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[eng] Circular migrations have played an important role in multiple migratory episodes in the past and present. They have also increasingly been a source of interest for political institutions. Based on the Triple Win theory, governments and other public and private institutions perceive these migrations as a way to alleviate labour shortages, brain drain and fight against illegal migration. However, the differential impact of these migrations in source and host societies is a factor sometimes neglected by the literature, despite being potentially important for our understanding of a variety of key social and economic indicators. This thesis analyses circular migrations in Spain during the rural exodus, 1955-1973. To do so it focuses on a key scenario of internal migration during this period, intimately related to this typology of migratory flows: the formation of the tourism labour market in Spain, with particular attention to the main tourist region, the Balearic Islands. The Spanish tourism boom is characterised by an intense process of structural change with crucial socio-economic ramifications in the short and long term, shaping the economic specialisation of the Spanish economy and some of the characteristics of its labour market. The process of labour market formation in this sector was based on intense migrant assimilation shaped by circular migratory flows, which in the mid-XX was a notable and distinctive component of international and internal population mobility in comparison with other European countries. Thus, the study of this historical episode addresses the relationship between the persistence of circular internal migrations in Spain and the development of the tourism industry, labour market inequality, migrants’ location choices and their levels of social mobility during the period. The study of circular migrations and tourism employment both in the past and present involves significant methodological obstacles, given the scarcity of sources and methods appropriate for the distinctive features of this phenomenon. To overcome them, one contribution of this thesis is an array of novel micro and macro quantitative and qualitative sources from archival work in combination with methodological and conceptual innovations akin to recent studies such as that of Dustmann and Görlach (2016). The present study integrates both empirical quantitative and qualitative approaches to respond to two sets of guiding questions. Firstly, the process of labour market formation is studied to explore the role and impact of circular migration on the model of industrial relations and levels of labour market inequality in the host regions. Secondly, from this analysis, three main questions arise that are answered in the following chapters: Did circular migration play a significant role in fostering firm expansion? Why did some households from southern Spain decide to migrate to tourist regions and persist in migrating circularly over several years? Did the temporariness of the migration significantly explain the differential levels of social mobility? A key result of this work is that the development of tourism in this period implied the formation of a new labour market, where both intra and interregional circular migration became crucial for the level of growth recorded. The short-term impact of this migration was in accordance with most of the assumptions of the Triple Win Model: circular migrants helped the expansion of firms which benefited the social mobility of locals and long-term migrants in the hospitality and tourism-related economy, and circular migrants found in the tourism regions abundant seasonal jobs with lower comparative human capital requirements than other destinations and better wages than in their place of origin. However, this pattern of tourism development also meant a higher level of labour inequality and significant constraints for future economic and socio-ecological adaptation. The temporariness was an important factor to understand these results. The author’s interpretation concludes that most circular migratory movements were the result of voluntary and non-voluntary returns. While voluntary returns were shaped by the differential capacity of capital accumulation and investment in the areas of origin and destination, most persisted in circular migration because of housing shortages, lack of migratory networks, seasonal labour demand and an inadequate labour regulatory framework. In this context, the empirical results suggest that circular migrants had lower incentives and capacity to acquire host-specific human and social capital, key drivers of occupational upgrading. As the years of circular migration increased the income differential between these migrants and natives and similar but permanent migrants grew higher. As a result, the tourism development under this model of development and institutional framework produced social and economic inequality in the host societies and difficulties in achieving social cohesion in the mid-term. These results highlight the crucial role of public policies that pay attention to the differential nature of circular migrations, particularly regarding housing and employment policies.

