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Spiral blast freezing is a common unit operation used in food processing facilities for rapidly freezing a variety of foodstuffs. The purpose of a blast freezer is to generate high velocity, low temperature air flow over food products being conveyed within refrigerated enclosures to accomplish the freezing process. However, air flow patterns observed within field operating blast freezers are often suboptimal, resulting in diminished system performance. This paper applies a Monte Carlo simulation technique to a food product freezing simulation in order to identify velocity profiles that optimize the freezing process. A one-dimensional food product model is used to evaluate the interplay between the time variation in the magnitude of the air velocity over food products conveyed through the freezing system and the resulting dwell time needed to achieve a target product core temperature at the blast freezer exit. Temporal heat transfer coefficients derived from field measurements made in a newly installed spiral blast freezer serve as a basis to calibrate the one-dimensional product model. The results of the Monte Carlo analysis show freezing system performance is improved when high and stable air velocities over the product are achieved early in the freezing process dwell time. Air flow patterns within a freezing system that result in high air velocity later in the freezing process dwell time are suboptimal. Field-measured data on a newly installed spiral blast freezer showed this suboptimal air flow pattern and the use of baffling within the spiral enables improved airflow leading to an estimated 10 % increase in production throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Experimental investigations on the solubility of Propylene and DME in PAG oil. • The form of NRTL and Heil interaction parameters was key to high model accuracy. • Two novel empirical correlations were proposed. • Single coefficient correlation: compact, explicit and robust to low amount of data. • DME most soluble refrigerant followed by Propylene and Propane. This work experimentally investigated the solubility of Propylene and Dimethyl Ether (DME) in polyalkylene glycol (PAG) oil. The solubility experimental data were used to fit different local composition models from the literature, the Wilson and Heil equations, and the Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) model. Two new empirical correlations were proposed to decrease the deviation between experiments and the models. The first correlation used six fitting coefficients and resulted in an average deviation of 1.2 % for Propylene and 2.8 % for DME. The second empirical correlation was proposed with a single solubility coefficient (SSC) and a compact form, which allows solubility to be determined explicitly. The correlation resulted in average deviations from experimental data of 1.6 % for Propylene and 2.5 % for DME. Moreover, the SSC correlation showed performance robustness against the decrease of available data points. The correlation was used to compare the solubility of Propylene and DME with the solubility of Propane. At the same conditions, Propane showed the lowest solubility while DME resulted in the most soluble refrigerant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an excerpt from doctoral research that investigated the limits and possibilities of the didactic methodology study and research path (SRP), of the anthropological theory of the didactic (ATD), as a teaching alternative for basic education in Brazil. We started the research by considering the following question: How can we find the shortest possible route connecting an origin (O) and a destination (D)? This problem led us to consider the development of what in ATD is called the reference epistemological model (REM). The REM model must be explained whenever you want to formulate an authentic didactic problem or study-generating question. This work initially presents a comparison of the modeling between ATD and other theoretical currents and then an example of an epistemological reference model based on the problem of choosing the shortest access path from one point to another under certain conditions. We consider the objective of this article to relate, through the notion of praxeology, the possibility of modeling in the light of ATD. The comparative study shows us that modeling within the scope of ATD is not an object to be taught nor a means to learn and teach certain mathematical concepts. The main characteristic of modeling in ATD consists of the elaboration and experimental contrast of epistemological mathematics models to approach didactic problems as a provisional hypothesis, which can be modified while developing an SRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La fragmentation et la destruction des habitats naturels résultant des activités humaines jouent un rôle majeur dans le déclin de la biodiversité. Restaurer les continuités écologiques est un bon moyen d’action pour limiter ces impacts, et les entreprises, gestionnaires de foncier, sont concernées par ces enjeux. Cet article expose les choix méthodologiques à effectuer lors des différentes étapes de la modélisation de la connectivité par la théorie des graphes (avec le logiciel Graphab) ainsi que différents contextes d’utilisations de celle-ci pour des sites d’entreprises. La modélisation de la connectivité, bien que présentant quelques limites, peut ainsi être très utile à une entreprise en tant qu’outil d’aide à la décision pour déterminer des objectifs d’aménagement, de conservation ou de gestion sur leurs sites, dans l’objectif d’une meilleure prise en compte des réseaux écologiques.

