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Previous studies suggested that hypertensive patients with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy display right ventricular (RV) remodelling. Few data are available about RV remodelling in naive hypertensives without severe cardiac organ damage. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between RV and LV morpho-functional parameters in never-treated patients with grade 1 hypertension and whether central blood pressure (CBP), inflammatory and metabolic parameters are potentially associated with RV remodelling. 150 never-treated subjects without evidence of diabetes or other cardiovascular diseases were enrolled in our study. We recruited 100 patients with mild hypertension (twenty-four hours blood pressure (24 h BP) ≥ 130/80 mmHg) and 50 normotensive subjects matched for gender, age and body mass index. To estimate the LV/RV parameters, we performed echography as well as arterial tonometry to assess pulse wave analysis/velocity (PWA/PWV). We found 24 h BP, CBP and PWV were higher in hypertensive patients than in normotensives. In addition, LV mass index was higher in hypertensives, and greater RV free wall thickness was observed (5.3 ± 1.4 vs 4.6 ± 1.2 mm, P = 0.02). RV thickness correlated with interventricular septum (IVS), systolic CBP and RV E' (r = 0.50, P = 0.0001, r = 0.30, P = 0.003, r = -0.24, P = 0.015); linear regression analysis showed a correlation with only IVS (β = 0.39, P = 0.001). RV E' was correlated with IVS, LV E' and systolic CBP (r = -0.35, P = 0.0001, r = 0.25, P = 0.012, r = -0.24, P = 0.019); the correlation with IVS and LV E' (β = -0.310, P = 0.001; β = 0.27, P = 0.004) was confirmed by linear regression analysis. Our study shows RV remodelling is mostly correlated with IVS thickness, supporting the ventricular interdependence hypothesis.

Background: Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (sRAGE) may be considered a marker inversely related to inflammation and its participation has been established in patients with advanced atherosclerotic vascular diseases. However, it is still unknown whether sRAGE reduction could be early metabolic change in the first stage of hypertension and initial hypertension-associated cardiac damage. We sought to determine the sRAGE values in otherwise healthy, untreated and recently diagnosed mild hypertensives and evaluate their association with blood pressure (BP) values, metabolic parameters, and with subclinical initial signs of cardiac target organ damage (TOD)., Methods: sRAGE were measured in 100 hypertensive and 100 normotensive subjects matched for age, gender and body mass index (BMI), submitted to a clinic visit and both ambulatory BP monitoring and echocardiography to determine the presence of initial cardiac TOD (presence of signs of left ventricular hypertrophy: left ventricular mass indexed for height 2.7 (LVMi) > 48 g/m 2.7 for men and > 44 g/m 2.7 for women and/or increased left atrial volume 4-chamber indexed for body surface area (LAVi) > 34 ml/m 2 )., Results: sRAGE levels were similar between hypertensive and normotensive subjects and were not significantly correlated with office and 24-h BPs values. However, when subgrouping the hypertensive patients in Hyp-TOD and Hyp-withoutTOD, sRAGE was found to be different among the three groups (p = 0.030), being lower in the Hyp-TOD group than the values of both Hyp-withoutTOD (p = 0.038) and normotensives (p = 0.038). In hypertensive patients sRAGE was negatively related with both LVMi (r = - 0.239, p = 0.034) and LAVi (r = - 0.315, p = 0.005) and was independently related to cardiac TOD also in multivariable analysis., Conclusions: In this population of mild hypertensives, low circulating sRAGE may be a very early marker of initial TOD, suggesting the possible participation of oxidative stress in initial cardiac changes in human hypertension.

Background: The CD4+ T-lymphocytes and their subtype CD4 + CD25(high)FoxP3+ regulatory T cells are receiving growing interest as major regulators of atherogenesis. We sought to investigate 1) whether the CD4 + cell subsets were expressed differently in dyslipidemic patients (Pts) and healthy subjects (HS) and 2) whether atorvastatin treatment could be associated in-vivo and in-vitro with cell changes in expression and functional response., Methods: CD4+ subsets frequency (CD4 + CD25(high)FoxP3+, CD4 + CD25-FoxP3+) and mRNA expression for FoxP3, IL-10 and TGF-β were evaluated in 30 consecutive Pts at baseline and after a 3-month atorvastatin therapy, and in 17 HS., Results: The % of CD4 + cells did not differ between HS and Pts. The % of CD4 + CD25(high)FoxP3+ was higher in Pts than HS and did not change during treatment. The CD4 + CD25-FoxP3+ cells were similar between the two groups and were lower in Pts at visit 2. Cytokine expression and FoxP3 did not differ in HS and Pts and no substantial change was observed during treatment. At visit 1, CD4 + CD25(high)FoxP3+ cells were significantly correlated with both total-cholesterol (r = 0.570, P = 0.0002), LDL-cholesterol (r = 0.715, P = 0.0001), Apolipoprotein B (r = 0.590, P = 0.0001). In-vitro atorvastatin (up to 5 μM) failed to induce any significant modulation of cell functions., Conclusion: CD4 + CD25(high)FoxP3+ regulatory cells seem to be over-stimulated in the early pre-clinical phase of atherosclerosis and a relationship exists between their frequency and circulating lipids. A potential immuno-modulation by statin treatment is not achieved through a normalization in peripheral CD4 + cell subsets.