[Resumen] El presente trabajo busca analizar el papel que los activos derivados de la participación de la población migrante de origen brasileño en redes sociales desempeñan a la hora de definir sus estrategias de movilidad social. Para ello, esta investigación aborda el efecto que la composición y naturaleza de las redes transnacionales −en las que las familias transnacionales participan a lo largo de un proceso migratorio que tiene España como principal destino− ejerce sobre su posición en la jerarquía social. A partir de una metodología de naturaleza cualitativa basada en la aplicación de una etnografía multisituada en Galicia y Cataluña como contextos receptores, se realizó trabajo de campo con diferentes hogares transnacionales originarios de Brasil, entrevistando a distintos miembros del grupo doméstico a lo largo de los años 2011-2018. Los principales resultados muestran la importancia de las redes transnacionales como parte de los proyectos de movilidad espacial y movilidad social de la población migrante. [Resumo] O presente artigo busca analisar o papel que os ativos derivados da participação da população migrante de origem brasileira nas redes sociais desempenham na definição de suas estratégias de mobilidade social. Para isso, esta investigação aborda o efeito de que a composição e a natureza das redes transnacionais - em que as famílias transnacionais participam ao longo de um processo de migração que tem a Espanha como principal destino - exerce sobre a sua posição na hierarquia social. Com base em uma metodologia de natureza qualitativa baseada na aplicação de uma etnografia multi-localizada na Galícia e na Catalunha como contextos receptores, foram realizados trabalhos de campo com diferentes domicílios transnacionais originários do Brasil, entrevistando diferentes membros do grupo doméstico durante os anos de 2011 a 2018. Os principais resultados mostram a importância das redes transnacionais no âmbito dos projetos de mobilidade espacial e de mobilidade social da população migrante. [Abstract] This article seeks to analyze the role that the assets derived from the participation of the migrant population of Brazilian origin in social networks play in the definition of their social mobility strategies. To this end, this investigation addresses the effect of the composition and nature of transnational networks – in which transnational families participate in a migration process that has Spain as the main destination – on their position in the social hierarchy. Based on a qualitative methodology built through the application of a multi-localized ethnography with Galicia and Catalonia as recipient contexts, fieldwork was carried out with several transnational households originating in Brazil, interviewing different members of the domestic group from 2011 to 2018. The main results show the importance of transnational networks within the scope of spatial and social mobility projects for the migrant population. [Résumé] Cet article cherche à analyser le rôle que jouent les atouts dérivés de la participation de la population migrante d’origine brésilienne dans les réseaux sociaux dans la définition de leurs stratégies de mobilité sociale. Pour ce faire, cette recherche examine l’effet que la composition et la nature des réseaux transnationaux – auxquels les familles transnationales participent tout au long d’un processus migratoire dont l’Espagne est la principale destination – a sur leur position dans la hiérarchie sociale. Sur la base d’une méthodologie qualitative basée sur l’application d’une ethnographie multisituée en Galice et en Catalogne en tant que contextes destinataires, un travail de terrain a été réalisé avec différents ménages transnationaux originaires du Brésil, en interrogeant différents membres du groupe domestique au cours des années 2011-2018. Les principaux résultats montrent l’importance des réseaux transnationaux dans le cadre des projets de mobilité spatiale et de mobilité sociale de la population migrante.

Treballs Finals del Màster d'Economia, Facultat d'Economia i Empresa, Universitat de Barcelona. Curs: 2021-2022, Tutor: Javier Vázquez-Grenno, This thesis takes an insight look at the situation of inter-generational mobility and parental background effects in Spain. Taking advantage of a new data base, we are able to deepen the previous analysis considering individual characteristics affected by parents like, education, type of school attended, human capital promotion by parents, occupation and social network effects on their education attainment, occupational outcome and earnings of individuals and the household level. These results are consistent with literatura proving the existence of imperfect labor markets and a slight unequal educational quality.

The study explores the expectations and cooperative behaviours of men and women in a lab-in-the-field experiment by means of citizen science practices in the public space. It specifically examines the influence of gender-based pairings on the decisions to cooperate or defect in a framed and discrete Prisoner’s Dilemma game after visual contact. Overall, we found that when gender is considered behavioural differences emerge in expectations of cooperation, cooperative behaviours, and their decision time depending on whom the partner is. Men pairs are the ones with the lowest expectations and cooperation rates. After visual contact women infer men’s behaviour with the highest accuracy. Also, women take significantly more time to defect than to cooperate, compared to men. Finally, when the interacting partners have the opposite gender they expect significantly more cooperation and they achieve the best collective outcome. Together, the findings suggest that non verbal signals may influence men and women differently, offering novel interpretations to the context-dependence of gender differences in social decision tasks.