Copyright of Revue Française de Géotechnique is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Les collocations, étant marquées jusque-là par l’abondance de descriptions ponctuelles, font l’objet de plusieurs débats qui rappellent la nécessité d’une mise au point méthodologique et terminologique. Pourtant, malgré cet intérêt, les contours du phénomène restent vagues. Il reçoit diverses interprétations et la divergence de définition a fait des collocations une question complexe et difficile à aborder. Dans les sciences du langage, les débats sont centrés autour du problème de la modélisation linguistique du phénomène et sur les impacts des modèles proposés dans plusieurs domaines applicatifs. Abstract Collocations, being marked until now by the abundance of specific descriptions, are the subject of several debates which recall the need for methodological and terminological clarification. However, despite this interest, the contours of the phenomenon remain vague. It receives various interpretations and the divergence in definition has made collocations a complex and difficult issue to address. In the language sciences, debates are centered around the problem of linguistic modeling of the phenomenon and on the impacts of the models proposed in several application domains.

This paper analyzes the developing adiabatic two-phase flow after an expansion valve in an air conditioning system. R245fa and POE 32 mixture is used as the working fluid. The developing two-phase flow patterns are visualized in an 8 mm straight tube after the expansion valve from 15 to 595 mm. To explore the effect of fluid properties on the developing two-phase flow, the experimental results from previous research by the same authors are compared with those of R245fa in this paper. An image analysis technique and a one-dimensional developing two-phase flow model proposed in a previous paper by the same authors (Yao & Hrnjak, 2023c) are applied to both R134a and R245fa. The flow patterns near the expansion valve exhibit some similarities when comparing the two refrigerants. However, a significant contrast emerges in the presence of a greater number of droplets suspended within the vapor phase in the case of R245fa flow. This disparity is primarily attributed to R245fa's higher vapor velocity. Furthermore, R245fa exhibits a shorter developing length than R134a. For fully developed flow, R245fa showcases a more pronounced turbulent behavior, and the transition to annular flow happens at a lower vapor quality in comparison to R134a. All of these distinctions can be adequately accounted for by the proposed model. The developed flow patterns of both refrigerants are compared with some existing flow pattern maps. At last, a new flow pattern map is proposed based on the observed flow patterns in this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Lalies is the property of Editions Rue d'Ulm and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environnement, Risques & Santé is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Algeria, the building sector accounts for approximately 43% of total primary consumption and accounts for more than one-third of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. It should be a primary focus for reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. The new buildings, particularly in the hot and arid southern regions, are completely unsuitable for the climate. The use of inefficient building materials results in high energy consumption. The goal of this project is to investigate passive cooling solutions in order to reduce discomfort and the use of air conditioning systems inside buildings. A two-pronged approach combined chart-based bioclimatic analysis with building performance simulation. The impact of some passive cooling strategies on typical buildings constructed with conventional and local materials was investigated. The study found that when a building uses passive cooling strategies, total cooling needs can be reduced by up to 27% with conventional materials and up to 40% with local materials. In addition, average daily operating temperatures in local buildings can be reduced by up to 2.5 °C and about 1.5 °C in conventional buildings.

