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Introduction: Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level above the upper limit of normal despite normal levels of serum free thyroxine is regarded as subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). 3% to 8% of people without a documented thyroid condition have subclinical hypothyroidism, or mild thyroid insufficiency, which is a prevalent issue The frequency of SCH rises with age and is more common in women. It has long been questioned whether SCH is independently related with ischemic heart disease (IHD), as multiple observational studies comparing the outcomes of SCH individuals with euthyroid participants have yielded different results. In this study we tried to to look at the prevalence of SCH in individuals who had suffered an acute myocardial infarction. Material and Method: This cross-sectional prospective study was done on acute myocardial infarction (MI) patients attending or admitted in MLN Medical College and its associated S R N Hospital, Uttar Pradesh, from the period of August 2015 to August 2017. Study was done after obtaining ethical clearance from institutional ethics committee and consent from all the participants. After applying exclusion criteria, the study included 200 acute MI patients whether euthyroid or SCH based on TSH level between 6-10 µIU/ml and normal T4 value 4.9-12.5 µg/dl. Medical history was taken, physical examination and anthropometric measurements was done. Serum T3, T4 and TSH levels were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method using commercial kits. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS software using descriptive analysis and chi-square test. A p-value<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Result: Out of 200 MI patients, 146(73%) were males and 54(27%) were females with male:female ratio of 2.703:1. Most common age group with MI was 51-60 years of age and Myocardial infarction was found significantly associated (p< 0.05) with age and gender of the patients. This study showed that the prevalence of SCH was 16% among the MI patients (including both STEMI, and NSTEMI), while prevalence of Euthyroid patients was 84%. Out of 200 patients with MI, number of SCH patients presenting with STEMI was 21 while number of patients presenting with NSTEMI was 11. Proportions of males and females among STEMI patients were 66.6% and 33.3% respectively while among NSTEMI patients these proportions were 63.6% and 36.4%. The features of this study concluded that hypothyroidism may be associated with MI. So, thyroid hormone levels should be observed in all middle aged population for early diagnosis of cardiac involvement for better management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction- Thyroid hormone, namely thyroid releasing hormone, plays a critical role in maintaining cardiovascular system function, homeostasis and cardiac hemodynamics. This raises the risk of cardiovascular death, coronary artery disease, and hypertension. However, the relationship between abnormal thyroid function and cardiovascular consequences is still unclear. Thus, this study was done to look at any potential differences in thyroid profile in acute coronary syndromes. Material and method- The current study was a prospective cross-sectional hospital based study conducted on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. After applying exclusion and inclusion criteria, a total of 200 AMI patients were enrolled with consent from all the participants. Following a 12-hour overnight fast, serum T3, T4 and TSH levels and other biochemical markers were measured using commercial kits. A complete data regarding demographical, clinical and physical examination along with electrocardiogram were noted. Statistical analysis was carried out by SPSS software considering p-value less than 0.05 as statistically significant. Result- The present study showed male dominance with 51-60years age group to be more prone to AMI in both the genders. There was a significant correlation between patients' age and gender with the incidence of AMI. The subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) was observed in 16% and euthyroid was seen in 84% AMI patients. The most common comorbidity associated with AMI was hypertension along with STEMI as the major type of MI found in both SCH and euthyroid group. Males and age group 51-60years were seen to be more affected in both SCH and euthyroid group. The association between the demographic and clinical profile of AMI patients with the type of thyroid dysfunction was not significant. Conclusion- The findings of this study suggest that hypothyroidism and AMI may be related, predicting greater risk of thrombosis and hemorrhage in moderate and severe hypothyroidism respectively. Therefore, thyroid hormones