The COVID-19 pandemic is changing the world in unprecedented and unpredictable ways. Human mobility, being the greatest facilitator for the spread of the virus, is at the epicenter of this change. In order to study mobility under COVID-19, to evaluate the efficiency of mobility restriction policies, and to facilitate a better response to future crisis, we need to understand all possible mobility data sources at our disposal. Our work studies private mobility sources, gathered from mobile-phones and released by large technological companies. These data are of special interest because, unlike most public sources, it is focused on individuals rather than on transportation means. Furthermore, the sample of society they cover is large and representative. On the other hand, these data are not directly accessible for anonymity reasons. Thus, properly interpreting its patterns demands caution. Aware of that, we explore the behavior and inter-relations of private sources of mobility data in the context of Spain. This country represents a good experimental setting due to both its large and fast pandemic peak and its implementation of a sustained, generalized lockdown. Our work illustrates how a direct and naive comparison between sources can be misleading, as certain days (e.g., Sundays) exhibit a directly adverse behavior. After understanding their particularities, we find them to be partially correlated and, what is more important, complementary under a proper interpretation. Finally, we confirm that mobile-data can be used to evaluate the efficiency of implemented policies, detect changes in mobility trends, and provide insights into what new normality means in Spain. Part of this research has received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 Programme under the SoBigData++ Project, grant agreement num. 871,042. Martí Català received funding from La Caixa Foundation (ID 100010434), under agreement LCF/PR/GN17/50300003; Martí Català received funding from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades and FEDER, with the project PGC2018-095456-B-I00.E. A-L EAL thanks support from the Spanish Ministry of Science Innovation and Universities, (SAF2017-88019-C3-3R).

We analyse the impact of unequal school opportunity on intergenerational income mobility and human capital accumulation. Building upon the classical Becker–Tomes–Solon framework, we use a regime-switch model allowing for differences in income transmission across groups. We find that unequal school opportunity raises average human capital because of assortative matching. However, because income dispersion tends to be higher at the top, in most cases unequal school opportunity decreases intergenerational mobility. Calibrating the model to the USA, simulations suggest that school equalisation and desegregation policies have positive effects on mobility at relatively small efficiency costs.

12 páginas, 1 tabla, 3 figuras, Human mobility is becoming an accessible field of study, thanks to the progress and availability of tracking technologies as a common feature of smart phones. We describe an example of a scalable experiment exploiting these circumstances at a public, outdoor fair in Barcelona (Spain). Participants were tracked while wandering through an open space with activity stands attracting their attention. We develop a general modelling framework based on Langevin dynamics, which allows us to test the influence of two distinct types of ingredients on mobility: reactive or context-dependent factors, modelled by means of a force field generated by attraction points in a given spatial configuration and active or inherent factors, modelled from intrinsic movement patterns of the subjects. The additive and constructive framework model accounts for some observed features. Starting with the simplest model (purely random walkers) as a reference, we progressively introduce different ingredients such as persistence, memory and perceptual landscape, aiming to untangle active and reactive contributions and quantify their respective relevance. The proposed approach may help in anticipating the spatial distribution of citizens in alternative scenarios and in improving the design of public events based on a facts-based approach., The research leading to these results has received funding by Barcelona City Council (Spain), RecerCaixa (Spain) through grant Citizen Science: Research and Education (F.B., J.R.P., A.O., M.G.R. and J.P.), by Strep-EU LASAGNE Project under contract no. 318132 (A.D.G. and O.S.), by MINECO (Spain) through grant nos. FIS2013-47532-C3-2-P (J.P. and M.G.R.) and FIS2012-38266-C2-2 (A.D.G. and O.S.), by Generalitat de Catalunya (Spain) through grant no. 2014- SGR-608 (M.G.R., O.S., J.P. and O.S.) and 2012-ACDC-00066 (M.G.R., O.S., J.P. and O.S.), and by Fundación Espaola para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (FECYT, Spain) through the Barcelona Citizen Science Office project of the Barcelona Lab programme (J.P.). O.S. also acknowledges financial support from Generalitat de Catalunya (FI-programme) and the Spanish MINECO (FPU-programme).

