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This article explores the work of three fiction authors examining how they allow protagonists to bring originality to their use of stable mythological content to form new ways of organizing social relations. Across the three, the protagonist is led toward a pivotal moment, confronted by symbolic objects and figures that pose a real danger, from which some improvise, escape and form a more satisfying life. Fiction demonstrates how agency is possible, that humans can play with any given identities and roles and establish a different social order, at least sometimes effectively. Given the constraining power of mythology, this article builds on three core problems identified by Barthes to show how these writers can: first, undermine the naturalization of figures; second, challenge the notion that since order is largely given, then intentionality and agency are futile; and third, overcome how facts or veracity in myth-driven meaning lack any historical specificity by instead portraying direct experiences that produce their own identities, categories and relations. These findings are significant because the writers step outside politics to develop ideas about how political relations can be made differently through will, ability to experiment and enjoy experiments’ outcomes, and by living with greater multiplexity of perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines German naturalization policies through an analysis of naturalization guidelines from 1921 to 2000 supplemented by archival research into their implementation. The substantive focus, first of all, is on the extent to which naturalization in Germany has become more or less discriminatory in ethnic and economic terms as well as on how one aspect of gender discrimination relating to the naturalization of spouses intersects with ethnicity. Second, is citizenship a privilege bestowed by the state solely at the state's discretion and in accordance with state interests or is there a right to citizenship? The paper shows that negative ethnic discrimination, at least in its explicit varieties, has largely disappeared, and economic self-sufficiency has always been a prerequisite for naturalization, but the most recent statutory changes limit exceptions to this requirement. For executive discretion, we see a broad shift over time toward limiting state discretion with exercises of administrative discretion becoming fully reviewable by courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementation gaps in the areas of naturalization and immigrant regularization emerge through a mismatch between the documents a residence country requires, and the documents that refugees and migrants can realistically provide. Those caught in this gap may live undocumented or risk statelessness. Residence countries can close such paperwork gaps by adapting legal interpretations and easing administrative requirements. When Colombia faced large-scale international displacement from Venezuela, state actors identified documentation-based implementation gaps in its nationality law and regularization procedures; they then took an innovative – yet not faultless – approach by adapting its citizenship and immigration regimes to accommodate displaced Venezuelans. These changes strengthened access to essential rights and increased the well-being of many. In this article, we develop the concepts of paperwork gaps and paper bridges and discuss the actors, impact, and limitations of Colombia's policy innovations in the areas of nationality by birth, naturalization, and regularization based on research conducted from 2020 to 2023. The study advances the literature on government learning regarding policies within citizenship and immigration regimes that target internationally displaced populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades a number of devastating work accidents have occurred in Turkey that have resulted in massacre-like deaths and destructions. Although dramatic consequences forced all actors to promise for betterment, no significant improvement has been achieved yet and one accident followed the other. Apart from social and economic factors, political power tends to be attributed to having the most critical responsibility in all incidents. The present government, which has been in power since 2002, has aimed and achieved to create a pro-government capitalist class who can dominate specific sectors, such as construction, energy and mining in which most of the serious accidents occur. By taking the control of media, the government not only attained the majority of communicative channels but also created a manipulative discourse potential that has enabled to shade reality concerning the accidents. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to analyze how these accidents are normalized by the government's discourses. A multi-stage naturalization model is employed to reveal the production and circulation of discourses in public sphere during the framing process of the accidents. The model can also be used to propose a solution for de-naturalization, which is also one of the aims of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of the distribution and features of the ecological and biological confinement of Caragana arborescens Lam. in the forest parks of Yekaterinburg. Caragana plantations have been studied in 14 out of the 15 city forest parks: Kalinovskij, Zheleznodorozhnyj, Karas’ye-Ozerskij, Moskovskij, Nizhne-Isetskij, Sanatornyj, Uktusskij, Shuvakishskij, Yuzhnyj, Shartashskij, named after the Foresters of Russia, Obroshinskij, Central and South-West – on an area of 12,077 hectares based on a standard electronic database. The ontogenesis of the species and its morphological features have been studied in 10 local habitats by the example of 2 forest parks – named after the Foresters of Russia with the largest number of caragana and Uktussky with the minimum. The formation of the secondary area of caragana in the forest parks of Yekaterinburg depends on the presence of generative individuals nearby. The maximum growth area is established in the forest park named after the Foresters of Russia (98.6 ha), the minimum – in the SouthWest (0.4 ha). The area of distribution is determined by the area of plantings that have been carried out in the 1970s and 1980s, which is confirmed by our research in the forest parks. C. arborescens prefers to settle in mixed-herb (67.8 %) and berry (26.8 %) pine forests with a stand density of 0.6–0.7, being a heliosciophyte. The number of caragana trees in the habitats increases with the increase in the density of the stand from 404 to 1359 plants. When the density of the pine stand is 0.3–0.5, the amount of caragana decreases, and at 0.1–0.2 it disappears. The distribution of C. arborescens depends on the age categories and productivity of forest plantations, it grows mainly in mature pine (68.8 %) trees in high-quality (the 2nd quality class – 62.3 %) plantations. In the ontogeneisis of caragana, 2 periods and 6 agerelated conditions have been established, with the pregenirative fraction predominating. The studied habitats are normal, incomplete, but capable of self-maintenance, since under favourable conditions individuals reproduce by self-seeding. The life forms of the caragana tree are formed in open areas as an aeroxylic shrub, and in pine forests as a small tree. The Caragana arborescens introductions in the forest parks of Yekaterinburg are rare and currently pose no biological hazard to forest ecosystems.

Abstract This paper examines how forced migrants integrate individual perception, interpersonal exchange, and extended networks to navigate the naturalization process. By bringing together these three methods of knowledge creation and exchange, we aim to clarify how these strategies interact and overlap to manage uncertainties stemming from naturalization bureaucracy, a complex and often opaque process. Drawing on personal accounts of 30 Syrians in Berlin and analysis of approximately 100 social media posts, our findings illustrate that these methods could be employed concurrently or interchangeably and on the whole in a symbiotic manner, offering migrants multiple pathways to acquire and (in)validate crucial information. Although this synthesis of knowledge production methods is not necessarily conducive to accessing the right in question, in our case naturalization, it becomes necessary to arrive at “informed” decision-making in uncertain environments characterized by low level of trust and asymmetrical power relations. The paper therefore contributes to broader discussions on migrants’ navigation of legal systems and coping mechanisms in the face of bureaucratic hurdles.

This paper examines how forced migrants integrate individual perception, interpersonal exchange, and extended networks to navigate the naturalization process. By bringing together these three methods of knowledge creation and exchange, we aim to clarify how these strategies interact and overlap to manage uncertainties stemming from naturalization bureaucracy, a complex and often opaque process. Drawing on personal accounts of 30 Syrians in Berlin and analysis of approximately 100 social media posts, our findings illustrate that these methods could be employed concurrently or interchangeably and on the whole in a symbiotic manner, offering migrants multiple pathways to acquire and (in)validate crucial information. Although this synthesis of knowledge production methods is not necessarily conducive to accessing the right in question, in our case naturalization, it becomes necessary to arrive at "informed" decision-making in uncertain environments characterized by low level of trust and asymmetrical power relations. The paper therefore contributes to broader discussions on migrants' navigation of legal systems and coping mechanisms in the face of bureaucratic hurdles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the term 'social essence' is overused in psychological research and includes instances that are not covered by the basic definition of an essentialist cognition with living beings. Imagining an essence of living beings is conceptualized as a meta-cognition that wraps up an exemplars' characteristics as a marker and assigns it a kind or species. This paper develops a framework of how social essentialism can be conceptualised to originate in natural contexts. Ethnic groups maintain a group identity that is defined by a set of diacritical markers and secured by a rule of endogamy, which functionally replicates the procreative pattern in animal species. This 'functional homological' relationship construes a group identity in the image of animal kinds. Thus construed, an ethnic identity appears as a natural given that safeguards the group's cohesion and stability across generations. Hence, group-related essentialism primarily serves identity formation and provides a cognitive mechanism to distinguish the ingroup from outgroups. The intuition of an essentialised identity is perpetuated across generations by bio-social processes of enculturation. Such processes can explain an historically stable group essentialism, as well as group-biased judgements in former and contemporary societies without the need for innate sources of psychological essentialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Biological Invasions is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the results of a study of the synanthropic species Eriochloa villosa (Poaceae: Paniceae), which is currently spreading throughout Russia (including Siberia). On the basis of analysis of published data, herbarium materials, and our own observations in nature, the current distribution of this species in Siberia has been detailed. It was concluded that there are two current settlement centers of this species in Siberia, located in Altai and in Tomsk region. In Western Siberia, E. villosa successfully colonizes both segetal habitats (crops of various grains, row crops, and oilseeds) and ruderal habitats. Geobotanical descriptions were made of segetal communities with the participation of E. villosa, presumably belonging to the class of synanthropic vegetation Stellarietea mediae R. Tx. et al. ex von Roshow 1951. The main ways of distribution of diaspores for this species in Siberia are speirochory and agestochory. For E. villosa seeds, a state of shallow physiological dormancy and their high germination rate in laboratory conditions have been revealed. The data obtained can be used to take measures to control the number of this segetal species in agricultural crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on long-term monitoring studies, the results of the intentional introduction of fish and invertebrates into the Volga-Caspian fisheries basin have been analyzed. The findings show successful naturalization in 5 out of 16 cases for the alien fish, and in 2 out of 3 cases for the alien invertebrates. Significant attention has been given to the biological characteristics—distribution, qualitative structure, and catch rates—of the golden grey mullet (Chelon auratus) and herbivorous fish, including the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and the silver and bighead carps (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Aristichthys nobilis), which have become commercially important due to their widespread naturalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented work considers the population of the maral (Cervus elaphus sibiricus Severtzov, 1873) as a species naturalized in the middle reaches of the Podkamennaya Tunguska River, on the territory of the Tunguska State Nature Reserve. For the first time, successful settlement and naturalization of maral in the middle taiga forests of the south of Evenkia, which began in 2018–2019, was described. The climatic, biological and anthropogenic factors of the expansion of its range were considered. In this area, the average annual air temperature has so far remained below the temperature regime typical of most of the maral's range within Krasnoyarsk krai. This is evidence in favor of the hypothesis of an indirect influence of climatic changes that manifested themselves in the north of Central Siberia on the settlement of the maral. The most likely decisive factor in the red deer's northward movement is anthropogenic impact, which resulted in an increase in the number of feeding stations and the anxiety factor in the native range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Investigating the extent of insular invasions by non‐native species (i.e., the number of islands they occupy) is central to island conservation. However, interrelationships among plant life history traits, naturalization histories, and island characteristics in determining island occupancy by non‐native plant species are poorly understood. We investigated whether island occupancy by different non‐native plant species declines in relation to their year of first naturalization and whether periods of first naturalization differ among growth forms, dispersal modes, and biogeographic origins. Then, we asked if non‐native plants that naturalized more recently occur more frequently on islands that are large, less isolated, and close to urban areas. We contrasted trends across growth forms, dispersal modes, and biogeographic origins. Location: 264 offshore islands in northern Aotearoa New Zealand. Taxa: Vascular plant species. Methods: We combined field surveys and published data for 767 non‐native plant species on the islands. We categorized each species according to its growth form (n = 3), dispersal mode (n = 4) and biogeographic origin (n = 5) and identified its year of first naturalization in Aotearoa New Zealand. We tested our hypotheses using ANCOVA and generalized linear models (GLMs). Results: There were similar declines in island occupancy in relation to the year of first naturalization in Aotearoa New Zealand across all trait and biogeographic origin categories. First naturalization times of herbaceous species, those with unspecialized dispersal modes, and those originating from Eurasia and the Mediterranean basin were disproportionately earlier than other categories. Non‐native plants with more recent first naturalization occur more frequently on large islands close to urban areas, but not on less isolated ones. Relationships with island characteristics did not differ among trait and biogeographic origin categories. Main Conclusions: Overall, time of first naturalization was more important than trait and biogeographic origin categories in explaining non‐native plant invasion patterns on islands. Since there were similar relationships between island occupancy and the year of first naturalization in Aotearoa New Zealand for all categories, management bodies should focus on non‐native plant species of trait and biogeographic origin categories that have naturalized recently (e.g., woody species from other regions within Oceania), and on large islands close to urban areas. Introduction and naturalization histories provide essential context for interpreting the role of plant traits and biogeographic origin in understanding plant invasions on islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various studies suggest a positive effect of host country citizenship on the educational outcomes of immigrants' children. However, little is known about when and for whom citizenship matters and how much this is affected by potential endogeneity in the relationship between parental citizenship acquisition and their children's educational outcomes. Focusing on the Netherlands, this article exploits siblings' variation in their exposure to naturalization in order to net out the effect of time-constant parental characteristics. Results from a linear mixed model show that children who acquire Dutch citizenship have a substantial advantage in terms of academic performance over those who are still foreign citizens, especially if they naturalized in early childhood. A novel bounding estimator that gauges the sensitivity of the estimates to omitted variable bias confirms the robustness of these results. Moreover, the effects of citizenship are concentrated among students whose parents are at a disadvantage in the labour market and housing market, shedding light on hitherto under-explored effect heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent decades are marked by the upswing of the use of the term "normativity" not only in philosophical discussions, but increasingly also within reports of empirical scientists. This may invoke the question how far these developments overlap and in how far they go past each other. A significant overlap might lead to an interesting coalescence of the two approaches to norms, which may provide for a "naturalization" of some philosophical speculations about normativity, putting them on a firmer foundation, while offering the empirical scientists some new impulses for directing their research. In this paper I give an overview of some recent empirical results concerning human normativity and I point out a certain philosophical tradition, rooted especially in the works of Wittgenstein, Sellars and Brandom, which treats normativity so that it becomes more or less compatible with these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study proposes an exploration of dyads (philosophy-cognitive neuroscience) that constitute the basis of interculturality, leading to the postulation of the Elemental Intercultural Imprint as a neurocognitive model that impacts the ontological notion of 'interculturality,' viewed under the naturalizing project. Methodology: An analytical conceptual methodology was implemented, aiming to demonstrate the modes of naturalization of philosophical concepts descriptively and critically. The following hypothesis is maintained: the progressive naturalization of consciousness, self-control, identity, social mind, alterity, and morality can reveal the neurocognitive mechanisms of interculturality in individuals. To this end, the naturalization of consciousness as attention, identity as self-reference memory, self-control as self-regulation, mind (social) as Theory of Mind, alterity as empathy, and morality as moral cognition are analyzed. Results: The conceptual analysis in the reviewed studies found that partial epistemological transposition and methodological symmetry are the most common mechanisms of naturalization of the components of interculturality, and that its neurocognitive architecture allows for the incorporation of other components. Conclusions: It is concluded that the proposed neurocognitive basis is indispensable for the empirical study of interculturality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ética y Cine Journal is the property of Etica y Cine Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Investigating the ability of non-native species to establish and invade different habitats is one of the most important approaches in the analysis of biological invasion mechanisms. In this study, we used a regional dataset of non-native plant species compiled for Caribbean islands to estimate the level of invasion of major habitat types in this region. Our results show that although non-native species are successfully invading all habitat types evaluated, they are exhibiting considerably higher affinity toward human-made habitats. Across these islands, highly anthropogenically altered habitats such as ruderal sites, pastures, and cultivated lands are the habitats showing higher levels of invasion compared to natural habitats with low levels of disturbance. We found a significant association between geographical origin and habitat invaded, with species originating from Asia, South America, and Africa overrepresented as invaders in the Caribbean. Additionally, a significant association between life-form and habitat invaded was detected, with more trees and herbaceous species than expected successfully invading ruderal habitats, and more trees and vines than expected invading natural forests. In general, non-native species invading habitats across Caribbean islands seem to be adapted to a broad range of successional stages ranging from highly disturbed human-made habitats to least disturbed natural forests. Our results highlight how complex interactions among human activity, geographical origin, plant life-form, and habitat affinity can determine patterns of invasions across broad landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the rhetorical battle over citizenship by investment has been won by the EU institutions, its legal success is still up for debate. Last week Advocate General Collins delivered his much-anticipated Opinion in Commission v Malta, proposing that the Court dismisses the Commission’s challenge in a concise, clear, and, as I will explain, convincing legal opinion.

The passage of the Lodge Act in 1950 enabled the United States to offer citizenship to foreign nationals in exchange for service in the U.S. Army. A chief objective was to further Cold War goals by enlisting Eastern European candidates to serve as special forces troops, linguists, cultural experts, and skilled technicians. The legislation sought to spread American values abroad and unify support at home. Its chief legacy, however, was to serve as a template for naturalizing those who served in the decades that followed. "Citizen Candidates" won first place in the 2021 VMI Adams Center Cold War Military history essay contest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the field of citizenship studies, with attention to the causes and consequences of policy. It summarizes key findings and points of consensus across three research domains: the determinants of citizenship policy, the consequences of citizenship policy, and the consequences of citizenship, i.e., the utility of obtaining citizenship for immigrant integration. After identifying strengths and weaknesses of each, I propose new directions in research that widen the field in terms of cases and generalizable theory while also deepening the field through serious attention to approaches that center the immigrant experience.

Ten new taxa of gymnosperms are added to the non-indigenous woody flora of Tunisia, after almost two decades of botanical surveys. Four of them (Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus brutia var. pityusa, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca, Taxodium distichum var. distichum) are also new for the flora of North Africa. Pinus coulteri is here first reported for the Mediterranean Basin. Three genera (Cryptomeria, Pseudotsuga and Taxodium) are firstly recorded for the non-native vascular flora of Africa whereas two genera (Cedrus and Platycladus) are reported for the first time only for the woody flora of Tunisia. Brief descriptions together with filed photographs, global distributions and habitats at national scale are provided. Some taxonomic comments on their distinguishable features as well as updated keys are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of naturalization—the establishment of species introduced into foreign places—to the early development of Darwin's theory of evolution deserves historical attention. Introduced and invasive European species presented Darwin with interpretive challenges during his service as naturalist on the HMS Beagle. Species naturalization and invasive species strained the geologist Charles Lyell's creationist view of the organic world, a view which Darwin adopted during the voyage of the Beagle but came to question afterward. I suggest that these phenomena primed Darwin to question the "stability of species." I then examine the role of introduced and invasive species in Darwin's early theorizing and negotiation with Lyell's ideas, recorded in his post-voyage "transmutation notebooks." Therein, the subject was an inflection point in his contention with Lyell's views and moreover, his theorizing on invasive species occasioned some of his earliest inklings of natural selection. Finally, I examine how naturalization was crucial to Lyell's own eventual conversion to evolutionism. I conclude with brief reflections on the implications of this narrative for our understanding of Darwin's reasoning, his intellectual relationship to Lyell, and the historical context that shaped his theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Foreign Policy Journal (CFPJ) is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A species belonging to the genus Sagina, that has been known since at least 2016 from several localities in the city of Bassano del Grappa (Veneto region, northeastern Italy), was identified as S. maxima. It is a species from (predominantly) coastal areas in western North America and Far Eastern Asia. Morphological and molecular data confirmed this identification, although this finding raises some questions about the ecology and morphology of S. maxima and some of its relatives and/or similar-looking species. These records appear to be the first in Europe. A concise morphological description and illustrations are provided along with a comparison with related and similar-looking Sagina species. The status of S. maxima in Italy is also briefly discussed and a key for the identification of the Italian species from the genus is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to shed light on the issue of Algerian citizenship during the French colonial period between 1865 and 1919. It covers the practices of the French administration in the context of its colonial policy that granted Algerians the status of French citizens and naturalizing them with French nationality under a series of controversial laws from 1870 and 1871 to1919 and the related reforms. We aim to explain what these laws brought to the Algerians (the indigenous population) as the owners of the land ant the Algerians’ reaction to these laws in their struggle for independence. This study aims to elaborate on the promises of the French colonial administration to Algerians and their conditions for granting them civil and political rights, including speaking good French and leaving the religion of Islam. I will also discuss the extent to which these politics succeeded or failed vis-à-vis the survival of the Algerian culture under a comprehensive policy of assimilation and colonization. It will also discuss the relation between the citizenship debate and independence movement mixed with Muslim and Arab identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of the dominant constructivist approach in contemporary learning theories, the naturalization of learning should be identified at a more fundamental level than its mere reduction to a biological phenomenon. It should be identified in the pervasive tendency to dispense with the experience the learners make about their own knowing. The trouble in the naturalization of learning can more clearly be realized by the concept of "space of nature/ reason." The learning process includes bridging between both spaces; such bridging remains disregarded by reducing the learning to the event solely played in the space of nature. Following Buck's argumentation, we can recognize an experience of a twofold leap from "nature" to "reason" in the procedural structure of learning. The limits of naturalization of learning are demarcated by the genuine condition of learning as experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this study we shed light on ongoing trends in contraceptive use in Flanders (Belgium). Building on the fundamental cause theory and social diffusion of innovation theory, we examine socio-economic gradients in contraceptive use and the relationship to health behaviours. Methods: Using the unique and recently collected (2020) ISALA data, we used multinomial logistic regression to model the uptake of contraceptives and its association to educational level and health behaviour (N:4316 women). Results: Higher educated women, and women with a healthy lifestyle especially, tend to use non-hormonal contraceptives or perceived lower-dosage hormonal contraceptives that are still trustworthy from a medical point of view. Moreover, we identified a potentially vulnerable group in terms of health as our results indicate that women who do not engage in preventive health behaviours are more likely to use no, or no modern, contraceptive method. Discussion: The fact that higher educated women and women with a healthy lifestyle are less likely to use hormonal contraceptive methods is in line with patient empowerment, as women no longer necessarily follow recommendations by healthcare professionals, and there is a growing demand for naturalness in Western societies. Conclusion: The results of this study can therefore be used to inform policy makers and reproductive healthcare professionals, since up-to-date understanding of women's contraceptive choices is clearly needed in order to develop effective strategies to prevent sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancies, and in which women can take control over their sexuality and fertility in a comfortable and pleasurable way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The introduction history, extent of naturalization and drivers of invasion success was assessed for Myoporum in South Africa. • We confirm the presence of M. insulare, M. laetum and M. montanum in the country (listed in decreasing order of range size). • Myoporum species are at a relatively early phase of expansion in South Africa, indicating a substantial invasion debt. • Myoporum insulare is naturalizing and invading most rapidly. Myoporum is a genus of trees and shrubs native to the Northern Hemisphere that has been introduced to many parts of the world, mainly for ornamental purposes. We assessed the introduction history, distribution, and extent of naturalization/invasion for Myoporum species in South Africa. Information was collated to determine key events associated with the introduction, establishment, and naturalization of Myoporum in South Africa. Data were collated to determine the current distribution of the genus in South Africa. Twenty sites in the Western Cape were sampled to determine correlates of naturalization. Myoporum was first recorded in South Africa in 1934. Three species were confirmed to be present in South Africa: M. insulare, M. laetum and M. montanum (37 %, 25 % and 24 % of all iNaturalist records respectively). Most records are from the Western Cape (91 %) and small parts of the Eastern Cape; isolated populations occur in Gauteng and the Northern Cape. We could not confirm the presence M. petiolatum, M. tenuifolium or M. tetrandrum. Field surveys revealed widespread naturalization of M. insulare (46 % of all Research Grade observations in iNaturalist); this species was categorized code D1 in the introduction-naturalization-invasion continuum. Myoporum laetum (C3) and M. montanum (C2) are also widely naturalized but over smaller areas. Naturalized populations comprised predominantly juvenile M. insulare plants occurring in highly disturbed (transformed) habitats. Formal risk analyses for all Myoporum species in South Africa are needed as the basis for re-evaluation of their status in national legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For forced migrants who lack unqualified state protection, citizenship acquisition serves as the only secure way to graduate from legally precarious conditions. However, despite the seemingly obvious upside, the decision to naturalise is not necessarily automatic and for those who do choose to move forward, the process is rarely straightforward. Based on 30 interviews with Syrian forced migrants in Berlin, we address why some applicants who are eligible to naturalise choose not to apply and why eligibility 'on paper' does not necessarily translate to ability to naturalise 'in practice'. By combining literature on migrants' experiences with street-level bureaucracy and individual-level determinants of naturalisation, the primary objective of this article is to advance our understanding of how citizenship and non-citizenship decisions are made. In order to do so, we build upon the two-step intention-ability framework and in particular introduce 'bureaucratic trajectory' as a significant determinant of one's intention to apply and practical ability to acquire citizenship beyond eligibility. We demonstrate how perceived discretionary implementation and red tape not only constrain but also entice migrants to develop strategies to 'enable' access to citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on Gabriel J. Chin and Paul Finkelman's paper about the U.S. Naturalization Act of 1790, arguing that the Act acted as a foundation for racialized liminal status. Topics discussed include the case of Philippine-born immigrant Roque Espiritu De La Ysla whose petition for a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1935 was denied, liminality in citizenship law, and the role of the 1790 Act in naturalization cases filed by Filipinos living in the U.S.

The authors present a response to comments in their article about the U.S. Naturalization Act of 1790. Topics discussed include birthright citizenship under the 14th Amendment, the protection of Native Americans under the Indian Trade & Intercourse Act of 1790, and immigration and citizenship restrictions.

The article comments on Gabriel J. Chin and Paul Finkelman's paper about the U.S. Naturalization Act of 1790 in relation to birthright citizenship. Topics discussed include the conflict between the Act's racial restriction on citizenship and the Citizenship Clause of the 14th Amendment, the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and the paradox of universal birthright citizenship and racially exclusive naturalization.

This paper examines the issue of heroism as a sufficient condition for the acquisition of citizenship. I define heroism as exceptional, supererogatory, and risky acts of altruism and heroic citizenship as the reward for a heroic action carried out by a non-citizen resident of membership rights. I mobilize in particular the case of Mamoudou Gassama, 'the Spiderman of Paris', who was naturalized by the French President in 2018 after saving a child. While such positive outcomes for people in precarious legal and political situations are valuable, I provide a critical analysis of the ideological scaffolding and political meaning of heroic citizenship, i.e. how it is publicly justified and practiced. I argue that heroic citizenship constitutes a fiat of citizenship that reproduces a problematic picture of citizenship, relying on three ideological tropes: nationalism, sovereigntism, and moralism. Heroic citizenship represents the other side of a broader policy trend that has transformed citizenship into a privilege to earn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrants' naturalization is conditioned by demographic, socioeconomic and contextual factors, but little is known about how it is affected by permanent visa category and geographic location at the destination. Using the 2016 Australian Census and Migrants Integrated Dataset (ACMID) and Probit regression analysis, we examined how visa category and location of residence influence naturalization rates for Chinese and Indian migrants arriving in Australia between 2000 and 2016. Chinese migrants were most likely to naturalize if entering under a Humanitarian visa, and Indian migrants if under a Skilled Independent visa. Migrants in the Australian Capital Territory were the most likely to naturalize, and those in Victoria the least likely—a distinction sharpened by metropolitan as opposed to regional location. The transnational perspective, allied with cost–benefit and integration theories, performs well in accounting for these heterogeneities. The differences have clear policy and practice in Australia and for countries of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There exists a lively debate regarding whether proportionality outside of the European Convention on Human Rights is an independent ground for judicial review or overlaps with the Wednesbury Unreasonableness or irrationality ground and is indistinguishable from it. 1 This Article contends that proportionality, as a fair balance test, is an implied limitation to a statutory power and, therefore, constitutes an independent test within section 6 of the British Nationality Act 1981 (BNA 1981). Consequently, if a decision is disproportionate, it is amenable to judicial review on the existing ground of illegality. In that case, it is not necessary to consider an independent Wednesbury unreasonableness or irrationality test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how agents such as agricultural migrants, agricultural employers and local community representatives apply the dual frame of reference (DFR) to naturalize, rationalize and justify the presence of exploitative labor practices for agricultural migrants. The paper gives a qualitative account of social dynamics in two agricultural-dependent communities located in Northern California and South-Eastern Norway. Qualitative one-on-one interviews with agricultural migrant workers (n = 11), employers (n = 10) and community representatives (n = 12) were conducted in English and Spanish. Our findings demonstrate how DFR is utilized by employers to justify labor strategies that rely on migrant workers, employees to rationalize their participation in exploitive work, and by local community representatives to naturalize the exploitative labor practices of migrant workers in their community. Our research findings further add to the analysis by suggesting that the frames of reference are dynamic based on changes of material conditions in the home country. Lastly, we find a third frame of reference focused on the future of the agricultural worker and the hopes for future generations. Combined, these perspectives add to the understanding of the disempowerment of workers, lack of successful changes and overall, upkeeping of exploitative migrant labor systems in the agricultural industries and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Worldwide, floras are becoming homogenized at global scales, but regional patterns vary. Here, we present the first assessment for the Malesian phytogeographical region in terms of the timing of introductions, direction, magnitude and drivers of floristic change due to alien plant naturalizations. Location: Malesian phytogeographic region, including Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Taxon: Tracheophyta (vascular plants). Methods: We compiled data on first records of naturalized plants in Malesia to investigate temporal trends in the rate and origin of introductions. We then calculated β‐diversity (including turnover and nestedness) for the native, naturalized and Anthropocene (native + naturalized) floras for each pair of island groups (36 pairs), and a homogenization index for the native and Anthropocene floras, using presence/absence data for 31,580 plant species. Mantel tests were used to investigate the geographic, climatic and anthropogenic correlates of dissimilarity and homogenization. Results: Around 75% of all naturalized species documented to date were already reported for the first time within Malesia prior to 1950. This has led to homogenization between the historic (native) and contemporary (Anthropocene) floras for all island group pairs. Turnover was the most important process for driving compositional dissimilarity between island groups in Malesia in the native and Anthropocene floras, but homogenization resulted from decreases in nestedness and turnover. Differences in average taxonomic homogenization for island groups were associated with differences in their level of anthropogenic modification. Main Conclusions: This study improves current understanding of the direction and drivers of floristic homogenization in one of the world's most diverse tropical regions. Alien plant introductions carry a long historical legacy in Malesia, and naturalizations of these plants have led to overall taxonomic homogenization of the region's flora. Expected increases in the magnitude of human modification, without appropriate policy, will likely lead to further reductions in the floristic uniqueness of island groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]