L'analyse de classes latentes (ACL) permet de partager et de distinguer des sous-groupes non observables (latents) d'individus sur la base de leurs réponses à un ensemble d'indicateurs observables (manifestes). Cette analyse permet de mieux comprendre la variabilité au sein d'une population. Or, il existe peu de documentation, surtout en français, sur la procédure à suivre pour réaliser une ACL sur la plateforme R. Ce logiciel statistique est accessible gratuitement et comporte de nombreux avantages en ce qui a trait à la programmation d'analyses, à la visualisation des données ainsi qu'à la gestion des variables et de l'environnement de travail. L'objectif du présent article est d'exemplifier la réalisation d'une ACL sur la plateforme R avec le package poLCA. Après une introduction sur l'origine et les principes de l'ACL, un tutoriel sur la réalisation d'une ACL avec R est présenté. Une situation hypothétique portant sur la perpétration de violence dans les relations amoureuses à l'adolescence est utilisée. La syntaxe R permettant de réaliser cette analyse est fournie et explicitée en détails. Dans une visée de partage des connaissances, similaire à la philosophie de R, cet article peut servir de guide pour tout étudiant ou chercheur voulant développer sa compréhension de l'ACL et ses compétences en statistiques sur cette plateforme.

Découper la modélisation mathématique en modélisations extra-mathématique et intra-mathématique permet, du point de vue didactique, de mettre en évidence une emphase excessive au niveau secondaire sur la composante extra-mathématique, au détriment de la composante intra-mathématique et partant offre des clefs de compréhension des difficultés d’appréhension des concepts mathématiques lorsqu’on tente par ignorance et/ou idéologie de les forcer dans un moule extra-mathématique alors même que leur raison d’être profonde est de nature intra-mathématique. La géométrie ne fait pas exception à ce schéma général. Dans cet article nous nous proposons d’exposer un parcours théorique explicitant comme il serait envisageable d’introduire les prémisses de la notion de vecteur dans une perspective de modélisation intra-mathématique, en montrant comment cette notion peut être construite comme outil permettant d’augmenter l’instrumentalité du théorème de Thalès, formulé de manière métrique, s’agissant de construire les équations cartésiennes de droites du plan.

This paper applies an image analysis technique to quantify the two-phase flow videos after an expansion valve. This method first finds the liquid-vapor interface and then estimates the void fraction and velocity of each phase. This paper also proposes a one-dimensional developing two-phase flow model based on the force-momentum balance. The void fraction of the developing flow predicted by the model shows a similar trend to the quantified experiment data from image analysis: void fraction will decrease and then stabilize as flow develops along the tube. In essence, the change in void fraction and flow velocity is a result of unbalanced force in liquid and vapor phase. This model is also capable of estimating the distance to achieve fully developed flow after an expansion valve. The ability to predict two-phase flow behavior is not only important to the theoretical study of two-phase flow, but also critical to two-phase flow system design to optimize heat transfer and pressure drop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Precise predictive models for CO 2 frosting temperature were developed. • Machine learning algorithms of GPR and MLP were utilized for modeling. • The novel models showed excellent results for different natural gas mixtures. • The models provided excellent physical trends under different operating conditions. • The most effective operating factors on frosting temperature were identified. In this study, universal and precise predictive models for CO 2 frosting temperature in different natural gas mixtures were developed employing the machine learning algorithms of multilayer perceptron (MLP) and gaussian process regression (GPR). The models were verified by an extensive databank including 430 experimental samples collected from 7 published sources, enveloping a broad range of conditions in methane/CO 2 binary mixtures as well as the ternary mixtures of methane/CO 2 /ethane and methane/CO 2 /nitrogen. Both GPR and MLP models exhibited excellent predictions with total average absolute relative errors (AAREs) of 0.16% and 0.42%, and R2 values of 99.80% and 99.38%, respectively. The novel models use only 4 simple adjusted parameters, and they were found to be applicable for both binary