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In this study, low-velocity impact (LVI) responses for the thermoset and thermoplastic composites were experimentally investigated based on the fibre orientation, thickness and knitting architecture. To analyse dynamic responses such as bending stiffness, contact stiffness, total impulse, peak force, and absorbed/rebound energy, LVI tests at 2 and 3 m/s velocity, which correspond to the 11.2 and 25.2 J were conducted, respectively. Furthermore, impact-induced damages were examined by using Through Transmission Ultrasonic analyses and macro-scale visualizations. Results from the current study show that woven fabric reinforced composites exhibited more bending stiffness, contact stiffness and energy absorption capacity than unidirectional ones thanks to fibre alignments throughout the longitudinal and transverse directions. Moreover, resin material has favourable effects on the damage mechanisms, as expected. It has been concluded that utilization of the thermoplastic resin enabled the composite specimens to exhibit less delamination.

Background: Behçet’s disease is a systemic vasculitis that can affect all sizes of arteries and veins. Arterial stiffness is a term used to describe the visco-elastic properties of vessel wall. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between pulmonary artery stiffness (PAS) and the right ventricular (RV) functions in asymptomatic Behçet’s patients with no cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: We studied 40 patients who were diagnosed by the international diagnostic criteria of Behçet’s disease and 40 healthy individuals who were matching demographic properties with the patients. Two groups were matched by age, gender, clinical history and other clinical features. Substantial medical history concerning the factors that can affect right ventricle diastolic function (such as medications, smoking status, other comorbities, etc.) was taken and general physical examination was carried out. The right and left ventricular functions as well as valvular functions were evaluated by using echocardiography. Also Two-dimensional, M-mode, pulsed wave (PW) Doppler echocardiographic parameters were measured for right ventricular functions. PW Doppler flow trace was obtained from the pulmonary valve with regards to pulmonary artery stiffness. Results: There was no significant difference in terms of clinical and demographic properties. No statistically significant difference was found upon comparison of the left ventricular end of systole and diastole diameters, the diastolic and systolic thicknesses of the interventricular septum (IVS) and left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW), left atrium (LA) diameter and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) values (p>0.05) of the two groups. Right ventricular myocardial performance index (MPI) value was found higher in Behçet’s patients and a statistically significant difference was detected between the groups (pConclusion: Behçet’s patients without cardiac symptoms and signs, reduction in right ventricular functions and increase in PAS was detected. Although there is no correlation between right ventricular functions and PAS, increased PAS may be an early marker of reduction of the right ventricular functions. Consequently, routine cardiological examination and detailed evaluation of biventricular functions by using echocardiography should be greatly beneficial in Behcet’s patients, even though there are no signs or symptoms.

All countries attach great importance to renewable energy investments with concern that future fossil-fueled energy resources could be exhausted. Thus, a very large renewable energy production pote...

The origin of the apple is known to be the Transcaucasian region. Eastern Anatolia, which is located on the migration routes from Asia to Europe, has a rich and an uncharacterized apple germplasm and the characterization of apple genetic sources from this region is important for both evolutionary studies and apple breeding. In this study, 94 M. domestica accessions originated from seven diverse regions within Eastern Anatolia were studied using 16 SSR (simple sequence repeat) loci. SSR markers we used produced high allele numbers in all loci and CH02d11 (PI: 0.059) with 18 alleles was the most informative locus. In addition, 14 identical accession groups were identified. Most likely due to self-incompatibility, relatively high levels of heterozygosity (Ho: 0.696) was found for Eastern Anatolia apples. Structure Harvester analyses of East Anatolian apple accessions showed that although each group seems to be somewhat distinct, some levels of admixture with other populations might also exist. Due to a significant gene flow between all pairs of seven apple populations, a limited (low) differentiation was found between the populations. Comparisons using 16 common SSR loci revealed that Eastern Anatolia accessions were genetically different from Anatolian accessions. In addition, based on FCA, and Nei's genetic distance analyses, Eastern Anatolian apples were found to be genetically different from the commercial apple cultivars Golden Delicious and Florina. Our results suggesting that Eastern Anatolia apple populations have a unique structure will be useful for future genetic and evolutionary studies on apples.