El propòsit d’aquesta investigació és documentar i analitzar la trajectòria d’ascensió social protagonitzada durant els segles XVII i XVIII per la família Escrivà, originària de la Font d’en Carròs. La recerca es basa en diverses i nombroses fonts arxivístiques i s’ubica en el marc historiogràfic actual dels estudis sobre mobilitat i canvi social, família i elits de poder. El seguiment biològic i patrimonial de diverses generacions de la família Escrivà, i dels seus parents, els Faus d’Ador, ens permet analitzar, d'una banda, els mecanismes que marquen l’itinerari de promoció social seguit pels llauradors rics i, d’altra banda, les estratègies econòmiques però també de planificació matrimonial així com jurídiques per assegurar que l’estirp conservara el patrimoni assolit i es poguera mantenir en l’estat i qualitat de nobles. A més de tractar altres temes com ara l’explotació i gestió dels senyorius, els moviments de resistència antifeudal, el patronatge religiós exercit o la vida quotidiana. Ens sembla bastant significatiu, com a un cas evident de mobilitat social, que els Escrivà aconseguiran esdevenir cavallers sense tenir ascendència noble ni cap passat gloriós o full de serveis. Així doncs, Joan Escrivà (1583-1662), en el moment de casar-se l’any 1609, era una llaurador que marxava a Beniarjó, on els moriscos expulsats havien deixat buides cases i terres, a buscar fortuna. Al cap d’unes dècades, Joan passarà a exercir de mercader, això és, procurarà negocis de volum important tant en el sector creditici com en la compra de propietat rústica i d’alguns establiments artesanals com ara molins o escrivanies notarials. Però, sens dubte, serà el fill, don Francesc (ca.1610-1677), el que marcarà un salt qualitatiu en les expectatives familiars una vegada assolida la condició de noble. La seua etapa vital ens documenta aspectes important com ara la compra de senyorius (Favara i Benirredrà), l’obtenció de privilegis i honors o la fundació de dos vincles per tal d’immobilitzar el patrimoni. El canvi de segle ve marcat per l’etapa vital de dos senyors, don Vicent Escrivà i Ferrando (1653-1701) i don Vicent Escrivà i Castelló (1684-1746), un període de temps en què la família haurà de fer front a nombrosos conflictes derivats de la resistència antisenyorial dels seus vassalls a Benifallim però també a Favara a més d’enfrontar-se judicialment amb la vila de Gandia, parents i altres nobles. Això de banda, ambdós senyors començaran a adaptar la seua hisenda nobiliària als nous temps, això és, abandonant progressivament el negoci del deute públic (els censals) per substituir-lo per la compra de propietat rústica o la compra del domini útil de terra dels seus senyorius. Per la seua banda, don Miquel Escrivà i Faus (1716-1789) traslladarà la residència de la família de Benirredrà a València el que suposarà una major despesa sumptuària en la compra i ampliació d’una casa palau però també desplegarà un important programa de protecció religiosa al seu senyoriu de Favara. El seu fill, don Llorenç, que ja de ben jove ingressarà en la Reial Maestrança, es convertirà en una de les majors fortunes del regne a finals del segle XVIIII gràcies a l’acumulació i herència de diferents vincles provinents de les famílies Faus, Martínez de la Raga, Bou de Penya-roja i Sisternes d’Oblites. Don Llorenç aconseguirà l’any 1800 el títol de comte de Ròtova a partir de diferents serveis prestats a la nació sobretot en el marc de la Guerra de França. En definitiva, la trajectòria històrica dels Escrivà ens ha permés il·luminar aspectes claus del canvi i la mobilitat social, podent estudiar al detall les diferents estratègies, processos i adaptacions duts a terme per les diferentes generacions per tal de perpetuar-se en la seua posició de privilegi i poder. The purpose of this research is to document and analyse the trajectory of social ascension that stars during the 17th and 18th centuries by the Escrivà family, originally from the la Font d'en Carròs. Research is based on several and numerous archivist sources and is located in the current historiographical framework of studies on mobility and social change, family and elites of power. The biological and patrimony of several generations of the Escrivà's family, and of their relatives, the Faus d.Ador, allows us to analyse, on the one hand, the mechanisms that mark the itinerary of social promotion followed by rich farmers, and, on the other, the economic strategies but also matrimonial planning as well as legal strategies to ensure that lestestirp would preserve the heritage achieved and be able to maintain the status and quality of nobles. In addition to dealing with other subjects such as the exploitation and management of the lordships, anti-feudal resistance movements, exercised religious patronage or everyday life. We consider it quite significant, as an obvious case of social mobility, that the Escrivà will succeed in becoming knights without any noble ancestry or a glorious past or service sheet. Thus, Joan Escrivà (1583–1662), at the time of his marriage in 1609, was a farmer who arrived to Beniarjó, where the expelled Moriscos had left empty houses and lands to seek fortune. After a few decades, Joan will become a merchant, that is, will provide significant business in the credit sector as well as in the purchase of rustic property and in some craft establishments such as mills or notary scribes. But, no doubt, he will be the son, Don Francesc (ca.1610-1677), which will mark a qualitative leap in family expectations once the status of a nobleman has been achieved. His life period documents important aspects such as the purchase of lordships (Favara and Benirredra), the obtaining of privileges and honours, or the foundation of two bonds in order to deimmobilize heritage. The turn of the century is marked by the vital stage of two lords, Don Vicente Escrivá i Ferrando (1653–1701) and Don Vicente Escrivá i Castelló (1684–1746), a period in which the family will have to deal with numerous conflicts arising from the anti-lordial resistance of its vassals at Benifallim but also at Favara in addition to having to face the village of Gandia, relatives and other nobles. The two lords, on the other hand, will begin to adapt their property to the new times, that is, by progressively abandoning the public debt business (censals) to replace it with the purchase of rustic property or the purchase of the useful land domain of their lordships. For his part, Don Miquel Escrivá i Faus (1716–1789) moved the residence of the Benirreda family to Valencia, which would involve a greater sumptuary expense in the purchase and extension of a palace house, but would also deploy a major religious protection program to his lordship of Favara. His son, Don Llorenç, who at a young age entered the Royal Maestrance, became one of the greatest fortunes of the kingdom in the late 18th century thanks to the accumulation and inheritance of different ties from the families Faus, Mart.nez de la Raga, Bou de Penya-roja and Sisternes d.Oblites. In 1800 Don Llorenç obtained the title of Count of Rotova from various services to the nation, especially in the context of the French War. In short, the historical record of the Escrivà has allowed us to shed light on key aspects of change and social mobility, and to study in detail the different strategies, processes and adaptations carried out by the different generations in order to perpetuate their position of privilege and power.