and ternary mixtures with high precisions. In addition, the effects of each operating parameter on frosting temperature were studied, and the new models showed excellent physical trends. Subsequently, in order to provide more insight about the most effective factors on frosting temperature, a sensitivity analysis based on the present databank was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic situation has forced teaching and learning practices around the world to reassess their systems and innovate in terms of ergonomics. Highly visible changes have overturned teaching and learning habits. Initially highly improvised, distance learning in Moroccan schools has taken its first steps through repeated trial and error until it has established itself as a possible educational tool. Teachers and decision-makers, in unison, are faced with the urgent need to reinvent education and combine it with technology. A plethora of formats and platforms are now part of the vocabulary of education. However, in addition to diligent health conditions, distance learning is required to break with the accidental nature of its advent and become an optional, alternative or even blended mode. This study looks at the forms of distance assessment that need to be implemented in order to capitalise on, verify and enhance learners' achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Revue Sciences Eaux & Territoires - Vient de paraître en ligneLa fragmentation du paysage se matérialise par une rupture de connexion au sein des réseaux écologiques. Le concept de trame verte et bleue est apparu comme un outil de protection et de restauration des continuités écologiques dans les territoires. De nouvelles trames écologiques ont récemment été proposées pour identifier d’autres discontinuités écologiques effectives. C’est notamment le cas de la trame turquoise associant la trame bleue et la partie de la trame verte en interaction fonctionnelle. La trame turquoise regroupe ainsi différents types d’habitats aquatiques et terrestres dont dépendent de nombreuses espèces d’amphibiens, d’odonates et autres invertébrés ou encore de chiroptères. Cette nouvelle trame bénéficie d’une attention croissante dans le monde opérationnel, alors même que sa définition et les méthodes de caractérisation ne sont pas encore stabilisées. Cet article propose de contribuer à une meilleure définition et compréhension de la trame turquoise. S’appuyant sur la méthode des graphes paysagers, aujourd’hui largement utilisée pour modéliser les réseaux écologiques et mesurer leur connectivité, le projet INTERFACE a permis le développement d’un protocole innovant de réseau multi-habitats pour tenir compte de l’hétérogénéité des habitats dans l’évaluation de la connectivité de la trame turquoise. Il permet ainsi d’aller au-delà de la délimitation d’une zone tampon autour des cours d’eau et d'identifier les zones fonctionnelles à préserver, les zones vulnérables et les points de conflits où il serait intéressant de restaurer des habitats aquatiques et/ou terrestres pour améliorer les connectivités.

Arbovirus emergence and epidemic potential, as approximated by the vectorial capacity formula, depends on host and vector parameters, including the vector’s intrinsic ability to replicate then transmit the pathogen known as vector competence. Vector competence is a complex, time-dependent, quantitative phenotype influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. A combination of experimental and modelling approaches is required to assess arbovirus intra-vector dynamics and estimate epidemic potential. In this study, we measured infection, dissemination, and transmission dynamics of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in a field-derived Aedes albopictus population (Lyon, France) after oral exposure to a range of virus doses spanning human viraemia. Statistical modelling indicates rapid and efficient CHIKV progression in the vector mainly due to an absence of a dissemination barrier, with 100% of the infected mosquitoes ultimately exhibiting a disseminated infection, regardless of the virus dose. Transmission rate data revealed a time-dependent, but overall weak, transmission barrier, with individuals transmitting as soon as 2 days post-exposure (dpe) and >50% infectious mosquitoes at 6 dpe for the highest dose. Based on these experimental intra-vector dynamics data, epidemiological simulations conducted with an agent-based model showed that even at low mosquito biting rates, CHIKV could trigger outbreaks locally. Together, this reveals the epidemic potential of CHIKV upon transmission by Aedes albopictus in mainland France.