The power produced by photovoltaic (PV) module is directly dependent on solar irradiance. The partial shading occurs when PV modules in the PV array have different solar irradiance levels. This can significantly reduce the output power of the PV array. Many maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods have been proposed with the aim of extracting maximum power from PV systems. In recent years, wide varieties of optimization methods have become more popular than the conventional methods, particularly in order to achieve global maximum power point (GMPP). The Particle swarm optimization (PSO) evolutionary technique is a proper optimization method for global maximum power point tracking (GMPPT). This paper proposes a modified PSO based algorithm, and the model of the proposed system is built in PSIM and the experimental setup is developed to confirm its effectiveness. The obtained simulation and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can track accurately the global maximum power point of the PV system. It has high MPPT efficiency and low steady-state oscillations, and particularly shows good performance under non-uniform irradiation conditions.

The prevalence of hypertension is increasing among young population worldwide. So there is an interest in detecting prehypertension and hypertension in childhood. We determined blood pressure (BP) recorded at a screening test in a young population. We retrospectively evaluated the medical records including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) of 685 male and 130 female apparently healthy adolescents. We evaluated the prevalence of BP categories: normotension, prehypertension, and hypertension. The prevalence of normotension (n = 369), prehypertension (n = 333), and hypertension (n = 113) was 45.3%, 40.9% and 13.9%, respectively; prehypertension and hypertension were significantly higher among males. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension was significantly higher among overweight males and females. The BMI significantly correlated with SBP, DBP, and heart rate among both genders. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension is high among Turkish adolescents. Screening tests focused on BP and BMI measurement may help detect the young population at risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in the future.

Objectives: For the purpose of flight safety military aircrew must be healthy. P-wave dispersion (PWD) is the p-wave length difference in an electrocardiographic (ECG) examination and represents the risk of developing atrial fibrillation. In the study we aimed at investigating PWD in healthy military aircrew who reported for periodical examinations. Material and Methods: Seventy-five asymptomatic military aircrew were enrolled in the study. All the subjects underwent physical, radiologic and biochemical examinations, and a 12-lead electrocardiography. P-wave dispersions were calculated. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 36.15±8.97 years and the mean p-wave duration was 100.8±12 ms in the whole group. Forty-seven subjects were non-pilot aircrew, and 28 were pilots. Thirteen study subjects were serving in jets, 49 in helicopters, and 13 were transport aircraft pilots. Thirty-six of the helicopter and 11 of the transport aircraft aircrew were non-pilot aircrew. P-wave dispersion was the lowest in the transport aircraft aircrew, and the highest in jet pilots. P-wave dispersions were similar in the pilots and non-pilot aircrew. Twenty-three study subjects were overweight, 19 had thyroiditis, 26 had hepatosteatosis, 4 had hyperbilirubinemia, 2 had hypertension, and 5 had hyperlipidemia. The PWD was significantly associated with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Serum uric acid levels were associated with p-wave durations. Serum TSH levels were the most important predictor of PWD. Conclusions: When TSH levels were associated with PWD, uric acid levels were associated with p-wave duration in the military aircrew. The jet pilots had higher PWDs. These findings reveal that military jet pilots may have a higher risk of developing atrial fibrillation, and PWD should be recorded during periodical examinations.

Inferior paraseptal accessory pathways (APs) have a wide distribution and prediction of AP location before radiofrequency ablation is very important in such pathways. We aimed to estimate successful ablation site based on electrocardiogram in 137 patients (mean age: 25.8±9.0; 126 males) with single manifest inferior paraseptal AP. Right endocardial inferior paraseptal APs were discriminated from left endocardial APs with an R/S ratio

A SEPIC (single-ended primary inductance converter) DC-DC converter is capable of operating in either step-up or step-down modes; therefore, it is widely used in power electronic applications where output voltage may be above or below the converter input voltage. In this study, a two-phase interleaved SEPIC converter with coupled inductors is designed by considering that operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM), and it is employed in DSP-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for photovoltaic (PV) system applications. MPPT process is realized the reference voltage (V ref ) generated from MPPT algorithm is directly applied the PI controller. The peak-current-mode controller is implemented to control each inductor current according to reference inductor current obtained from PI controller. The designed system has been examined for sudden solar irradiation and load changes. Experimental results show that the proposed converter is very efficient in the MPPT process and has a fast-dynamic response.

Article history: Received 11 October 2015 Accepted 18 October 2015 Available online 19 October 2015 Firstly, we decided to try the percutaneous transapical approach with a needle without left minithoracotomy. Under general anesthesia, we performed coronary angiography in order to not puncture the left anterior descending artery in apical region (Fig. 2). After that, under TEE and fluoroscopic angiographic guidance, transapical cannulation of the left ventricle from the sixth intercostal area and midclavicular region with a needle was performed and a 6 F sheath was inserted to

This paper presents a new power electronic interface based line-commutated inverter (LCI) for dc power injection to the grid. The proposed system involves a simple power electronic converter and controller interface using a single-phase LCI. The controller has been developed that can inject a high quality sinusoidal current to the utility grid from the dc source. By this means, ac side harmonic filters and the harmonic cancellation technique are eliminated. The proposed system facilitates controlling the injected current with a controllable power factor of operation. The complete system has been modeled in MATLAB/Simulink and tested experimentally with the laboratory prototype. Finally, the simulation and the experimental results show good performance of the proposed LCI technique. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected currents for the different power factors and reference current signals is achieved less than 5%, which meets the grid-connected standards. The proposed single-phase LCI inverter system is a good alternative to the dc power transfer from renewable energy sources (photovoltaic, fuel cell etc.) to the utility grid.

The clinical diagnosis of right ventricular (RV) cardiomyopathies is often challenging. It is difficult to differentiate the isolated left ventricular (LV) noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NC) from biventricular NC or from coexisting arrhythmogenic ventricular cardiomyopathy (AC). There are currently few established morphologic criteria for the diagnosis other than RV dilation and presence of excessive regional trabeculation. The gross and microscopic changes suggest pathological similarities between, or coexistence of, RV-NC and AC. Therefore, the term arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is somewhat misleading as isolated LV or biventricular involvement may be present and thus a broader term such as AC should be preferred. We describe an unusual case of AC associated with a NC in a 27-year-old man who had a history of permanent pacemaker 7 years ago due to second-degree atrioventricular block.

The transapical transcatheter approach for percutaneous interventions is performed in high-risk patients with peripheral vascular disease and when transseptal attempt failed. The apical access is traditionally performed through a left minithoracotomy at the fifth intercostal space under general anesthesia. But, there are some complications and risks like ventricular arrhythmias, ventricular tear and life-threatening surgical bleeding in the apical access even though it is a minimally invasive procedure [1]. Although new apical closure devices have been developed and tested in animals and humans, the apical closure remains a challenge in recent studies [2]. The cardiologists started to use the occluders to closure the percutaneous apical accesses [3–11]. We report a case of a successful percutaneous closure of the apical access with a 4 mm ADO-II device after a standard transapical mitral paravalvular leak closure procedure without minithoracotomy. A67year old femalewas admitted to our departmentwith severe dyspnea (NHYA classes II–III). And she had hemolytic anemia (hemoglobin level 9.0 g/dL, lactate dehydrogenase 1588 IU/L). She had a history of mitral bioprosthesis valve replacement in 1997 and metallic mitral valve replacement in 2005. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)

A simple power electronic interface based on the line-commutated inverter (LCI) has been developed in order to inject sinusoidal current to the grid for single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) energy generation systems. The proposed inverter facilitates controlling the injecting/grid current with a controllable power factor in contrast to the conventional LCI system. It is achieved that the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injecting currents for the different firing angles/power factors and reference currents is about 5% or less than 5%. Thus, the grid-connected standards for injecting current are satisfied without filter equipment unlike the conventional LCI system. The proposed system has been built in MATLAB/Simulink and examined experimentally on PV array of 160 W. The simulation and experimental results are better performance than the conventional line-commutated inverter methods reported in the literature. The proposed LCI has a simple and robust structure, and it can be easily synchronized with grid thanks to self-latching property of SCRs. Therefore, it is a good alternative for the power transferring from PV panels to the utility grid in grid-connected PV systems.

This paper presents a new structure based on a line-commutated inverter (LCI) for photovoltaic (PV) applications. The proposed LCI circuit is able to inject the DC power to the grid at the unity power factor and with reduced harmonic levels. The proposed circuit with voltage-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is implemented in grid-connected PV system. The experimental results show that proposed system can extract the maximum power from PV array under varying irradiation levels. Besides, the power factor can be adjusted by modifying firing angle of SCRs. The modified LCI injects sinusoidal currents into the grid, thus the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the grid currents is about 5% or less, which is meet IEEE 1547 grid-connected standard. The results were obtained without any harmonic compensation or filter equipment when compared with the conventional LCI and current source inverter (CSI).

It is difficult issue for Photovoltaic (PV) studies to create different types of solar irradiance for PV panels because of various temperature and weather conditions. This paper proposes a solar irradiance emulator based on dc power supply. The proposed emulator allows for building the desired radiation in the photovoltaic panel tests. It is particularly useful to test PV converters such as inverters and maximum power point trackers. The proposed solar irradiance emulator only requires a DC power supply that is available in each laboratory and an additional resistance. The additional resistance is needed in order to regulate I-V curve according to I-V curve of the real PV panel. The DC power supply is used as a current source by operated it in constant current mode. By simply changing the constant current value of DC power supply within the emulator, a new irradiance can be simulated without the solar irradiance or purchasing a PV simulator. Hence, any desired I-V curve can be emulated by the proposed system with low cost because requiring a few basic components available for all laboratories. The proposed emulator is not required any extra laboratory components because it is realized with dc power supply and resistance. The I-V curves of PV panel are obtained for real solar irradiance and solar irradiance emulator with and without additional resistance and compared to each other.

This paper proposes a simple circuit-based Photovoltaic (PV) simulator for testing Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT). The main advantage of proposed simulator is that being able to perform with low cost instead of the expensive commercial solar array simulators. In summary, the structure of the simulator is very simple due to not requirement extra components and complex control circuits, it only requires a few basic components available for all laboratories. The I–V and P-V characteristics of the proposed simulator were obtained experimentally and simulated on MATLAB/Simulink. The characteristics have shown in agreement with actual PV output characteristics. Therefore, the proposed simulator can be used instead of real photovoltaic modules or commercial solar array simulators for MPPT studies.

OBJECTIVE Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most incapacitating causes at military or civilian aviation. Aircrew population is crowding in number in our country. We aimed to identify the clinical features that could predict CAD in aircrew. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed medical recordings of 26 aircrew (age 43.57±5.2) whose CAD was diagnosed via multislice computerized tomography angiography (MSCT). Clinical features, coronary risk factors and ST segment and T wave changes on resting ECG and treadmill test (TT), and laboratory findings of aircrew were recorded. RESULTS ST depression

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the flame retardant properties of boron compounds with respect to aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) in an epoxy system based on bisphenol A epichlorohydrin-based epoxy resin and cycloaliphatic polyamine-based hardener. Six different boron compounds including colemanite (C), ulexite (U), boric acid (BA), boric oxide (BO), melamine borate (MB) and guanidinium nonaborate (GB) were used as flame retardant additive. The flame retardant properties of epoxy-based composites were investigated using limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL 94 standards both in vertical and horizontal position, thermogravimetric analysis, cone calorimeter and scanning electron microscopy. According to flammability test results, boron compounds except for C and U showed better performance than ATH. According to the LOI results, 40% BA containing sample had the highest LOI value of 28.5, while 30% MB, 35% GB and 40% BA containing samples had the highest UL 94V rating (V0). According to the cone calorimeter test results, all boron containing samples had better fire performances than ATH containing sample; 40 wt% BO containing sample showed the lowest peak heat release rate, average heat release rate and total heat release values. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Random copolymer polypropylene (co-PP) and beta-nucleated PP (-PP) produced with nucleant, which was not completely selective, were used as matrix materials. The effect of matrix type and consolidation temperature on the static and dynamic mechanical properties of woven tape-reinforced all-PP composites were investigated. The mechanical properties of all-PP composites strictly depended on the matrix type and the consolidation temperature. Co-PP-based composites had higher tensile strength and lower impact strength than -PP-based composites. The maximum tensile strength and storage modulus was achieved at a consolidation temperature of 10 degrees C above the melting point of both matrix materials.

Article history: Received 3 November 2015 Accepted 4 November 2015 Available online 5 November 2015 (ACS) [1]. Ticagrelor has more rapid onset of action on platelet inhibition and was superior to clopidogrel. It decreases major adverse cardiac events compared to the clopidogrel. According to the PLATO trial, ticagrelor may lead to increased incidence of asymptomatic ventricular pauses [1–4]. In addition, there are some reports about the side effects of ticagrelor like bradycardia and dyspnea [5–8]. It is considered that the inhibition of the re-uptake of adenosin from the red cells

☆ There is no conflict of interest. ☆☆ This statement is to certify that all authors have see being submitted, have contributed significantly to thewor imacy of the data and its interpretation, and agree to its Journal of Cardiology. ★ We attest that the article is the Authors' original w lication and is not under consideration for publication else ment of ethical publishing as appears in the International ★★ On behalf of all Co-Authors, the corresponding Aut for the submission. Any changes to the list of authors, inclu or removals will require the submission of a new author signed by all the original and added submitting authors. ☆☆☆ All authors are requested to disclose any actual or cluding any financial, personal or other relationships with within three years of beginning the submitted work that c or be perceived to influence, their work. If there are no con read: “The authors report no relationships that could be co ⁎ Corresponding author at: Department of Cardiolog Tevfik Saglam St., 06018 Etlik, Ankara, Turkey. Tel.: +9 3044250. E-mail address: drcengizozturk@yahoo.com.tr (C. O

Introduction: Radiofrequency (RF) ablation of the slow pathway for treatment of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is conventionally performed during sinus rhythm. Aim: To evaluate the clinical and electrophysiological features and the short- and long-term results of slow pathway RF ablation during ongoing AVNRT. Material and methods: A total of 282 consecutive patients with AVNRT undergoing RF catheter ablation were analysed. Patients whose tachycardia episodes could not be controlled during RF energy application and who underwent slow pathway ablation or modification during ongoing tachycardia formed the study group (group 1, n = 16) and those ablated during sinus rhythm formed the control group (group 2, n = 266). Results: Of the clinical characteristics, only the frequency of tachycardia attacks was higher in group 1 (3.3 ±1.2 vs. 2.1 ±0.9 attacks/month, p 0.050 for all). All patients were followed-up for 29 ±7 months; only 2 patients ( 0.050). No permanent atrioventricular block was observed. Conclusions: The RF catheter ablation or modification of the slow pathway during ongoing AVNRT is feasible with acceptable short- and long-term efficacy and safety. However, this approach needs to be clarified with large-scale studies.

Although the origin of cardiac syndrome X (CSX) is still debated, endothelial dysfunction leading to reduced coronary microvascular dilatory response and increased coronary resistance is thought to have an important role in the pathogenesis. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is associated with risk factors resulting in endotelial dysfunction. Although the relationship between cardiovascular disease and ED has been well established; the relation between CSX and ED has not been extensively studied so far. We herein aimed to study ED in patients with CSX. The study was designed as a prospective case-control study. Blood samples were analyzed with respect to concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. The subjects answered the native language five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function Questionnaire (IIEF)-5. Each question was scored from 0 to 5 with a maximum score of 25 denoting healty subjects. We investigated the IIEF-5 score in 51 men with CSX (mean age 48.2 +/- 6.4 years), 53 men with demonstrated coronary artery disease (CAD) (mean age 48.3 +/- 4.8 years) and 52 male controls with normal coronary arteries (mean age 47.2 +/- 6.0 years). Mean IIEF-5 scores were 19.88 +/- 3.07 for CSX group, 18.83 +/- 3.31 for CAD group and 21.40 +/- 2.94 for control group. IIEF-5 scores in CSX group were found to be significantly lower than the those of control group (P

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common valvular heart disease and characterized by the displacement of an abnormally thickened mitral valve leaflet into the left atrium during systole. There are two types of MVP, broadly classified as classic (thickness ≥5 mm) and non-classic (thickness5 mm) according to the morphology of the leaflets. We aimed to investigate elastic properties of the aorta in young male patients with classical and non-classical MVP.In the present study, 63 young adult males (mean age: 22.7 ± 4.2) were included. Patients were divided into classic MVP (n = 27) and non-classic MVP (n = 36) groups. Aortic strain, aortic distensibility and aortic stiffness index were calculated by using aortic diameters obtained by echocardiography and blood pressures measured by sphygmomanometer.There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age, body mass index, left ventricular mass and ejection fraction. When comparing the MVP group it was found that aortic strain and aortic distensibility were increased (p = 0.0027, p = 0.016, respectively) whereas the aortic stiffness index was decreased (p = 0.06) in the classical MVP group.We concluded that the elastic properties of the aorta is increased in patients with classic MVP. Further large scale studies should be performed to understand of morphological and physiological properties of the aorta in patients with MVP.

Background: Cardiac syndrome X (CSX) is characterised by angina-like chest pain, a positive stress test, and normal coronaryarteries. Increased red cell distribution width (RDW) level may be indicative of an underlying inflammatory state. Aim: To investigate RDW level in patients with CSX and compare patients having coronary artery disease (CAD) and normalsubjects. Methods: 245 subjects (79 patients with CSX, 81 patients with CAD, and 85 controls) were enrolled in the study. The CSXgroup consisted of patients with anginal chest pain, ischaemia on noninvasive stress test and a normal coronary angiogram.CAD was defined as ≥ 50% stenosis in at least one coronary artery. The control group was selected from the patients withanginal symptoms but a normal stress test and a normal coronary angiogram. RDW measurements among the three groupswere compared. Results: Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics were not different among the three groups. There were no statisticallysignificant differences in RDW levels between the CSX and CAD groups (p = 0.17). RDW measurements in both theCSX and CAD groups were found to be significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.01). Conclusions: We discovered that patients with CSX and CAD have significantly higher RDW measurements compared tocontrols. The relationship between CSX and higher RDW level suggests that endothelial dysfunction may also contribute tothe etiopathogenesis of the CSX phenomenon as it does with CAD.

Background: The slow coronary flow (SCF) is characterized by angiographically normal or near-normal coronary arteries with delayed progression of the contrast agent into distal vasculature. We aimed to investigate neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (N/L) ratio and the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) value in patients with SCF compared to patients with newly diagnosed coronary artery disease (CAD) and normal patients. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 60 consecutive patients with SCF, 68 patients with CAD, and 72 normal patients. The association between thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count, CIMT, and N/L ratio and other clinical and laboratory parameters were evaluated. Results: The N/L ratio was significantly higher not only in patients with SCF but also in patients with CAD, compared to those of controls. The N/L ratio was positively and moderately correlated with CIMT in the whole study population. Conclusions: The NL ratio is significantly associated with reduced coronary blood flow, and elevated N/L ratio might be an independent predictor for the presence of SCF.

Atherosclerosis plays an important role in the etiopathogenesis of coronary artery ectasia (CAE). Inflammation markers may play a part in the pathogenesis of CAE. We aimed to assess the association between the CAE and the neutrophil–lymphocyte (N/L) ratio. Consecutive eligible patients (n = 181) were divided into 3 groups: patients with CAE, those with newly diagnosed coronary artery disease (CAD), and those with a normal coronary angiogram. The N/L ratio and mean platelet volume (MPV) were measured as part of the automated complete blood count. There were no statistically significant differences in N/L ratio and MPV between the CAE and the CAD groups. The N/L ratio and MPV were significantly higher in patients in both CAE and CAD groups compared to those in the control group ( P < .01). An increased N/L ratio may play a role not only in the pathogenesis of CAD but also in the pathophysiology of CAE.

Atherosclerotic plaque rupture and subsequent thrombosis are major pathophysiological mechanisms as cause of acute coronary syndromes. Patients with stable obstructive coronary artery disease may live for many years without any cardiovascular events through only risk factor modification and prompt medical treatment. However patients with minimal coronary artery disease may experience premature cardiovascular events moreover death. Thus, plaque stabilization may be much important rather than struggle with stenosis. We report a case of NSETMI with ruptured atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombosis as a culprit lesion in right coronary artery.