and social considerations. While logistics companies are primarily motivated to minimize last-mile costs, regulatory authorities should pursue efficient last-mile processes in order to accomplish broader goals and ensure sustainability. Therefore, regulatory authorities must develop, implement, amend, and enforce legislation more promptly as drone technologies drive new business and service models. Current regulatory frameworks do not yet consider the use of drones in delivery systems. In addition, addressing environmental and social impacts of drone delivery systems is scarce. Therefore, this research aims to identify the critical challenges and enablers of drone delivery systems. Then, a sustainable regulatory framework that promotes the development and implementation of drone delivery systems while improving control and monitoring of safety, security, social, and environmental aspects that go beyond commercial reasons will be proposed.

The traditional agrarian system of the Groundnut Basin, which used to be characterized by the integration of agriculture and livestock, has been transformed over time. This article tried to trace this evolution through a bibliographic review. Its evolution is marked by three periods. At the beginning of the 19th century, the system was based on the continuous cultivation of early millet, which dominates the house-fields where fertility is maintained by spreading domestic waste and park cattle at the end of the dry season. The bush-fields are characterized, on the one hand, by long-cycle millet plots and, on the other hand, by enclosed fallow land grazed during the rainy season. The second period (first half of the 20th century) was marked by the introduction of peanut cultivation in the bush-fields and the development of the animal-draw. This led to the expansion of cultivated areas and, consequently, the gradual disappearance of fallow land and pastoral space. The situation intensified in the second half of the 20th century with the virtual disappearance of traditional soil fertility renewal practices that were based on the integration of agriculture and livestock. In this context, the sustainability of the system would depend on the use of adapted soil regeneration technologies., African and Mediterranean Agricultural Journal - Al Awamia, No 137 (2022)