In this research paper, we introduce an extension of the Gamma-Lindley distribution using a particular exponentiation of its cumulative distribution function, which offers a more flexible model for lifetime data. Another attractive feature of this extension is that it has several particular cases: Weibull, generalized Pareto, Lindley, exponential and Gamma-Lindley distributions. Different statistical properties of this distribution are explored, such as the density, failure rate and the rth moments. We attempt to prove that the extended Gamma-Lindley distribution is characterized by its truncated moment of order statistics. One of the main merits of this work lies in the fact that it provides the ability of this characterization to simulate the new distribution compared with the inverse transform sampling method. Estimation of the parameters using the tailed regression method is investigated. The COVID-19 real data evolution in Tunisia illustrates the performance of the EGL distribution compared with its special cases through some criteria such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Mean Squared error and Kullback-Leibler divergence. The predictive ability of the extended Gamma-Lindley distribution proved to provide a better fit to expect the number of deaths by Corona-virus in Tunisia in the future period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environnement, Risques & Santé is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to investigate the thermal behavior of water flows in a solar collector equipped with zig-zag tubes. To achieve this, a numerical simulation using CFD was conducted, which is a powerful tool for analyzing fluid-flow and heat transfer. The simulation employed the finite volume method to discretize the fluid domain and the SIMPLE algorithm to solve the pressure-velocity coupling. The simulation results indicated that the shape of the tubes significantly influenced the flow behavior and overall performance of the solar collector. Specifically, the temperature profiles at various times of the day showed that zig-zagshaped tubes enhanced the heat transfer coefficient, resulting in higher temperatures within the collector. Moreover, the zig-zag design increased the residence time of the fluid inside the collector, further improving its overall efficiency. These findings highlight the potential of utilizing zig-zag-shaped tubes to optimize the performance of solar water heating systems, which could have important implications for renewable energy applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In low-and middle-income countries, the cold chain that supports vaccine storage and distribution is vulnerable due to insufficient infrastructure and interoperable data. To bolster these networks, we developed a convolutional neural network-based fault detection method for vaccine refrigerators using datasets synthetically generated by thermodynamic modeling. We demonstrate that these thermodynamic models can be calibrated to real cooling systems in order to identify system-specific faults under a diverse range of operating conditions. If implemented on a large scale, this portable, flexible approach has the potential to increase the fidelity and lower the cost of vaccine distribution in remote communities. • Thermodynamic simulations can be used to generate datasets of refrigeration faults. • These time-series datasets can be used to train convolutional neural networks. • This approach can support the cold chain for vaccine distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite advances in medical technology, mortality due to burn injuries remains significant. Scoring systems are aimed at allowing physicians to effectively and accurately predict the mortality of a given patient. Patients at a higher risk of death from burns include older patients over the age of 65, highseverity burn, presence of co-morbidities, and presence of inhalation injury. Constructing a burn prediction model also needs its own methodological standards. Hence, choosing a prediction model for predicting burn mortality requires careful analysis of its methodology. Attention towards mortality risk factors should be taken when treating burn patients. Tools such as burn prediction models prove helpful in aiding physicians to accurately and effectively predict a patient's mortality, stratify patient severity, and allocate resources appropriately, especially in settings where resources are scarce, such as natural disasters. Additionally, prediction models are used to monitor patient care and for research purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cette étude part du constat selon lequel la préparation des ressources phraséologiques, destinées à être employées dans les domaines appliqués, passe par la modélisation (classification et catégorisation) des unités phraséologiques1 (désormais UP). L’étude de cette nature, c’est-à-dire reposant sur la typologie formelle des UP, vise à établir les critères formels « en fonction du nombre d’éléments de blocage dans leur fonctionnement syntaxique » (Mejri, 2003 : 28). Par conséquent, on décrira les UP au niveau formel (notamment, d’un point de vue morphosyntaxique). Pour ce faire, on aggloméra les unités en catégories plus au moins homogènes. Les séquences de chaque catégorie sont construites autour d’un modèle locutionnel (moule linguistique). On montrera à l’aide des exemples que la catégorisation des UP selon les modèles locutionnels constitue un atout pour la modélisation des ressources phraséologiques d’une langue à tradition orale. Abstract This study postulates that the preparation of phraseological resources – which can be used in the applied field of phraseology- must come through the modelling (classification, categorization) of the phraseological units. A study of this nature, i.e., based on the formal typology of phraseological units, aims at establishing the formal criteria "according to the number of blocking elements in their syntactic functioning" (Mejri, 2003: 28). Therefore, we will describe phraseological units at the formal level (in particular, from a morphosyntactic point of view). To achieve this purpose, the units areagglomerated into homogeneous categories. The sequences (of each category) are built around a model (linguistic mould). It will be shown through the examples that the categorization of phraseological units according to models constitutes an asset for the modelling of phraseological resources of a language with an oral tradition.