Este texto, derivado de una ponencia en una conferencia, es un informe preliminar de un proyecto a larga escala para trazar las transformaciones en las estructuras de las redes de la élite florentina a lo largo de dos siglos. En este artículo me limito únicamente a la descripción de tendencias anteriores, desconocidas en modelos amplios, de los matrimonios cruzados florentinos. Los lectores informados verán inmediatamente que dichas tendencias tienen implicaciones importantes para los debates en la historiografía florentina (que desarrollaré más adelante). En último término, estoy interesado en las implicaciones políticas de las tendencias aquí descritas. Pero por ahora no entro en una interpretación, explicación o argumentación. Trataré únicamente de mostrar hechos nuevos., This conference paper is an interim report from a large-scale project to trace transformations in Florentine elite network structures over two centuries. In this paper, I confine myself solely to a description of previously unknown trends in broad patterns of Florentine inter-marriage. Knowledgeable readers will immediately see that these trends have important implications for debates in Florentine historiography (which I will develop in the future). Ultimately, I am primarily interested in the political implications of the trends I herein describe. But for now I do not engage in interpretation, explanation, or argumentation. I intend simply to lay out some new facts.

El siguiente texto, salido de una ponencia de conferencia y escrito en 1994 es el primer borrador de un artículo publicado en el 2010 en Renaissance Quarterly y llamado “Open Elite? Social Mobility, Marriage, and Family in Florence, 1282-1494. ” