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Employees are the backbone of any company and a strategic weapon in competitive business. The objective of this research (1) to investigate the relationship between training management and (a) trainee motivation to learn, (b) trainee motivation to transfer (2) to examine the relationship between (a) trainee motivation to learn, (b) trainee motivation to transfer and training outcomes (3) to evaluate the relationship between trainee motivation to learn and trainee motivation to transfer (4) to assess the relationship between (a) training communication, (b) training support, (c) training assignment and training outcomes (5) to investigate the mediating role of motivation to learn and motivation to transfer mediate the relationship between training management and training outcomes. The target of respondent of this paper is employees who are currently working on construction sector in Oman.

Purpose – This study aims to analyze the effect of financial performance on investment decisions with dividend policies (DPR) as intervening variables in mining sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2017 to 2020. The independent variables used in this study are financial performance. The financial performance used in this study is Return on Asset (ROA), Current Ratio (CR), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Free Cash Flow (FCF), and Dividend Policy (DPR), while the dependent variable is investment decision ( IOS). This study aims to analyze the effect of financial performance on investment decisions with dividend policies (DPR) as intervening variables in mining sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2017 to 2020. The independent variables used in this study are financial performance. The financial performance used in this study is Return on Asset (ROA), Current Ratio (CR), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Free Cash Flow (FCF), and Dividend Policy (DPR), while the dependent variable is investment decision ( IOS). Methodology/approach – The sample in this study consisted of 13 mining sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in the 2017 to 2020 period which was selected based on certain criteria using the purposive sampling method. Analysis of the data used in this study is a multiple Liniear regression analysis (T test and F test) which is processed using Eviews 11.0. Findings – It was found that . the multiple regression models used in this study, the results of partial testing (T test) showed that only two variables namely ROA, and DER with probability of 0.0006 and the most dominant tstatistics were 3,694806 and inflation rates that had a significant effect on investment decisions. In addition, simultaneously (F test) shows that ROA, CR, DER, FCF, jointly affects investment decisions. Novelty/value – Since dividend policy affects investment decisions, it is very important to know the factors that influence dividend policy. Keywords Employee Dividen Payout Ratio, Investment, Dividen Policy

Aluminum (Al) is one of the problems and is a factor inhibiting plant growth on soils with acidic pH. This study aims to examine the growth response of Eucalyptus pellita and Eucalypus Deglupta seedlings to Al exposure. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor, where the Al concentration consisted of 5 levels, namely: 0 mM (control), 2 mM, 4 mM, 6 mM, and 8 mM with 3 repetitions each and each repetition consisted of 3 units of the plant. The results showed that Al treatment had a significant effect on the growth parameters of both plant types, except for the root dry weight parameter for E. deglupta. Increasing the Al concentration can reduce almost all growth parameters. The 4 mM Al concentration was able to increase the height growth, plant dry weight (roots and shoots), and tolerance index for the E. pellita species, while the Al 2 mM concentration was able to increase the root growth of E. deglupta plants. Almost all growth parameters for E. pellita species were higher than that of E. deglupta, except for the SPAD chlorophyll index. The concentrations of 6 mM and 8 mM were toxic to E. pellita and E. deglupta.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Rasio Likuiditas yang diukur menggunakan current ratio, quick ratio dan Rasio Profitabilitas yang diukur menggunakan return on equity, return on assets terhadap financial distress yang diukur menggunakan Altman Z-Score. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode dokumentasi dan kepustakaan. Pemilihan sampel dilakukan dengan motode purposive sampling. Populasi penelitian ini adalah perusahaan Manufaktur Sektor Aneka Industri yang terdaftar di BEI tahun 2017-2020. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu uji asumsi klasik, pengujian hipotesis dan pengujian dengan regersi berganda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Secara parsial, current ratio direksi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap financial distress. 2) Secara parsial, quick ratio tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap financial distress. 3) Secara parsial, return on equity tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap financial distress. 4) Secara parsial, return on assets berpengaruh signifikan terhadap financial distress 5) Sedangkan secara simultan menunjukkan current ratio, quick ratio, return on equity, return on assets berpengaruh signifikan terhadap financial distress.