Cet article propose une présentation structurée de travaux récents et en cours de quatre jeunes chercheuses sur le thème de la sécheresse édaphique en forêt en France métropolitaine, un phénomène qui devient de plus en plus fréquent et/ou intense perturbant le bon fonctionnement de ces écosystèmes. La gestion d’une crise sans précédent induite par des sécheresses récentes passe tout d’abord par la quantification et la cartographie de cet aléa e, puis par l’évaluation et la compréhension des impacts induits par ce déficit hydrique sur la croissance primaire et secondaire des arbres. Enfin, diverses stratégies d'adaptation peuvent alors être mises en place afin de réduire la vulnérabilité des peuplements, en fonction des enjeux exposés (production de bois, séquestration de carbone) et de la gravité de ces impacts. Ces stratégies peuvent être ou non rentables pour le propriétaire forestier. Messages clés Les sécheresses édaphiques deviennent de plus en plus fréquentes en France. La gestion des sécheresses nécessite une meilleure cartographie de ces aléas. Des stratégies peuvent être mises en place pour réduire la vulnérabilité des peuplements.

México ocupa el quinto lugar en padecimientos de trastornos psicológicos en América Latina, lo cual representa una alta prevalencia; sin embargo, existe una baja proporción de personas que reciben tratamiento; esto cobra una peculiar importancia pues si bien el mundo del modelaje es un mundo externamente visibilizado, hay aristas que permanecen invisibles. Por ello el objetivo es analizar información científicamente sustentada sobre las realidades que enfrentan las modelos, con el fin de identificar de manera temprana los indicadores de riesgo psicopatológico contribuyendo a la concientización social. Es una investigación documental con información basada en la evidencia científica. Se encuentra que las modelos se enfrentan a exigencias extremas en cuanto a belleza y comportamiento, lo que puede llevarlas a recurrir a métodos perjudiciales para su salud por los estándares de la industria, que va derivando en el desencadenamiento de trastornos psicológicos diversos. El mundo globalizado, los medios de comunicación y las redes sociales perpetúan la idea de que solo la belleza idealizada es aceptable, generando presión para alcanzar esos estándares, afectando la autoestima, la salud física y mental. Sin embargo, se destaca la importancia del modelaje inclusivo como un avance en la industria, que entraña una ruptura de los estereotipos tradicionales, y que hoy día sigue siendo uno de los desafíos más fuertes, así como el fomentar una imagen de belleza más diversa y saludable.

La crise de reproductibilité en psychologie est en partie causée par l'utilisation d'analyses statistiques inadaptées aux données récoltées. Les données ont souvent des caractéristiques importantes à considérer, comme lorsque celles-ci sont nichées dans différents groupes (p. ex. recruter plusieurs élèves dans différentes classes). Dans ce cas, cela fait en sorte que le postulat de normalité des modèles linéaires généraux n'est pas respecté. Ignorer ce postulat d'indépendance en utilisant un modèle linéaire général peut mener à des résultats erronés, comme des faux positifs, des biais ou une perte de puissance. Les analyses de régressions multiniveaux répondent à ce problème et assurent la validité des résultats obtenus. Cet article se veut un tutoriel couvrant les principes généraux sous-jacents aux régressions multiniveaux pour analyser des données nichées. Des données pseudoaléatoires sont générées avec R et analysées avec des régressions multiniveaux afin de démontrer la valeur ajoutée de considérer la hiérarchisation des données quant à la validité des résultats. De plus, cet article fournit, étape par étape, la syntaxe R pour faciliter l'utilisation des analyses multiniveaux et l'adaptation de celles-ci aux données des lecteurs.

