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Objective: Laparoscopy has been accepted as the best diagnostic tool and suggested as the treatment of choice for non-palpable testes cases. However, its use in unilateral non-palpable testis cases has been previously debated. Methods: The clinical records of the non-palpable testis cases that were managed with laparoscopy between January 2011 and December 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Laparoscopy was performed in 29 non-palpable testis cases. The cases were divided into three groups according to the laparoscopic findings. Orchiopexy was performed in cases with viable testes, and the internal inguinal ring was left open in these cases. Conclusion: Laparoscopy provided definitive diagnosis and was helpful in the treatment of unilateral, non-palpable testis cases. Leaving the internal inguinal ring open did not result in subsequent indirect inguinal hernia in our cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the necessity of endoscopy in cases in which a corrosive substance was ingested and to find a practical way to avoid unnecessary endoscopies for similar cases in the future. The clinical records of 458 hospitalized cases with clinical histories of corrosive substance ingestion between January 2007 and December 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The demographics of the cases, the ingested substances, and the rigid endoscopy findings were evaluated. The three most commonly ingested corrosive agents were household bleach (22.9%), household degreaser (15.9%), and drain cleaner (13.1%). Rigid esophagoscopy was performed in 367 of the 458 cases. Corrosive agents were grouped according to their purpose of household use; eight groups were created. The degree of corrosive injury observed in the different groups was compared with the degree of injury caused by household bleach. Among the corrosive agent groups, dishwashing machine products (Gr.1), laundry products (Gr.2), liquid cleaners (Gr.3), and household bleach (Gr.4) did not cause high-grade injuries. The resulting injuries and esophagoscopy results among the above groups, whether symptomatic or not, did not differ from one another. Corrosive agents such as drain cleaner (Gr.6), household degreaser (Gr.7), and several other acidic products (Gr.8) caused high-grade injuries in the esophagus; however, lime remover/HCl (Gr.5) did not. Thus, hospitalization and rigid endoscopy seem unnecessary to assess esophageal injury in most cases, if the ingested corrosive agent fits into group 1, 2, 3, or 4 and if the patient can be easily fed. Esophagoscopy is useful to shorten the hospitalization times in cases where strong corrosive agents were ingested, such as those in groups 5, 6, 7, and 8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents a case study of a 5-year old boy who was previously healthy and was evaluated for developing an intermittent abdominal pain. An elevated serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was revealed in the laboratory results. The patient was diagnosed with simple adrenal cyst or cystic lymphangioma (CL) due to mass found in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patient was discharged home following a successful laparoscopic exploration and excision of the mass.

Simple renal cysts are not commonly found in children. They occur in a small percentage of cases, with an incidence of 0.2%-0.5%. These cysts are typically solitary and develop in the renal cortex. Pain, infection, hematuria, hypertension, or obstruction of the collecting system are indications for treatment. When intervention is necessary, there are several ways to reduce cyst volume. In this report, we discuss the pediatric case of a solitary giant renal cyst and its therapeutic approach. We present a symptomatic pediatric renal cyst patient treated with a sclerosing agent. A simple renal cyst is a rare condition in children, and its treatment includes conservative management, percutaneous sclerosing agent injection, and surgical approach. Choosing the appropriate treatment according to the patient's condition and clinical symptoms is essential. We think that sclerotherapy should be the first-line therapy before surgery in symptomatic simple renal cysts.

Background: This study was designed to assess smooth muscle function and motility in defunctionalized colonic segments and subsequent changes in pathways responsible for gastrointestinal motility., Methods: Two-month-old New Zealand rabbits were randomly allocated into control and study groups. Sigmoid colostomies were performed in the study group. After a 2-month waiting period, colonic segments were harvested in both groups. For the in vitro experiment, the isolated circular muscle strips which were prepared from the harvested distal colon were used. First, contraction responses were detected using KCl and carbachol; relaxation responses were detected using papaverine, sodium nitroprusside, sildenafil, and l-arginine. The neurologic responses of muscle strips to electrical field stimulation (EFS) were evaluated in an environment with guanethidine and indomethacin. EFS studies were then repeated with atropine, Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, atropine, and Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester-added environments., Results: Although macroscopic atrophy had developed in the distal colonic segment of the colostomy, the contraction and relaxation capacity of the smooth muscle did not change. EFS-induced nitrergic-peptidergic, cholinergic-peptidergic, and noncholinergic nonnitrergic responses significantly decreased at all frequencies (0.5-32 Hz) in the study group compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Although the contraction capacity of the smooth muscle was not affected, the motility of the distal colon deteriorated owing to the defective secretion of presynaptic neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, nitric oxide, and neuropeptides., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the case files of patients operated on for adnexal pathology between January 2004 and December 2015 at our institution. The data of the patients with a diagnosis of paratubal cysts (PTCs) was extracted. A total of eighty-seven children were operated on for adnexal pathology. Twenty-six (29.9%) patients had PTCs. The patients were predominantly grouped as adolescents (n=22) and newborns (n=3). One of the patients was a pre-pubertal girl. Of the 26 PTC cases, 18 of them occurred on the contralateral side to ovarian pathology (OP) or physiologic ovarian changes (POC) such as corpus luteum cyst or follicular cyst which their final diagnosis confirmed by histopathology examination; in one case, the PTCs were bilateral; and in three cases, PTCs were ipsilateral with OP or POC. There were only 4 solitary PTC cases identified among the 26 cases. Paratubal cysts can be observed at every age, even in newborns. Their association with OP or POC in childhood cases needs to be clarified to further understand the hormonal mechanisms that are influencing the occurrence of these cysts.