Several studies have found evidence that individuals' attitudes toward finances are related to their spending habits, financial practices, and behaviors. This is identical to the habits of people who tend to be consumptive and have the habit of shopping and allocating their money for short-term things. This phenomenon shows that in-depth knowledge of financial literacy makes financial literacy education indispensable to educate people who are aware and understand how to manage finances wisely and according to their needs. This research was carried out by involving Youth Organizations in 191 villages in Gorontalo Regency. This research is a type of phenomenological research with a qualitative approach. Data was collected by using observation, interview and documentation methods. The results of the study found that knowledge about financial literacy has not been maximized. Especially in accessing and using the services and products offered/provided by financial institutions such as banks, financial institutions (finance) and pawnshops. Knowledge of financial inclusion is limited to the types of services in the form of transfers and payment transactions using online mode. As for product knowledge, respondents only know about products in the form of Savings and Current Accounts as well as loan products. Meanwhile, the products and services provided/offered by financial institutions are quite a lot in accordance with the types of activities/transactions needed by the community.

This article aims to find the factors causing the underdevelopment of Islamic banking in Afghanistan. The method used is qualitative with a sociology of religion approach and is included in the category of policy research. The results of this study indicate that almost all of Afghanistan's population is Muslim and 90% of Afghans refuse the establishment of conventional banks on the grounds of interest. As for the causes of the delay in Islamic banking in Afghanistan, namely: First, political instability. Second, the economy is weak. Third, lack of legislative support. Fourth, support from scholars. Fifth, lack of public information. Sixth, the lack of experts in their fields.

According to some economical politicians of the world, Islamic scholars and the mental state of most Muslims who have a moderate economy, existence of Islamic banking considered an important issue. After the downturn of the economy of the world several economical politicians, even Vatican pointed out; that the Islamic banking could be an alternative for the existing economic system. According to Afghan Islamic scholars and some Afghan merchants, Afghanistan is a pour country. But due to some factors it has been founded so late in Afghanistan. The basic rolls of Islamic economic have solutions for the poverty. Afghanistan is an Islamic state, and almost all residents are Muslim. 90% of the people do not use conventional banks due to religious orders in Afghanistan. But Islamic Banking system was founded so late compared to other countries. There are some factors caused late establishment of Islamic Banking system in Afghanistan. These factors will be discussed in this paper.

Time is one of the essential and important elements in historical narratives, which together with components such as historical places and characters, form the consistency of an object and a historical event. Historians have used the element of time in various ways to narrate historical narratives. Gerard Genet proposed the theory of "narrative timeliness" and examined the indicators for measuring narrative time to better understand the function of time in narrations by considering the element of time in narration. The present study intends to use Genet's timing theory to evaluate a historical book's narrative form, namely the Exir Al-Tavarikh, and the relationships between the narrative components that make up this structure and explain the general pattern of levels and narrative components of the book. Given the importance of the time element in historical texts, it is clear that in addition to chronological order dominance over the author's narrative, time irregularities such as the historian's retrospective or futurism have led his narrative to "untimely or timeless." Simultaneously, the singular frequency of events as the dominant frequency is one of the most crucial time techniques that the historian has used in the category of narrative timeliness.