In this third part on the "Transition from arithmetic to algebraic in the teaching of mathematics in high school" we reflect on the term modeling: modeling, in the sense that we use this word, can be based on a non-mathematical system as well as on a mathematical system. The didactic analysis of the curricular perspectives we have outlined reveals problems in the didactics of mathematics that underline the need for very close links, for a tenacious dialectic, which should be everyone's concern, between fundamental research in didactics and the development activities of the teaching system. In contrast, the present situation reveals the great superficiality of which the empirical and dogmatic tradition has made us unfortunate heirs. It is not enough to weaken, decide, and act to solve the problems we are and continue to be faced with. As in other fields, research is no longer that part of the dream in which high-growth societies could offer themselves as a bonus. It is up to it to explore on behalf of all, the avenues of the possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Haiti, agricultural systems are highly vulnerable to climate change. This study aims to assess the relevance of a process of co-design of climate change adaptation strategies with producers in a highly vulnerable zone such as Haïti. Conducted in Saint Michel de l'Attalaye, the study was based on: (i) a diagnosis of the technical and economic performance of 24 farms representative of the three main types of adaptation strategies observed, and (ii) the co-design of innovative strategies with a smaller sample of 9 farmers. The results of the study show that the initial performances of the 24 farms in terms of covering family caloric needs, income, and greenhouse gas emissions are different for the three types of strategies. The diversification of agricultural production systems plays a crucial role in the performance measured. The strategies proposed by the 9 producers aim to increase this diversification while increasing sugar cane area in their production systems; however the changes thought out are incremental. More co-design loops could be considered to explore with farmers disruptive changes that would both favor an increase in production capacities of farms and climate change adaptation. This pilot study in Haïti could be replicated in other highly vulnerable areas to co-design innovative systems taking into account the specific constraints to which farmers are exposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revue Internationale des Économistes de Langue Française (RIELF) is the property of Poznan University of Economics & Business and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of TraHs - Trayectorias Humanas Trascontinentales is the property of Universite de Limoges and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Épidémiologie et Santé Animale is the property of Association pour l'Etude de l'Epidemiologie des Maladies Animales (AEEMA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Épidémiologie et Santé Animale is the property of Association pour l'Etude de l'Epidemiologie des Maladies Animales (AEEMA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• 3D moving-boundary model for water solidification in ice cubes is presented. • Experiments were performed in a purpose-built closed-loop wind-tunnel facility. • Ice cube of 145 ml with distilled, mineral, and filtered tap water was evaluated. • Ice cube was modeled as a pyramid trunk and Stefan's formulation was applied. • Deviations within a ± 10% error band were observed for all cases. The present work is aimed at putting forward a three-dimensional moving-boundary model to calculate the water solidification in ice trays subjected to operating conditions typically found in household appliances. To better understand the physical phenomena and validate the model, experiments were performed in a purpose-built closed-loop wind tunnel facility at -23 °C and air flow rate of 10 m³ h−1 using a single volume of 145 ml fed with distilled, mineral, and filtered tap water. The end of the solidification process was identified by monitoring the cooling curves with the aid of seven thermocouples placed within the ice cube. In the numerical front, the ice cube was modeled as a pyramid trunk and Stefan's formulation was applied to each of the domain boundaries so that the ice thickness could be calculated over time. Deviations within a ±10% error band were observed for all cases. A good agreement between the model predictions for the time evolution of the ice cube temperature and the experimental counterparts was also verified. In addition, literature data for the position of the solidification front and the remaining liquid fraction were fairly predicted by the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study concerns to model the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient (HTC) in smooth helically coiled tubes. A dataset including 1035 samples was collected from 13 independent studies, enveloping a broad range of geometrical and operating conditions. The predictive capability of the earlier models was assessed for straight and coiled tubes