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The leather-making industry is an age-old industry and desiccation with salt has been one of the most used methodologies for obtaining valuable skins. However, halophiles may proliferate and affect the integrity of the hide-collagen structure, as well as leading to undesirable red colorations or less-frequent purple stains. To understand the basis of these industrial hide contaminations, the microbial community from raw hide samples, salt-cured samples and four different industrial salts, was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding together with standard cultivation methods. Comparison of raw hides and correctly cured hides revealed a core microbiome that was absent from contaminated hides. In addition, archaea were missing from well-cured hides, whereas Psychrobacter and Acinetobacter were highly represented (23% and 17.4%, respectively). In damaged hides, only a few operational taxonomic units (OTUs), from among the hundreds detected, were able to proliferate and, remarkably, a single Halomonas OTU represented 57.66% of the reads. Halobacteria, mainly Halovenus, Halorubrum and Halovivax, increased by up to 36.24-39.5% in the red- and purple-affected hides. The major contaminants were isolated and hide infections, together with collagenase activity, were evaluated. The results showed that hides enriched with the non-pigmented isolate Halomonas utahensis COIN160 damaged the collagen fibers similarly to Halorubrum, and together they were considered to be one of the major causes. Putative degrading inhibitors were also identified from among the Alkalibacillus isolates. It was concluded that hide contaminations were driven by clonal outbreaks of a few specific microbes, which may have been non-pigmented collagen degraders. Acinetobacter and Alkalibacillus, members of the core microbiome of raw and well-cured salted hides, are suggested as hide contaminant inhibitors that need further analysis.

Three volcanic plumes were detected during the Tajogaite volcano eruptive activity (Canary Islands, Spain, September–December 2021) over the Iberian Peninsula. The spatiotemporal evolution of these events is characterised by combining passive satellite remote sensing and ground-based lidar and sun-photometer systems. The inversion algorithm GRASP is used with a suite of ground-based remote sensing instruments such as lidar/ceilometer and sun-photometer from eight sites at different locations throughout the Iberian Peninsula. Satellite observations showed that the volcanic ash plumes remained nearby the Canary Islands covering a mean area of 120 ± 202 km2 during the whole period of eruptive activity and that sulphur dioxide plumes reached the Iberian Peninsula. Remote sensing observations showed that the three events were mainly composed of sulphates, which were transported from the volcano into the free troposphere. The high backscatter-related Ångström exponents for wavelengths 532–1064 nm (1.17 ± 0.20 to 1.40 ± 0.24) and low particle depolarization ratios (0.08 ± 0.02 to 0.09 ± 0.02), measured by the multi-wavelength Raman lidar, hinted at the presence of spherical small particles. The layer aerosol optical depth at 532 nm (AODL532) obtained from lidar measurements contributed between 49% and 82% to the AERONET total column AOD at 532 nm in event II (11–13 October). According to the GRASP retrievals, the layer aerosol optical depth at 440 nm (AODL440) was higher in all sites during event II with values between 0.097 (Badajoz) and 0.233 (Guadiana-UGR) and lower in event III (19–21 October) varying between 0.003 (Granada) and 0.026 (Évora). Compared with the GRASP retrievals of total column AOD at 440 nm, the AODL440 had contributions between 21% and 52% during event II. In the event I (25–28 September), the mean volume concentrations (VC) varied between 5 ± 4 µm3cm-3 (El-Arenosillo/Huelva) and 17 ± 10 µm3cm-3 (Guadiana-UGR), while in event II this variation was fro, Évora team funded by national funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, I.P., in the framework of the ICT project with the references UIDB/04683/2020 and UIDP/04683/2020 and by TOMAQAPA (PTDC/CTAMET/29678/2017). The authors acknowledge the GRASP-ACE (Grant agreement ID: 778349), ACTRIS-IMP (Grant agreement ID:871115), ATMO-ACCESS (Grant Agreement ID: 101008004), PROBE (COST Action number: CA18235), HARMONIA (COST Action number: CA21119), EUMETNET through the E-PROFILE program and REALISTIC (Grant agreement ID:101086690) projects. The authors acknowledge the support through ACTRIS-2 under grant agreement no.654109. This work was partially supported by the Spanish national projects PID2019-103886RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, INTEGRATYON3 (PID2020-117825GB-C21 and PID2020-117825GB-C22), ELPIS (PID2020-120015RB-I00), CLARIN (CGL2016-81092-R), ePOLAAR (RTI2018-097864-B-I00), CAMELIA (PID2019-104205GB-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and ACTRIS-España (CGL2017-90884REDT), by University of Granada Plan Propio through Singular Laboratory (LS2022-1) program, by the Andalusia Autonomous Government projects AEROPRE (P18-RT-3820) and ADAPNE (P20_00136), by the UGR-FEDER projects DEM3TRIOS (A-RNM-430-UGR20) and MOGATRACO (A-RNM-524-UGR20) and partially by the Scientific Units of Excellence Program (grant no. UCE-PP2017-02), and by the R+D+i grant RTI 2018-097332-B-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033/ and “ERDF A Way of Doing Europe”. M.-Á. López-Cayuela and C.V. Carvajal-Pérez are supported by the INTA predoctoral contract program., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

An intense and long-lasting Saharan dust outbreak crossed the Iberian Peninsula (IP) from the southwest (SW) to the northeast (NE) from 25 March until 7 April 2021. This work aims to assess the optical and mass contribution of both fine and coarse dust particles along their transport. Five Iberian lidar stations were monitoring the transport and evolution of the Saharan dust particles, i.e. El Arenosillo/Huelva, Granada, Torrejón/Madrid and Barcelona in Spain, and Évora in Portugal. The particular meteorological conditions determined the aerosol scenario along the overall dust event, differing in the first part of the event (25–31 March), in which the strongest dust incidence occurred on 29–31 March at the south and central stations and 1 April at Barcelona, from the second one (1–7 April). The use of the two-step POLIPHON algorithm showed the relevance of using polarized lidar measurements for separating the aerosol properties of dust fine and coarse particles as an added value. Both the fine dust (Df) and coarse dust (Dc) components of the total particle backscatter coefficient (total dust, DD¿=¿Dc¿+¿Df) were separately derived. The dust plume was well-mixed with height and no significant differences were found in the vertical structure of both the Dc and Df particle backscatter coefficients. From the beginning of the dust outbreak until 1 April, the vertical Df¿¿DD mass ratio was nearly constant in time at each station and also in altitude with values of ~¿10¿%. Moreover, the mean dust optical depth at 532¿nm was decreasing along that dust pathway, reporting values from SW to NE stations of 0.34 at El Arenosillo/Huelva, 0.28 at Granada, 0.20 at Évora, 0.28 at Torrejón/Madrid, and 0.14 at Barcelona, although its Df¿¿DD ratio remained almost constant (28¿%–30¿%). A similar pattern was found for the total dust mass loading and its Df¿¿DD ratio, i.e. mostly decreasing mean mass values were reported, being constant in its Df¿¿DD ratio (~¿10¿%) along the SW–NE dust pat, This research has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant no. PID2019-104205GB-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

The influence of the most frequent patterns of synoptic circulation on the dynamics of airborne pollen/spores recorded at the Barcelona Aerobiological Station (BCN) was analysed. Six pollen types (Platanus, Cupressaceae, Olea, Poaceae, Urticaceae and Amaranthaceae), and one fungal spore (Alternaria) were selected for their high allergenic effect in sensitive people. Six synoptic meteorological patterns were identified through cluster analysis of sea level pressure fields as the main responsible of the weather conditions in the Iberian Peninsula. The local meteorological conditions in Barcelona associated with each one of the synoptic types were also stablished. Different statistical methods were applied to analyse possible relationships between concentrations and timing of the recorded aerobiological particles and specific synoptic types. The study, focused in the 19-year period 2001–2019, shows that one of the scenarios, frequent in winter and linked to high stability and air-mass blockage, registered the highest mean and median values for Platanus and Cupressaceae, but it was not very relevant for the other taxa. It was also this scenario that turned out to be the most influent on the pollination timing showing a significant influence on the start occurrence of Urticaceae flowering and on the peak date of Platanus. On the other hand, the most frequent synoptic type in the period, relevant in spring and summer, was linked to sporadic episodes of levels considered to be of high risk of allergy to Platanus, Poaceae, and Urticaceae pollen, and Alternaria fungal spore. This synoptic pattern, characterized by the presence of the Azores anticyclone and the Atlantic low located in the north of the United Kingdom, was associated with high temperatures, low relative humidity and moderate winds from the NW in Barcelona. The identification of an interaction between synoptic meteorology and pollen/spore dynamics will allow better abatement measures, reducing adverse health eff, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

An intense and long-lasting Saharan dust outbreak crossed the Iberian Peninsula (IP) from the southwest (SW) to the northeast (NE) from 25 March until 7 April 2021. This work aims to assess the optical and mass contribution of both fine and coarse dust particles along their transport. Five Iberian lidar stations were monitoring the transport and evolution of the Saharan dust particles, i.e. El Arenosillo/Huelva, Granada, Torrejón/Madrid and Barcelona in Spain, and Évora in Portugal. The particular meteorological conditions determined the aerosol scenario along the overall dust event, differing in the first part of the event (25–31 March), in which the strongest dust incidence occurred on 29–31 March at the south and central stations and 1 April at Barcelona, from the second one (1–7 April). The use of the two-step POLIPHON algorithm showed the relevance of using polarized lidar measurements for separating the aerosol properties of dust fine and coarse particles as an added value. Both the fine dust (Df) and coarse dust (Dc) components of the total particle backscatter coefficient (total dust, DD = Dc + Df) were separately derived. The dust plume was well-mixed with height and no significant differences were found in the vertical structure of both the Dc and Df particle backscatter coefficients. From the beginning of the dust outbreak until 1 April, the vertical Df /DD mass ratio was nearly constant in time at each station and also in altitude with values of ∼ 10 %. Moreover, the mean dust optical depth at 532 nm was decreasing along that dust pathway, reporting values from SW to NE stations of 0.34 at El Arenosillo/Huelva, 0.28 at Granada, 0.20 at Évora, 0.28 at Torrejón/Madrid, and 0.14 at Barcelona, although its Df / DD ratio remained almost constant (28 %–30 %). A similar pattern was found for the total dust mass loading and its Df/ DD ratio, i.e. mostly decreasing mean mass values were reported, being constant in its Df /DD ratio (∼ 10 %) along the SW–NE dust pa

La atención, que desde el ámbito educativo reciben los alumnos y alumnas con Trastorno Mental Grave, se enmarca dentro de los Hospitales de Día-Centros Educativos Terapéuticos que la Comunidad de Madrid ofrece para tal fin. Los Centros Educativos Terapéuticos se convierten en un modelo de centro que ofrece atención integral e intensiva. El alumnado con trastorno mental grave recibe atención educativa y terapéutica. Los Centros Educativos Terapéuticos dan una respuesta educativa a un momento de gravedad que obliga al alumno con trastorno mental grave a permanecer hospitalizado. Se trata de un recurso temporal y excepcional que responde a unas características excepcionales. No se trata de un recurso definitivo. El alumno enfermo con trastorno mental debería volver a su centro educativo antes o después, y es para eso para lo que los centros educativos deberían estar preparados, para dar atención educativa al alumnado enfermo con trastorno mental de manera inclusiva, permaneciendo y participando en su centro educativo de manera activa.

[Abstract] Software to manage sampling campaigns on atmospheric aerosol in a comprehensive way: call and agreements on the campaigns, data upload and intra‐ and inter‐campaign data analysis, including those regarding not only with particles but also with precursor gases (i.e., processes of formation of new particles), and related calculations (e.g., radiative forcing of aerosols)

A stand-alone lidar-based method for detecting airborne hazards for aviation in near real time (NRT) is presented. A polarization lidar allows for the identification of irregular-shaped particles such as volcanic dust and desert dust. The Single Calculus Chain (SCC) of the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) delivers high-resolution preprocessed data: the calibrated total attenuated backscatter and the calibrated volume linear depolarization ratio time series. From these calibrated lidar signals, the particle backscatter coefficient and the particle depolarization ratio can be derived in temporally high resolution and thus provide the basis of the NRT early warning system (EWS). In particular, an iterative method for the retrieval of the particle backscatter is implemented. This improved capability was designed as a pilot that will produce alerts for imminent threats for aviation. The method is applied to data during two diverse aerosol scenarios: first, a record breaking desert dust intrusion in March 2018 over Finokalia, Greece, and, second, an intrusion of volcanic particles originating from Mount Etna, Italy, in June 2019 over Antikythera, Greece. Additionally, a devoted observational period including several EARLINET lidar systems demonstrates the network's preparedness to offer insight into natural hazards that affect the aviation sector., This research has been supported by the ACTRIS-2 (grant no. 654109), the ACTRIS preparatory phase (grant no. 739530), the EUNADICS-AV (grant no. 723986), the E-shape (EuroGEOSS Showcases: Applications Powered by Europe) (grant no. 820852), the Ministry of Research and Innovation through Program I – Development of the National Research Development System, Subprogram 1.2 – Institutional Performance – Projects of Excellence Financing in RDI (grant no. 19PFE/17.10.2018), the Romanian National Core Program (grant no. 18N/2019), and the European Commission, H2020 Research Infrastructures (D-TECT (grant no. 725698))., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)