Asafoetida and sagapenum as valuable Iranian oleo-gum-resins from Ferula spp. (F. assa-foetida, F. persica, F. foetida and F. alliacea) have received interest during the history for producing valuable perfumes and common spices or as pharmaceutical agents. The aim of the present work was to characterize sources of asafoetida and sagapenum, according to botanical aspects, traditional and conventional medicine and phytochemical data. Available publications have been gathered from databases up to May 2019, and common Persian literatures were reviewed. We showed that sources for asafoetida and sagapenum should be differentiated botanically according to basal leaves, size of rays, fruits and petals. Furthermore, despite similarities, volatile sulfur components in F. assa-foetida are disulphides, in F. persica tri/tetra/pentasulphides, and in F. alliacea trisulphides. In the case of coumarins, conferol, conferone, farnesiferol A and B, samarcandin and samarcandin acetate are so far reported from F. assa-foetida and F. persica, and asacoumarin A from F. assa-foetida and F. foetida samples; while, persicaosides A-D have been reported only from F. persica. Moreover, farnesiferol C as the major coumarin in F. assa-foetida and mogoltavidin in F. persica would be new pharmacopeia markers. However, coumarins and essential oils similarities and differences among Ferula species should be more studied in a comparative research. Such studies would be essential for determining reliable sources and minimum requirements for standardizations of worldwide valuable wild growing medicinal and economical plants.

The concept of 'reality' is one of the most debatable discourse by philosophers, especially between Western and Islamic philosophers. One of Muslim philosophers’ criticism which addressed to Western philosophy is their tendency to restrict the only meaning of reality to empirical beings. That makes metaphysical beings like truth (haqīqah), reason (‘aql), revelation (wahy), also God to be reduced merely as ‘concept’ (grand narrative). Therefore, this paper would like to examine the Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas’ thought on ‘reality’. This study focuses on the classification of reality and the relationship between physical and metaphysical reality. This philosophical study was carried out with a descriptive and critical-analysis method among al-Attas' works. This study conclude that reality is not restricted to merely rational-empirical beings; but further to the metaphysical reality that affirms the existence of God and its relationship with nature and humans are also examined in it. This study concludes that reality; both physical and metaphysical are actually classified as objects of knowledge, which imply to the perception of human judgment on the 'truth value' of a being.

Salim MA, Setyaningsih L, Wahyudi I, Budi SW. 2021. Growth of Falcataria moluccana and Albizia chinensis seedling under aluminum exposure. Biodiversitas 22: 3693-3701. Aluminum (Al) is an element found in acid soils and is one of the limiting factors for plant growth. This study aims to examine the growth of Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes and Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr seedlings under exposure of aluminum. This study used an one-factor completely randomized design (Al concentration) consisting of 5 levels, namely 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mM. Each treatment was repeated 3 times and each replication consisted of 3 plant units. The results showed that the Al exposure treatment gave significant differences in the growth of height, root length, dry weight (root, shoot, and total) of F. moluccana and A. chinensis seedlings. The 2 mM Al concentration stimulated the growth of height, root length and dry weight (root, shoot, and total) of A. chinensis seedlings. The tolerance index for F. moluccana and A. chinensis seedlings was highest when the Al 2 mM concentration was 147.55% and 115.32%, respectively. 2 mM Al exposure treatment increased the chlorophyll content a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids of F. moluccana and A. chinensis seedlings. Al exposure treatment did not significantly differ from the rate of photosynthesis and MDA content in F. moluccana and A. chinensis seedlings. The Al content in the roots was higher than in the shoots, and the increase in Al concentration increased the Al content in the roots and shoots of F. moluccana and A. chinensis seedlings.

In the Islamic intellectual tradition, B eing ( wujūd ) is not limited to physical things. God is also understood as Being; indeed, He is the Absolute Being itself; which of Him, manifests all metaphysical and physical realities. This physical nature is one of the realities caused by God; as well as the metaphysical reality of 'natural law' called 'sunnatullāh' in Islam. It is necessary to know how the power of God can connect to this universe. The question presupposes cosmological research, which needs to involve the study of God and His attributes as well. Methodologically, the verification of Islamic philosophical ideas among Muslim philosophers to Sufis, involves the development of the key concept from tafsīr and ta'wīl among the Quranic verses ( āyat ) that discuss God's relationship with Nature itself; from this framework, the relationship between the two can be explained. This article, offers a study of the views of Muslim thinkers: from philosophers to Sufis, about the relationship; which specifically highlights that God and Nature are part of the concept of 'reality' in the Islamic view. The study concludes several important things, especially that God is the Absolute Being; which from Him, another reality as the sign ( āyat ) of His Existence created. His sunnatullāh again manifests in God’s creatures that undergo being devastated and recreate d.