should be monitored in middle-aged population for an early detection of cardiac involvement and for better care of AMI patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of clinical and metabolic abnormalities including abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and impaired fasting glucose/or impaired glucose tolerance. Metabolic syndrome and thyroid dysfunction are independent risk factors for the cardiovascular disease. Aims and Objectives: To study the prevalence, symptomatology of thyroid dysfunction and FNAC findings of thyroid in the patients having metabolic syndrome. Material and Method: The study was carried out in 60 cases of metabolic syndrome (according to NCEP ATP III criteria) selected from the medicine outdoor clinic (including diabetic clinics, thyroid clinics) and medicine indoor wards. Diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction was made by history, examination and serum FT4 and TSH. Result and Observation: Out of 60 patients of metabolic syndrome 30 patients (50%) were euthyroid, 13 patients (21.66%) had subclinical hypothyroid and 12 patients (30%) had overt hypothyroid. 5 patients (8.33%) of metabolic syndrome had hyperthyroidism. Truncal obesity was most prevalent (80.0%) component of metabolic syndrome, next was hypertriglyceridemia (70%). Diabetes mellitus was equally prevalent in both males as well as females and was present in about 40.0% patients and 53% of patients with metabolic syndrome were hypertensive. Conclusion: This study shows that 50% metabolic syndrome patients had thyroid dysfunction.in the form of 21.66% subclinical hypothyroidism, 20% overt hypothyroidism and 8.33% were having hyperthyroidism. The most common symptom in metabolic syndrome patients with hypothyroidism was lethargy / sleepiness followed by dry and coarse skin. The most common symptom in hyperthyroid patients was nervousness (100%) followed by sweating, heat intolerance and palpitation in 80% of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk production largely depends on various input components which incurred in production process. Various factors affect the milk production directly or indirectly. Milk yield is negatively correlated to low cost of production. Cost shows economic soundness of a dairy unit. Cost of milk production is analysed by cost incurred on various components as feed cost, labour cost, supervision cost and miscellaneous cost and relationship between these components and herd size of a unit. A study was conducted with collection and estimation of data of various cost components of producing milk at the Dairy farm, BHU, Varanasi. Results of studies found as gross cost Rs. 8.65/litre per day in which feed cost for a litre milk was estimated as 56% of total cost with green and dry roughages about 56% and 41.73% of total feed cost. A positive and highly significant (P < 0.01) correlation coefficient was observed between the number of animal head (x), SLU (X1 ) and total feed cost (r = 0.7255 and r=0.6335), respectively. The next higher cost was on labour as 23% per animal and 29% per SLU. Other components such as labour and maintenance cost were shown a positive relationship with number of animal head (x) and SLU(x1 ), respectively in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted at Forage Section Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during kharif season of 2019 and 2020 on single-cut forage sorghum to quantify the impact of plant bio-regulators on forage productivity and quality of sorghum grown as rainfed crop. Eight treatments including foliar application of plant bio-regulators included 2% urea, 2% NPK (18-18-18), 2% potassium nitrate (KNO3), 1 ppm silicic acid, 2 ppm silicic acid and 100 ppm salicylic acid at panicle initiation and flag leaf emergence stage were compared with no spray as well as water spray in randomized block design in three replicates. The application of PBRs increased green fodder yield by 13.75-19.73 per cent over control. On pooled mean basis, the highest green and dry fodder yield of 52.31 and 13.74 t/ha, respectively was recorded with application of 2% NPK (18-18-18). Among treatments, the crude protein content in dry fodder was not affected significantly, however, maximum crude protein yield was estimated with the application of 2% water soluble fertilizer NPK (18-18-18) which was on a par with urea @ 2%, KNO3@ 2%, silicic acid 2 ppm and 100 ppm salicylic acid. Beside this, there was a substantial reduction in the HCN content due to foliar application of 2% KNO3. On pooled mean basis, foliar application of PBRs /nutrients improved the BC ratio which ranged from 1.62 to 1.70 with KNO3, 2% NPK (18-18-18), 2% urea, 1 and 2 ppm silicic acid and 100 ppm salicylic acid spray. The BC ratio with the foliar application of 2% KNO3, 2% NPK (18-18-18), 2% urea, 2 ppm