Childhood malignant testicle tumors are very rare. In the literature to date, it has been reported that there are only 24 cavernous hemangioma cases existing in English literature. In this study, we discuss a testicular mass case which was diagnosed as cavernous hemangioma. The patient, who followed for left multicystic dysplastic kidney since his birth, was admitted to our clinic with complaints of left testicular mass and pain at 1-year of age. Histopathological investigation revealed cavernous hemagioma. Even if it has its characteristic ultrasonographic findings, radiology is too far beyond to eliminate the malignancy, final diagnosis can only be made after orchiectomy.

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical features and long-term outcome of the patients who were treated at our institution for idiopathic urethrorrhagia. The data of 10 male patients, who underwent cystoscopy between October 2010 and March 2013 due to urethrorrhagia, were evaluated retrospectively. Ten male patients aged between 8 and 16 years at first submission. Four patients (40%) had low voiding frequency (2-3 per day). Three of the four patients had abnormal uroflowmetry/EMG findings. Cystoscopy was done in all patients which revealed bulbar urethral inflammation and hemorrhage in all. Symptoms were not resolved on three of the patients who were under observation, having symptoms on average for 29.6±10.5 months. Complete resolution developed in the other seven patients. Six of the patients` symptoms were resolved soon after cystoscopy. In the patients' with or without normal uroflowmetry/EMG findings urethrorrhagia resolution rates were 86% and 33%, respectively. In the evaluation of urethrorrhagia; detailed history taking, basic laboratory investigation and cystoscopy are enough. The typical patients may be treated expectantly. In our opinion, it seems that dysfunctional voiding and infrequent voiding might cause delayed remission and/or recurrence of urethrorrhagia. Even though, it does not effect the treatment, in the persistent cases, confirmation of diagnosis by cystoscopy helps to lessen the anxiety of the family and might decrease the use of many unnecessary diagnostic tools in the long term follow ups.

46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer syndrome) is a rare cause of disorder of sexual development. This syndrome is caused by a defect in the determination of sex during embryogenesis and is characterised with female external genitalia, normal or rudimentary uterus, and streak gonads, despite the presence of the 46,XY karyotype. Most of the studied cases presented with leak of secondary sex characteristics and primary amenorrhea during adolescence. Laboratory findings reveal hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Herein we present the case of a female with a 46,XY karyotype who was admitted with delayed puberty and detected to have a microdeletion in the SRY gene and diagnosed to have Swyer syndrome. We highlight the importance of karyotype analysis in patients with delayed puberty and primary amenorrhea. Once the diagnosis of 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis is established, early laparoscopic removal of the dysgenetic gonads is crucial to prevent the development of gonadal malignancy.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of inherited defects of cortisol biosynthesis. A case of classical CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) with early onset of salt waste and concurrence of meningomyelocele (MMC) was presented here. The management of salt-wasting crisis which is complicated by a postrenal dysfunction due to neurogenic bladder was described. Possible reasons of growth retardation in the one-year follow-up period were discussed. A significant regression of the phallus with proper medical treatment was also mentioned.

Splenogonadal fusion is a rare congenital anomaly. It has two subtypes, discontinuous and continuous. Up to one-third of continuous-type fusion is associated with other congenital anomalies. We present a continuous-type splenogonadal fusion case that was found incidentally during indirect hernia repair; the testicle was preserved during excision. Laparoscopic exploration was helpful in identifying the isolated polysplenia as the origin of continuous-type splenogonadal fusion, and in excising the cord-like attachment proximally. The patient had no other associated anomaly.

Objective: To determine the clinical features, long-term outcomes, and additional urological anomalies of patients treated for multicystic dysplastic kidney (MDK)., Materials and Methods: Patients with MDK who were followed between January 2004 and October 2012 were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiological data were evaluated., Results: A total of 68 patients with MDK were followed for a mean period of 46.8 ± 32.4 months. MDK was detected by antenatal ultrasound in 64 (94.1%) of the patients. Ten patients had (14.7%) additional urological anomalies in contralateral kidney. Vesicoureteral reflux was found in five patients (7.3%). Other urological anomalies were megaureter (two), cortical renal cyst (two), ureteropelvic junction obstruction (one), and renal ectopy (one). Urinary tract infection was detected in 14 (20.5%) patients. Four (5.9%) patients had hypertension. Compensatory hypertrophy was detected in 29 (42.6%) patients. Eight (11.8%) of these 29 patients had glomerular hyperfiltration and three (4.4%) of these eight patients also had proteinuria. Follow-up ultrasound revealed complete involution in 19 (35.8%) patients. Nephrectomy was performed in 15 (22.0%) patients. Indications of nephrectomy were, recurrent urinary infection (four), hypertension (three), ureterocele (two), renal calculi (one), flank pain (one), hematuria (one), persistent large cystic kidney (three), and atypical US findings (two)., Conclusion: In patients with MDK, depending on the clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings, appropriate timing of operation by multidisciplinary approach is important for early detection and treatment of any possible complications., (Copyright © 2014 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)