This paper presents performance analysis of a high temperature cascade organic Rankine cycle coupled with water heating system capable of providing maximum power output of 542 kW and hot water at 35 °C for household purposes. The analysis makes use of monthly ambient air and water temperature data of the city of Busan, South Korea as input parameters of the system. The working fluid at the exit of turbine 1 is split into two mass fractions, one providing heat to the bottom cycle (ORC II) and the other used to heat water in the water heating system. These mass fractions are adjusted according to the expected seasonal demand of hot water. Among three high critical temperature working fluids, m-xylene has been selected for the top cycle whereas R245fa has been selected for the bottom cycle among five low critical temperature working fluids. A comprehensive thermal and exergy efficiency analysis shows the performance of the system during the different months of the year. The analysis show the comparison of the winter season (when demand for hot water is high) with the summer season (when demand for hot water is low).

World War II had shaken the bases capitalist yoke. The ever shining sun of British ascendency was on the verge of sinking. The two-edged sword of technological advancement and Machiavellian tactics of statecraft was no more paved her way in the eastern awakening society. British were facing failure in every sphere of politics in the subcontinent. The growing monstrous menace of the communist yoke at the western border and even inside insurgency of workers in India compel the British to transfer power to Hindu bourgeoisie. The capitalist Hindu bourgeoisie incarnated in a socialist garb was the lost ray of hope for the British. All these were possible in united India according to the then tank thank of British, while truncated moth-eaten Pakistan was not perceived as a strong bulwark against communist assault. Although the latter progress in the political history Pakistan has proven the opposite side of the portrayed arena. The purpose of this study is to explore the real cause of British favoritism of Congress and their tendency toward Hindu bourgeoisie. This paper attempts to answer those questions by objectively examining and analyzing the major events of the decade preceding the partition, unquestionably the most critical period to the understanding of the causes of partition.

Adolescence is a transition period from childhood, where teenagers want to socialize more, play with peers, enjoy time outside the home, study at school, with COVID-19 making teenagers feel unproductive, afraid of being infected, pressure to just stay at home, enjoy the quarantine period so that it causes mental disorders, one of which is anxiety, so we need a form of activity that can reduce the anxiety experienced by the teenager, the activity carried out is the provision of psychotherapy in the form of five-finger hypnosis-relaxation and positive affirmations which are packaged into programs. HYPNORELACTIVE OF THE SOUL", this activity was carried out to 50 students of SMP Muhammadiyah Gombong, carried out for 3 times giving therapy and measuring the pre and post anxiety levels using the DASS (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale) instrument after being given the activity. The results of the activity showed a decrease in students' anxiety levels before given to experience anxiety the average after being given decreased to a mild average. This activity is recommended as an effort to overcome anxiety in adolescents that can be done independently

Many nations are challenged by landscape fires. A confident knowledge of the area and distribution of burning is crucial to monitor these fires and to assess how they might best be reduced. Given the differences that arise using different detection approaches, and the uncertainties surrounding burned-area estimates, their relative merits require evaluation. Here we propose, illustrate, and examine one promising approach for Indonesia where recurring forest and peatland fires have become an international crisis. Drawing on Sentinel-2 satellite time-series analysis, we present and validate new 2019 burned-area estimates for Indonesia. The corresponding burned-area map is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4551243 (Gaveau et al., 2021a). We show that >3.11 million hectares (Mha) burned in 2019. This burned-area extent is double the Landsat-derived official estimate of 1.64 Mha from the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry and 50 % more that the MODIS MCD64A1 burned-area estimate of 2.03 Mha. Though we observed proportionally less peatland burning (31 % vs. 39 % and 40 % for the official and MCD64A1 products, respectively), in absolute terms we still observed a greater area of peatland affected (0.96 Mha) than the official estimate (0.64 Mha). This new burned-area dataset has greater reliability than these alternatives, attaining a user accuracy of 97.9 % (CI: 97.1 %–98.8 %) compared to 95.1 % (CI: 93.5 %–96.7 %) and 76 % (CI: 73.3 %–78.7 %), respectively. It omits fewer burned areas, particularly smaller- ( ha) to intermediate-sized (100–1000 ha) burns, attaining a producer accuracy of 75.6 % (CI: 68.3 %–83.0 %) compared to 49.5 % (CI: 42.5 %–56.6 %) and 53.1 % (CI: 45.8 %–60.5 %), respectively. The frequency–area distribution of the Sentinel-2 burn scars follows the apparent fractal-like power law or Pareto pattern often reported in other fire studies, suggesting good detection over several magnitudes of scale. Our relatively accurate estimates have important implications for carbon-emission calculations from forest and peatland fires in Indonesia.

The rich forests of Indonesian New Guinea are threatened. We used satellite data to examine annual forest loss, road development and plantation expansion from 2001 to 2019, then developed a model to predict future deforestation in this understudied region. In 2019, 34.29 million hectares (Mha), or 83% of Indonesian New Guinea, supported old-growth forest. Over nineteen years, two percent (0.75 Mha) were cleared: 45% (0.34 Mha) converted to industrial plantations, roads, mine tailings, or other uses near cities; 55% (0.41 Mha) cleared by transient processes including selective natural timber extraction, inland water bodies-related processes, fires, and shifting agriculture. Industrial plantations expanded by 0.23 Mha, with the majority (0.21 Mha; 28% of forest loss) replacing forests and reaching 0.28 Mha in 2019 (97% oil palm; 3% pulpwood). The Trans-Papua Highway, a ~4,000 km national investment project, increased by 1,554 km. Positive correlations between highway and plantations expansion indicate these are linked processes. Plantations and roads grew rapidly after 2011, peaked in 2015/16, and declined thereafter. Indonesian government allocated 2.62 Mha of land for the development of industrial plantations (90% oil palm 10% pulpwood) of which 74% (1.95 Mha) remained forest in 2019. A spatial model predicts that an additional 4.5 Mha of forest could be cleared by 2036 if Indonesian New Guinea follows similar relationships to Indonesian Borneo. We highlight the opportunities for policy reform and the importance of working with indigenous communities, local leaders, and provincial government to protect the biological and cultural richness still embodied in this remarkable region.

The carbon-dense peatlands of Indonesia are a landscape of global importance undergoing rapid land-use change. Here, peat drained for agricultural expansion increases the risk of large-scale uncontrolled fires. Several solutions to this complex environmental, humanitarian and economic crisis have been proposed, such as forest protection measures and agricultural support. However, numerous programmes have largely failed. Bundles of interventions are proposed as promising strategies in integrated approaches, but what policy interventions to combine and how to align such bundles to local conditions remains unclear. We evaluate the impact of two types of interventions and of their combinations, in reducing fire occurrence through driving behavioural change: incentives (i.e. rewards that are conditional on environmental performance), and deterrents (e.g. sanction, soliciting concerns for health). We look at the impact of these interventions in 10 villages with varying landscape and fire-risk contexts in Sumatra, Indonesia. A private-led implementation of a standardised programme allows us to study outcome variability through a natural experiment design. We conduct a systematic cross-case comparison to identify the most effective combinations of interventions, using two-step qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) and geospatial and socio-economic survey data (n = 303). We analysed the combined influence of proximate conditions (interventions, e.g. fear of sanction) and remote ones (context; e.g. extent of peat soil) on fire outcomes. We show how, depending on the level of risk in the pre-existing context, certain bundles of interventions are needed to succeed. We found that, despite the programme being framed as rewards-based, people were not responding to the reward alone. Rather sanctions and soliciting concern appeared central to fire prevention, raising important equity implications. Our results contribute to the emerging global interest in peat fire mitigation, and the rapidly developing literature on PES performance.