silicic acid and 100 ppm salicylic acid was 7.28, 9.27, 12.58, 11.26 and 11.92 per cent higher over control (no foliar spray, only recommended dose of fertilizer @ 75 kg N+30 kg P2O5+ 30 kg K2O/ha), respectively on pooled mean basis. Foliar application of KNO3 presents a viable option for improving sorghum fodder productivity and its quality under rainfed/ moisture stress situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) is grown under both rainfed and irrigated conditions in Haryana and weeds pose serious threat to its production under both the conditions. Owing to increasing labour cost, there is need for chemical weed management, but, there is no chemical recommendation for weed management in cluster bean in Haryana. So, a field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2018 and 2019 at Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India in a semi-arid climate. The experiment was laid out in split-plot design having three replications, with three irrigation levels viz., no post-sown irrigation, one irrigation and two irrigations in main plots, while five weed management practices viz., pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha as PRE, imazethapyr 70 g/ha as PRE, imazethapyr 70 g/ha at 21 DAS, imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) 70 g/ha at 21 DAS and farmers' practice (2 hand weedings at 3 and 5 WAS) in sub-plots. The cluster bean crop was infested with Cyperus rotundus, Convolvulus arvensis, Digera arvensis and Echinochloa colona. The dry weight of weeds at 60 DAS and at harvest increased with the increasing irrigation levels. Among the weed management practices, two hand weedings at 3 and 5 WAS, produced minimum weed dry weight at 30 DAS, 60 DAS and harvest, while, imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) 70 g/ha at 21 DAS was found most effective in controlling the weeds among the chemical methods. During both the years, maximum seed yield of cluster bean was produced by irrigating the crop with two irrigations (1036 and 726 kg/ha), which was statistically at par with one irrigation (1009 and 682 kg/ha, during 2018 and 2019, respectively). Two hand weedings at 3 and 5 WAS, was found superior to chemical weed control treatments in producing seed yield (1121 and 754 kg/ha during 2018 and 2019, respectively). However, imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) 70 g/ha at 21 DAS produced highest seed yield (968 and 674 kg/ha, during 2018 and 2019, respectively), which was statistically similar to imazethapyr 70 g/ha PRE (932 and 654 kg/ha, during 2018 and 2019, respectively) and both of them were superior to imazethapyr 70 g/ha at 21 DAS and pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha as PRE. The bacterial and PSB count at harvest of cluster bean crop increased with increase in irrigation levels and bacterial population was lower with soil application of herbicides (either pendimethalin or imazethapyr) as compared to foliar application of herbicides and 2 HW treatments, however, PSB population was not affected by weed management practices. Maximum herbicide residue at harvest of the cluster bean crop was found in imazethapyr 70 g/ha at 21 DAS and followed by imazethapyr 70 g/ha PRE and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) 70 g/ha at 20 DAS. Reduction in the germination, growth and yield of mustard was observed due to residual effect of the chemicals applied in cluster bean during both years of study, maximum being with imazethapyr 70 g/ha at 21 DAS followed by imazethapyr 70 g/ha PRE and imazethapyr + imazamox (RM) 70 g/ha at 21 DAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper investigates the complex relationships influencing pearl millet yield using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The study employed data from pearl millet genotypes, encompassing various yield components and attributing traits. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was utilized to identify latent variables representing dimensions related to yield determination. A recursive SEM with latent variables was constructed, incorporating measurement models for exogenous and endogenous variables and a structural model depicting causal relationships. Maximum likelihood estimation was used to estimate model parameters, and goodness-of-fit criteria were applied for model evaluation. The study revealed fertility's pivotal role in determining pearl millet yield, with tillering capacity and panicle weight identified as crucial factors. Physiological and morphological traits also influenced yield but to a lesser extent, indicating a complex interplay of factors. The final SEM model provided valuable insights into these dynamics, highlighting the intricate relationships and pathways involved in yield determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]