by the analyzed database that they were not precise enough. Accordingly, a new empirical model based on the least square fitting method (LSFM) was constructed using seven input effective dimensionless factors. It was found that LSFM was not able to describe the complex and nonlinear nature of HTC in smooth helically coiled tubes. Furthermore, the intelligent method of genetic programming (GP) was utilized to obtain more accurate explicit correlation for HTC, which produced an acceptable average absolute relative error (AARE) of 17.35%. Finally, the machine learning approaches of multilayer perceptron (MLP), Gaussian process regression (GPR), radial basis function (RBF) was also implemented to model HTC in smooth coiled tubes. Although all intelligent based models provided excellent results, the GPR model outperformed the others with an average absolute relative error (AARE) of 5.93% for the tested dataset. In addition to the proposed models' performance, the most influential factors in controlling the boiling HTC in coiled tubes were also detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A method of inherent capacity modulation for a linear compressor is proposed. • Experimental validation has been conducted. • The modulation characteristics of a linear compressor using R134a were numerically studied. • The inherent capacity modulation can make the linear compressor meet the cooling load. Conventional refrigeration compressors sized for peak cooling load actually operate at partial load mostly which could cause excessive on-off cycling loss. Linear compressor could overcome this challenge by varying the compressor stroke in response to transient cooling load. The present work establishes a numerical model for the capacity modulation of linear compressor using R134a through changing the input voltage to meet the cooling load. The numerical model contains a linear compressor model (including three sub-models describing the in-cylinder thermodynamic process, the piston mechanical dynamic process and the electrical part behaviour, respectively) and an input voltage modulation loop. Experimental data are collected for the validation of the numerical model. The results show that the capacity modulation, aiming to meet the cooling load within the error of 5%, can be achieved through varying the input voltage while fixing temperatures of heat exchangers. An increased voltage brings increased compressor stroke and mass flow rate in a linear trend with the heat exchanger temperature unchanged. Lower input voltage leads to higher motor efficiency due to lower copper loss. At a fixed condenser temperature and cooling load, the inherent capacity modulation can save energy with evaporator temperature increasing as the power consumption decreases. At condenser temperature of 50 °C, 40 °C and 30 °C, the CoP only changes by 1.5%, 0.9% and 2.7% when the cooling load changes from 100 W to 200 W. The inherent capacity modulation will allow the linear compressor to maintain a high annual efficiency for refrigeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Matériaux et Techniques is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Le présent article questionne l'accompagnement des étudiants dans l'enseignement supérieur, en temps de crise. Il aborde le concept dans une complémentarité de la visée praxéologique liée à l'expérience et celle heuristique relative au savoir scientifique, selon une approche paradigmatique. Par la suite, l'apport issu de l'action et de la théorie sur l'accompagnement est mobilisé dans des pratiques sociales de terrain basées sur les démarches participatives au sein d'un contexte libanais frappé par une série de crises aigües. Au final, l'alliance du savoir et de l'expertise aboutit à une modélisation de l'écoaccompagnement qui s'inscrit dans un paradigme chronosystémique, construit autour de cinq logiques interdépendantes : l'épistémologique, la pragmatique, l'axiologique, l'institutionnelle et la stratégique, favorisant l'émancipation de la personne et de la collectivité, entraînant celle de l'institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to study petiole palm tree wastes (PTW) efficiency in removing two basic dyes: Rhodamine B (RB) and Victoria blue B (VBB) from aqueous solutions in single and binary systems under various experimental conditions including the effect of contact time, pH, initial concentration, and temperature. The PTW characterization shows that the PTW is a lingo-cellulosic material. The experimental results indicate that the removal of both dyes was relatively fast, spontaneous, exothermic and occurred on monolayers. Moreover, the adsorption competition between these two dyes on the adsorbent particles surface was important since the Langmuir's adsorption capacities were evaluated to 260.1; 440.1; 168.0; and 417.4 mg/g for RB and VBB in single and binary systems, respectively. These adsorption capacities, even in binary systems, are interesting compared to other raw materials and prove that this abundant agricultural waste can be considered as a promising material for an efficient dyes removal from aqueous effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]