Background: Neutrophil (PMN) leukocytes participate to the initial phases of atherosclerosis through the release of Interleukin 8 (CxCL8; IL-8) that contribute to amplification of inflammation. Aim of the study is to investigate the production of IL-8 by PMN leukocytes from dyslipidemic patients treated with simvastatin., Methods: In 15 dyslipidemic subjects with moderately increased cardiovascular risk, assessed by Framingham Risk Score, blood samples were obtain to investigate PMNs IL-8 production [at baseline and after N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) stimulation] before and after long-term (1-year) simvastatin treatment., Results: The resting release of IL-8 was higher in dyslipidemic patients at baseline when compared with control subjects (p < 0.05). One year of treatment was significantly associated with reduced IL-8 production (p < 0.01). Moreover, the fMLP-induced IL-8 production in dyslipidemic untreated patients was higher than that of controls (p < 0.05) and was reduced after simvastatin treatment (p < 0.01). IL-8 release after 1 year of treatment was reduced to levels which were lower than those observed in control subjects both for resting and stimulated cytokine production (p < 0.01)., Conclusions: Prolonged treatment with simvastatin is associated with a reduction of IL-8 production, suggesting the possibility of statin to modulate the pro-inflammatory response in PMNs of patients with moderately increased cardiovascular risk.

Background: Inadequate blood pressure control and poor adherence to treatment remain among the major limitations in the management of hypertensive patients, particularly of those at high risk of cardiovascular events. Preliminary evidence suggests that home blood pressure telemonitoring (HBPT) might help increasing the chance of achieving blood pressure targets and improve patient's therapeutic adherence. However, all these potential advantages of HBPT have not yet been fully investigated., Methods/design: The purpose of this open label, parallel group, randomized, controlled study is to assess whether, in patients with high cardiovascular risk (treated or untreated essential arterial hypertension--both in the office and in ambulatory conditions over 24 h--and metabolic syndrome), long-term (48 weeks) blood pressure control is more effective when based on HBPT and on the feedback to patients by their doctor between visits, or when based exclusively on blood pressure determination during quarterly office visits (conventional management (CM)). A total of 252 patients will be enrolled and randomized to usual care (n = 84) or HBPT (n = 168). The primary study endpoint will be the rate of subjects achieving normal daytime ambulatory blood pressure targets (< 135/85 mmHg) 24 weeks and 48 weeks after randomization. In addition, the study will assess the psychological determinants of adherence and persistence to drug therapy, through specific psychological tests administered during the course of the study. Other secondary study endpoints will be related to the impact of HBPT on additional clinical and economic outcomes (number of additional medical visits, direct costs of patient management, number of antihypertensive drugs prescribed, level of cardiovascular risk, degree of target organ damage and rate of cardiovascular events, regression of the metabolic syndrome)., Discussion: The TELEBPMET Study will show whether HBPT is effective in improving blood pressure control and related medical and economic outcomes in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome. It will also provide a comprehensive understanding of the psychological determinants of medication adherence and blood pressure control of these patients., Trial Registration: Clinical Trials.gov: NCT01541566.

Background: In diabetes, a variety of pro-inflammatory cellular changes has been found in various cell types, including monocytes which are known to be involved in all the phases of atherogenesis. Angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) mediates the pro-atherogenic effects of Ang II whereas the type 2 receptor (AT2R) seems associated with atheroprotection. We sought to investigate the potential changes of AT1R-AT2R expression in human monocytes of type 2 diabetic- hypercholesterolemic patients and in hypercholesterolemic subjects, upon clinical treatment with rosuvastatin., Methods: The AT1R membrane protein and mRNA AT1R and AT2R expression in monocytes were investigated in 10 type 2 diabetic-hypercholesterolemic patients and in 10 hypercholesterolemic subjects, before and after 3-month rosuvastatin treatment. Moreover, the serum cytokine levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) were detected., Results: As expected, rosuvastatin was associated with a change in the lipid profile in the two groups. Both the membrane protein (P = 0.008) and the AT1R mRNA expression (P = 0.038) were significantly reduced during treatment in the absence of AT2R expression change in diabetic-hypercholesterolemic patients whereas no significant difference was observed in hypercholesterolemic subjects. The serum IL-4 levels were increased during treatment whereas no change was observed in IFN-γ in diabetic-hypercholesterolemic patients. No cytokine change was observed in hypercholesterolemic subjects., Conclusions: Our study on monocytes of diabetic-hypercholesterolemic patients, showing a reduced AT1R but not AT2R expression during rosuvastatin treatment, suggests that statin therapy may modulate favorably the AT1-AT2 receptor balance in subjects with coexistent type 2 diabetes.