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Background: The educational environment plays a critical role in shaping learners' perceptions and experiences in medical education. Evaluating and enhancing the quality of this environment is essential for the continuous improvement of medical training programs. The Scan of the Postgraduate Educational Environment Domains (SPEED) is a concise instrument that assesses three domains of the educational environment. This study aimed to translate the SPEED questionnaire into Persian and evaluate its validity and reliability in the context of postgraduate., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 first and second-year medical residents. The Persian translation of the SPEED questionnaire was assessed for content validity, and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to evaluate its structural validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to assess internal consistency reliability., Results: The Persian-translated SPEED questionnaire demonstrated satisfactory content validity, with all items exceeding the minimum acceptable values for content validity ratio and index. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated an acceptable fit for the 3-dimensional structure of the SPEED instrument. Internal consistency reliability analysis showed high reliability for the content, atmosphere, and organization domains., Conclusion: The Persian-translated version of the SPEED questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the domains of the educational environment in postgraduate medical education., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Absolute qualifications with the application of protic ionic liquids (PILs) and a recognition of the numerous thermophysical features of these materials are required in various processes. Due to the wonderful applications of these compounds and their high potential in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, there is a particular eagerness to utilize these PILs in drug solubility and delivery area. The aim of this investigation was to explore the solubility of the acetaminophen (ACP) in three PILs base on ethanolamine laurate [(2-hydroxyethylammonium laurate [MEA]La), (bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium laurate [DEA]La), and ( tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium laurate [TEA]La)]. The shake flask method has been employed in this study, and the conditions were set at T = (298.15-313.15) K and atmospheric pressure. Moreover, the experimental solubility data was correlated using a variety of empirical and thermodynamic models, encompassing e-NRTL and Wilson activity coefficient models and the empirical models such as Van't Hoff-Jouyban-Acree and Modified Apelblat-Jouyban-Acree. Their performance for the system containing [MEA]La follow the trend for activity coefficient models and empirical respectively: the Wilson > e-NRTL and Modified Apelblat-Jouyban-Acree > Van't Hoff-Jouyban-Acree. On the other hand, [DEA]La and [TEA]La PILs followed slightly different trend for activity coefficient models and empirical respectively: the Wilson > e-NRTL and Van't Hoff-uyban-Acree > Modified Apelblat-Jouyban-Acree. The Van't Hoff and Gibbs equations were used to determine the thermodynamic properties of dissolution in the studied systems., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Recently, there is a particular interest to utilize protic ionic liquids (PILs) in drug solubility. This study is exploring the effect of three protic ionic liquids (PILs) based on 2-hydroxyethylammonium carboxylate [2-hydroxyethylammonium acetate (MEAA), 2-hydroxyethylammonium lactate (MEAL), and 2-hydroxyethylammonium propionate (MEAP)] on the solubility of the very poorly soluble drug in water, indomethacin (IMC). The shake flask method was used to measure the experimental solubility of IMC at the different temperatures range (298.15-313.15) K. The results demonstrate significantly enhancment the solubility of IMC in PILs compared to pure water, with an approximate increase of 200 times. The experimental solubility data have been correlated using the empirical models which showed the performance as the order: Modified Apelblat-Jouyban-Acree > Van't Hoff-Jouyban-Acree > Modified Apelblat equations and also the performance for the Wilson model indicated as the order (absolute relative deviation): 2-hydroxyethylammonium acetate (3.030) > 2-hydroxyethylammonium propionate (3.239) > 2-hydroxyethylammonium lactate (7.665). Then the thermodynamic dissolution properties were obtained by usage of Gibbs and Van't Hoff equations to investigate the thermodynamic behavior of the IMC in the aqueous solution PILs. Eventually, the cytotoxicity of the co-solvents (PILs) under study was evaluated using a standard MTT assay. The results showed that the cell viability percentage increased in the following order: MEAA < MEAP < MEAL. These findings indicated that these PILs had low to moderate toxicity. It is noteworthy that the functional groups of the anions were not the only determinant factor of the cytotoxicity. Other factors encompassing concentration, exposure time, and cell line characteristics also had significant effects., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In the field of energy harvesting, phase change materials (PCMs) hold great promise. 2-hydroxyethylammonium stearate ([HEA]Ste), bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium stearate ([DHEA]Ste), and tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium stearate ([THEA]Ste) ionic liquids (ILs) demonstrate promising capabilities to enhance thermal energy storage (TES) performance within the 30-100 °C temperature range. This research presents these ILs as PCMs for the first time, emphasizing their environmentally friendly characteristics, safety profile, and cost-effectiveness. The chemical composition and microstructure of these PCMs were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to assess their latent heat of fusion and specific heat capacity. Furthermore, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was utilized to evaluate the thermal stability of these ILs. In addition, valuable insights into the surface properties and behavior of PCMs at the nanoscale are provided using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results show that the latent heats of fusion for [HEA]Ste, [DHEA]Ste, and [THEA]Ste are about 171.12, 152.58, and 136.55 kJ kg -1 , respectively. Also, thermal stability analysis shows the maximum stability (99.5%) for [HEA]Ste. Ultimately, a custom-built setup featuring a cell containing a PCM derived from synthesized ILs and a commercially available thermoelectric generator (TEG) was employed to measure live voltage ( V ) in the conversion of heat energy into electrical power. On the other hand, specifically in this measurement we recorded the output voltage (open circuit case) of the TEG device versus time and demonstrated that after turning off the thermal energy source, the proposed system provides the electrical energy for a while (more than 2 hours).

This research quantitatively evaluated the diversity of plants to protect vulnerable species. To measure vegetation information, the appropriate sampling plot size was determined based on the canopy cover of the dominant species of the study area (1 m 2 ). Then, in each unit, sampling was done along 3 transects of 100 m. Along each transect, 10 plots with dimensions of one square meter were placed at a distance of 10 m from each other. In each plot, the type, life forms, frequency of plant species, and species density were recorded. Species diversity indices were calculated using Ecological Methodology software. The values obtained from these indicators were analyzed in SPSS 24 statistical software and using the F test. The results of the Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the highest values of the species diversity indices are in the middle altitudes (ecotone) class. ANOVA of the richness, evenness, and heterogeneity indices in different altitude classes showed that the values of the richness indices were not significant, but among the indices related to the heterogeneity, the Hill index and all the evenness indices were significant. Comparing the numerical indices of our communities enables us to determine the impact of environmental stress in a single community to choose the best habitat among a similar group for conservation. A community that has high diversity and richness is important for conservation. Therefore, the authorities must prevent the destruction of the vegetation of the study area in connection with the implementation of principled and correct management by the potential of the region, but also to reduce the pressure of livestock grazing and carry out corrective and restoration operations, to turn these rangelands towards rich diversity., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Phase change materials (PCMs) are an important class of innovative materials that considerably contribute to the effective use and conservation of solar energy and wasted heat in thermal energy storage systems (TES). The performance of TES can be improved by using environmentally friendly PCMs called ionic liquids (ILs) based on ethanolamines and fatty acids. The 2-hydroxyethylammonium, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium, and tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium palmitate ILs, which function is in the temperature range of 30-100 °C and provide a safe and affordable capacity, are introduced in this study for the first time as PCMs. PCMs' chemical composition and microstructure were examined using fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. DSC was used to evaluate the ILs' latent heat of fusion and specific heat capacity, while TGA was used to establish their thermal stability. Finally, a home-made device with a PCMs (synthesized ILs) container cell and a commercial thermoelectric generator device to record the real-time voltage (V) was used to convert thermal energy into electrical energy., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Important efforts have been made over the past years to improve the drug acts, which leads to the discovery of novel drug preparations and delivery systems. The selection of suitable green solvents for novel drug discovery and drug delivery depends on a molecular-level understanding of the interaction between drug molecules and the solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are already used in sustainable extraction methods of natural products for their very high solvent power, high chemical and thermal stability, non-toxicity, and non-flammable. The thermodynamic investigation provides deep and complete knowledge of interactions and the choice of appropriate and suitable production compounds in pharmaceutical fields. Particularly, the analysis of drugs+DESs in aqueous media is a central issue in many types of research. This research is aimed to determine hesperidin (HES) solubility in water and DES solvents [choline chloride/citric acid (ChCl/CA), choline chloride/oxalic acid (ChCl/OA), choline chloride/malonic acid (ChCl/MA), and choline chloride/lactic acid (ChCl/LA)] at temperature range (298.15-313.15 K). Furthermore, the measured solubility data of HES in studied aqueous DESs solutions was fitted by models of Van't Hoff-Jouyban-Acree and Modified Apelblat-Jouyban-Acree. Finally, the Hansen solubility parameters as thermodynamic aspect for analyzing the dissolution processes for the four investigated aqueous DESs solutions were estimated., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Thermodynamic investigations provide information about the solute-solvent interactions in the selection of the proper solvent for different fields of pharmaceutical sciences. Especially, the study of antiepileptic drugs in solutions (ethanol/co-solvent) has been a subject of interest owing to their effect in the systems using interaction with a number of important biological membranes. This work focuses on the measurement of density and speed of sound of the phenytoin (PTH) in ethanol/deep eutectic solvents (choline chloride:ethylene glycol, and choline chloride:glycerol) solutions as the innovative class of green solvents at temperature range (288.15 to 318.15) K. It was determined Hansen solubility parameters for assessment of PTH interactions in the solvent media. Some thermophysical parameters including apparent molar volumes Vϕ, apparent molar isobaric expansion [Formula: see text], and Hepler's constant, apparent molar isentropic compressibility κ φ were obtained and calculated using these data. To correlate  the Vϕ and κ φ values, the Redlich-Meyer equation was used to calculate the number of quantities containing standard partial molar volume and partial molar isentropic compressibility. Finally, [Formula: see text] values showed a strong interaction between PTH and solvent (ethanol/DES (ChCl:EG)). The thermodynamic analysis of the studied system also plays a crucial role in the pharmaceutical industry., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

The effect of some deep eutectic solvents (DESs) on the coumarin solubility has been investigated using Hansen solubility parameters (HSP). The solubility of coumarin was measured in aqueous systems containing some DESs based on choline chloride (ChCl) as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) with urea (U), ethylene glycol (EG), and glycerol (GLY) as hydrogen bond donors (HBD) by widely applied shake-flask method at T = (298.15 to 313.15) K. The results indicate that coumarin solubility enhances with the concentration of DESs and temperature. Also, coumarin was dissolved more than 80 times compared with pure water in the presence of ChCl/EG. Then experimental data were fitted to Wilson, electrolyte Non-Random Tow-Liquid (e-NRTL), and UNIQUAC activity coefficient models. Furthermore, the dissolution thermodynamic properties including enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, and entropy have been calculated based on Gibbs and van't Hoff equations. Due to these results, it is indicated that coumarin dissolution in the studied systems is an endothermic process. Moreover, to investigate the biological properties of DESs, MTT assay have been applied to determinate cytotoxicity of the DESs. In the melanoma skin cell line, cell culture tests revealed that these solvents had very low toxicity and high biocompatibility., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Dental caries and trauma, particularly in childhood, are among the most prevalent teeth problems, which result in the creation of cavities and probably tooth loss. Thus, novel regenerative approaches with high efficiency and less toxicity are required. Stem cell therapy along with the implementation of scaffolds has provided excellent opportunities in the regeneration of teeth structure. Hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels have enticed great attention in the field of regenerative medicine. The unique chemical and structural properties of HA and its derivatives have enabled their application in tissue engineering. Several factors such as the location and type of the lesion, teeth age, the type of capping materials determine the success rate of pulp therapy. HA hydrogels have been considered as biocompatible and safe scaffold supports in human dental cell therapies., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Naproxen (NAP) is a widely used drug for the treatment of pain and inflammatory conditions. However, there is not the physicochemical information about this drug such as solubility, volumetric and compressibility properties in the presence of deep eutectic solvents (DES) as a new class of green solvents to overcome the low solubility of drugs. In this work, the solubility of NAP is studied in the solutions containing some choline chloride (ChCl) based DES at temperature ranges (298.15-313.15) K. The results indicate that the solubility increases with increasing the concentration of DES and temperature and DES containing malonic acid is the proper co-solvent. The experimental solubility values were correlated by the e-NRTL, Wilson and UNIQUAC models. In addition, the complex interactions between the components in the systems should be elucidated, therefore, the thermodynamic properties including volumetric and compressibility properties have been investigated using density and speed of sound measurements at T = 298.15 K. According to calculated thermodynamic parameters, strong interactions between NAP and DESs are observed which is in agreement with obtained solubility data., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have recently been getting a great deal of attention in many fields of science and technology. The objective of this study was to peruse the solubility of indomethacin (IMC) as sparingly soluble drug in some tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB)-based DESs (TBAB/ethylene glycol and TBAB/glycerol). The shake flask method has been employed in this study at temperature ranges T = (298.15-313.15) K and atmospheric pressure (pP = 86.6 kPa). The results showed that the solubility of IMC in TBAB/ethylene glycol system was obtained approximately 17,000-fold more than its solubility in water. The solubility data were accurately correlated by the famous local composition activity coefficient models including e-NRTL and UNIQUAC. It was also our aim to evaluate Hansen solubility parameters in IMC solubility prediction. These parameters can help to predict the solvent performance during the manufacturing processes and will be useful in guessing solvent behavior in many other fields of effort. The experimental and the Hansen solubility parameters results are very well matched. In addition, the apparent thermodynamic properties of dissolution and mixing were studied in these solutions based on Van't Hoff and Gibbs equations.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as a new class of green solvents have been used to overcome the low solubility of drugs during the recent years. In this work, the effect of some DESs containing choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptor and urea, oxalic acid and malonic acid as hydrogen bond donors have been studied on acetaminophen (ACP) solubility at temperature ranges (298.15 to 313.15) K. The results indicate that the solubility of ACP increase with increasing concentration of DES and at higher temperatures and the DES containing malonic acid have a greater impact on the solubility of acetaminophen. The solubility data were correlated by the modified Apelblat, λh (Buchowski) and Yalkowsky models which Apelblat model is more consistent with experimental data. In addition, to elucidate the interactions between the components, the thermodynamic properties including volumetric, compressibility properties have been investigated using density and speed of sound measurements at T=(288.15 to 318.15K). The calculated thermodynamic parameters values confirm the strong solute - solvent interactions between ACP - DESs that is in agreement with solubility data., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Stress is a trigger factor for seizure initiation which activates hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis as well other brain areas. In this respect, corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and lateral hypothalamus (LH) orexinergic system are involved in seizure occurrence. In this study, we investigated the role of LH area and orexin expression in (mediation of) stress effect on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) -induced seizures with hippocampal involvement. Two mild foot shock stresses were applied to intact and adrenalectomized animals; with or without CRHr1 blocking (NBI 27914) in the LH area. Then, changes in orexin production were evaluated by RT-PCR. Intravenous PTZ infusion (25 mg/ml) -induced convulsions were scored upon modified Racine scale. Finally, hippocampal glutamate and GABA were evaluated to study excitability changes. We demonstrated that the duration and severity of convulsions in stress-induced as well as adrenalectomized group were increased. Plasma corticosterone (CRT) level and orexin mRNA expression were built up in the stress and/or seizure groups. Furthermore, glutamate and GABA content was increased and decreased respectively due to stress and seizures. In contrast, rats receiving CRHr1 inhibitor showed reduced severity and duration of seizures, increased GABA, decreased glutamate and corticosterone and also orexin mRNA compared to the inhibitor free rats. Stress and adrenalectomy induced augmenting effect on seizure severity and duration and the subsequent reduction due to CRHr1 blocking with parallel orexin mRNA changes, indicated the likely involvement of CRH1r induced orexin expression of the LH in gating stress effect on convulsions., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: To evaluate the effects of various fluids on uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock (UHS). Controversy exists over the appropriate doses and types of fluids for best treating UHS. This study evaluated the effects of hypertonic saline (HTS), normal saline (NS), and no fluid resuscitation (NFR) on UHS., Methods: Thirty goats were anesthetized and underwent right leg ablation. The animals were randomly assigned to equal NFR, HTS, and NS groups. The following features of UHS were analyzed: hemoglobin, heart rate, blood loss, mean arterial pressure, bleeding time, and pH. Animals were sacrificed two hours after ablation., Results: All of the goats who received HTS died within 60 minutes. Four goats in the NS group and one goat in the NFR group died within 120 minutes. The NFR group had significantly higher hemoglobin values than the NS and HTS groups at the end of the trial. Blood loss in the HTS group was greater than in the other two groups (p<0.05). The NS group had higher blood loss than the NFR group (p<0.05). Mean arterial pressure in the HTS group decreased sharply toward zero within the first 60 minutes. In the NFR and NS groups, mean arterial pressure was higher than in the HTS group (p<0.05), and remained constant at 60mmHg after 35 minutes. The NFR group had higher pH values compared to the other two groups (p<0.05)., Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that HTS is not suitable for treating UHS when compared to NFR and NS. Goats treated with NFR had superior values for all UHS features, including hemoglobin, pH, blood pressure, and bleeding time, compared to those treated with HTS and NS. Pre-hospital field treatment with NS or HTS may worsen the condition until surgical repair is accomplished.

The management of multiply injured trauma patients is a skill requiring broad knowledge and remarkable skills. The aim of the primary trauma care (PTC) module is to orient medical staff to the initial assessment of an injured patient. This workshop was held in the Education Development Center of Tabriz Medical University in April, September, and November 2007. The participants were given lectures, completed practices, and case scenarios about the management of traumatic patients. All participants were given a pretest and a post-test including a questionnaire and procedural skill exams. Finally, the same post-tests were performed 6-12 months later. Sixty-four individuals were interested in attending the workshop from the total of 90 invited, and 53 individuals responded to the late post-test. The mean score in the pretest, early post-test, and late post-test was 18.84, 26.72, and 22.17, respectively (P<0.001). Most of the medical staff did not have sufficient knowledge of basic PTC. We have shown that the incorporation of hands-on patient scenarios into an expanded course on the basis of PTC principles helps medical staff gain the knowledge and skills needed to perform the primary survey sequence correctly. Furthermore, extra educational planning seems to be necessary to retain these abilities as needed.