The rich forests of Indonesian New Guinea are understudied and threatened. We used satellite data to examine annual forest loss, road development and plantation expansion from 2001 to 2019, then developed a model to predict future deforestation. No previous studies have attempted such a detailed assessment of past and future deforestation. In 2019, 34.29 million hectares (Mha), or 83% of Indonesian New Guinea, supported old-growth forest. Over nineteen years, 2% (0.75 Mha) were cleared: 45% (0.34 Mha) converted to industrial plantations, roads, mine tailings, or other uses near cities; 55% (0.41 Mha) cleared by transient processes including selective natural timber extraction, inland water bodies-related processes, fires, and shifting agriculture. Industrial plantations expanded by 0.23 Mha, with the majority (0.21 Mha; 28% of forest loss) replacing forests and reaching 0.28 Mha in 2019 (97% oil palm; 3% pulpwood). The Trans-Papua Highway, a ~4000 km national investment project, increased by 1554 km. Positive correlations between highway and plantations expansion indicate these are linked processes. Plantations and roads expanded rapidly after 2011, peaked in 2015/16, and declined thereafter. Indonesian government allocated 2.62 Mha of land for the development of industrial plantations (90% oil palm 10% pulpwood) of which 74% (1.95 Mha) remained forest in 2019. A spatial model predicts that an additional 4.5 Mha of forest could be cleared by 2036 if Indonesian New Guinea follows similar relationships to Indonesian Borneo. We highlight the opportunities for policy reform and the importance of working with indigenous communities, local leaders, and provincial government to protect the biological and cultural richness still embodied in this remarkable region.

Salim MA, Budi RSW, Setyaningsih L, Iskandar, Wahyudi I, Kirmi H. 2020. Root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in various age classes of revegetation post-coal mine. Biodiversitas 21: 5013-5022. This study aims to evaluate the status of colonization of the roots of the host plant in various age classes of revegetation of post-coal mining land associated with AMF spores populations and soil fertility. The study was conducted in the post-mining revegetation land at PT. Berau Coal, East Kalimantan. Isolation of the spores was carried out using the wet-sieving and centrifugation method, while the colonization of the roots was carried out by the root coloring technique. Revegetation activities have been able to increase the content of some nutrients in the soil. The AMF population shows tendency an increase along with the increasing revegetation age classes. Eight-year revegetation age classes have the highest average number of spores. Plant species and understorey have shown the existence of AMF colonization with different values for each species. AMF root colonization has a negative relationship with the number of spores in the soil. The C-organic, N-total, CEC Ca, Mg and Fe contents have a positive correlation with AMF root colonization, while available P, total P, K, and Al have a negative correlation with AMF root colonization. Mg was significantly correlated (r = 0.861) to AMF root colonization.

Definition of Al-Attas on Islam as the true based on his affirmation of the relationship between science and religion; then Islamic science can be clearly defined. Khabar Sadiq (al-Qur'an and hadith) are very authoritative as a source of Islamic catalysts of the ever great Islamic civilization. Both are verified sources through a process of tafsir and ta'wil; using unique scientific transition scheme, namely sanad. The Islamic scientific transmissions have increasingly developed without interruption; to give birth to various kinds of interpretations also ta'wil . In fact both of them are catalysts for the emergence of Islamic-style science and technology. For this reason, al-Attas emphasized that the development of Islamic science and technology cannot be separated from the roots of interpretation and ta'wil , because both of them have taken root as a method of scientific transmission both fardhu 'ain and fardhu kifayah.

Iron (Fe) is a micro essential needed by plants in small amounts and can be toxic when available in large quantities. This study aimed to evaluate how Fe exposure affects the growth of C. callothyrsus and L. leucocephala seedlings. This study used a completely randomized design with factorial, where the first factor consisted of two levels of seedlings (C. calothyrsus and L. leucocephala), and the second factor consisted of Fe concentration which consisted of 8 levels (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, and 1.75 mM). The results showed that treatment of seedlings species and concentration of Fe was able to significantly affect the growth parameters (height, root length, root dry weight, shoots, and plant dry weight) of seedlings. The control treatment (without Fe) showed the highest growth response compared to those treated with Fe exposure and an increase in Fe concentration was able to reduce all growth parameters in both seedlings. The 0.5 mM Fe concentration reduced all growth parameters of C. calothyrsus drastically, while in L. leucocephala, the Fe 0.75 concentration was able to decrease all growth parameters drastically. The tolerance index of both seedlings decreased with increasing Fe concentration. The rate of photosynthesis did not show a significant difference between treatments, meanwhile, it had a significant effect on chlorophyll affect chlorophyll (a, b, and total chlorophyll) and carotenoid content. The highest Fe content in C. calothyrsus seedlings was at a concentration of 1.5 mM (4.40%), while in L. leucocephala seedlings, the highest Fe content was at 1.7 mM (2.87%).

Keputusan penentuan harga juga sering dilakukan dengan mengasumsikan apakah kondisi pasar/keadaan itu pasti (certainty) atau sebaliknya berada dalam sebuah ketidakpastian (uncertainty). Berbagai macam metode dan fungsi yang digunakan untuk menentukan harga untuk dua kondisi atau keadaan tersebut. Adapun metode-metode penentuanharga lebih banyak hanya berdasarkan informasi saja. Salah satu tanggung jawab seorang manajer pemasaran adalah menetukan harga produk atau lini produk dalam lingkungan strategi harga yang dinamis. Bentuk fleksibilitas semacam itu dimaksudkan agar strategi yang dianut mampu dipergunakan untuk mengantisipasi desakan faktor lingkungan eksternal, misalnya permintaan konsumen, persaingan, kondisi perekonomian secara makro, serta berbagai bentuk hukum dan peraturan perundangan yang berlaku. Pada umumnya penentuan harga sangat bergantung pada keadaan suatu pasar. Strategi Harga dengan sendirinya akan mengikuti struktur pasar. Keywords: Strategi Harga, Rantai Pasok

The current study focuses on the quantitative evaluation of petrophysical parameters of selected wells using wireline log data in Central Luconia, offshore Sarawak. Based on the relatively high resistivity and, low-neutron/-density log responses, three major zones are identified. These include gas-bearing zones (Zone-1 and Zone-3) and mixed zone (Zone-2). The gamma ray, neutron and density logs confirmed that Well A was composed of carbonate rocks ranging from limestone to dolomite. Zone-1 and Zone-3 consist of limestone, whereas Zone-2 contains dolomite. The average porosity of these zones (Zone-1, Zone-2 and Zone-3) are 15.7, 4.3 and 13.7%, whereas gas saturation is 83, 41 and 93%, respectively. The permeability values are 543 mD (Zone-1), 47.7 mD (Zone-2) and 601.5 mD (Zone-3). The water saturation value in Zone-2 is very high, up to 66% compared to Zone-1 and Zone-3 which are 17 and 7%, respectively. It is pertinent to mention that Zone-1 and Zone-3 contain movable gas (i.e., HC movability index is less than 0.7). Furthermore, bulk volume water values in three zones (0.012, 0.0083 and 0.009) indicate the presence of irreducible water. In contrast, pore-filled dolomite cement is mostly from Zone-2, indicating high water, low gas saturation, low porosity and less movability index values, which indicate the presence of high microporosity. Additionally, bulk volume water suggests that these micropores are saturated with irreducible water. High microporosity affects the wireline log response in Zone-2 and therefore provides misleading information.

Objectives: The purpose behind this study was to determine the pattern of the causes of death in adult males - a perspective on autopsy. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Period: 2015 to 2016. Setting: Peoples Medical College Hospital, Nawabshah, Shaheed Benazirabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Material and Methods: 73 male patients, whose autopsy were performed through a convenience non-purposive sampling technique to ascertain the causes of death among dead bodies brought at Peoples Medical College Hospital, Nawabshah, Shaheed Benazirabad, Sindh, Pakistan for the purpose of autopsy. Autopsy was performed with consent taken from the family members and hospital administration. Questionnaire was used to collect the limited relevant data and used SPSS version 17 for data entry and analysis. Results: Mean age of patients whom autopsy were performed was 37.12 years among them minimum age was 10 year and maximum age recorded was 75 years. Among all, 31 (42.46%) cases were from rural area while 42 (57.53%) cases were from urban area. Overall the most common pattern of death was firearm injury (27.39%) and most of them (17.80%) belongs to younger group (10 – 40 years) of males and the same cause of death was also the most common (9.58%) among older group (≥41 – 75 years). Conclusion: Most of the autopsies were performed from urban areas among them most common cause of death was firearm injury in both younger and older group of people.

The links between plantation expansion and deforestation in Borneo are debated. We used satellite imagery to map annual loss of old‐growth forests, expansion of industrial plantations (oil palm and pulpwood), and their overlap in Borneo from 2001 to 2017. In 17 years, forest area declined by 14% (6.04 Mha), including 3.06 Mha of forest ultimately converted into industrial plantations. Plantations expanded by 170% (6.20 Mha: 88% oil palm; 12% pulpwood). Most forests converted to plantations were cleared and planted in the same year (92%; 2.83 Mha). Annual forest loss generally increased before peaking in 2016 (0.61 Mha) and declining sharply in 2017 (0.25 Mha). After peaks in 2009 and 2012, plantation expansion and associated forest conversion have been declining in Indonesia and Malaysia. Annual plantation expansion is positively correlated with annual forest loss in both countries. The correlation vanishes when we consider plantation expansion versus forests that are cleared but not converted to plantations. The price of crude palm oil is positively correlated with plantation expansion in the following year in Indonesian (not Malaysian) Borneo. Low palm oil prices, wet conditions, and improved fire prevention all likely contributed to reduced 2017 deforestation. Oversight of company conduct requires transparent concession ownership.

This study attempt to understand ISTAC’s Ta’dib as the Malay-based Islamic University concept relation with Islamic epistemology. Al-Qur'an encourages human reason to understand the universe as an object of science which leads to belief (iman) in God. Methodologically, the revelation constructed an Islamic epistemology which projects the 'possibility' of humans to understanding reality and truth. The scientific tradition should be accommodated institutionally to be university. Al-Attas emphasized the university’s purpose was built a perfect man (insan kamil) which had comprehensive and holistic framework; based on semantic meaning of kulliyah. For this reason, al-Attas following Imam Ghazali's classification of knowledge: fardhu ‘ain and fardhu kifāyah. The first type of knowledge must constantly developed to the conceptual level; even in any study program. This is because al-Attas affirms that the two types of knowledge if conceptually explored will integrated each and others at metaphysical level.

Worldwide many businesses have recently pledged to sourcing agricultural and timber products exclusively from deforestation and fire-free supply chains. Geoinvestigations—monitoring the activities of plantation companies using satellites and concession maps—are now applied to identify which companies breach their commitments and regulations. We investigate the limitations of geoinvestigations by analyzing land-use and fire in and around 163 Indonesian concessions of oil-palm and pulpwood, where recurring forest and peatland fires are a national and international concern. We reveal a mismatch between de jure and de facto land occupancy inside and outside concessions. Independent farmers are present in concessions while some companies expand outside concessions. Thus, both actors may be responsible for deforestation and fire inside and outside concessions. On peatland, fire can start outside and spread into concessions, while draining in concessions may promote fire outside. These dynamics make attribution of fire and deforestation in Indonesian concessions impossible without detailed field investigations. This study highlights the need to combine very high-resolution satellite data with extensive field investigations of de facto land ownership, claims and disputes inside and outside concessions. In Indonesia, such activities could fall under the One Map Policy, whose remit is to identify and resolve overlapping land claims.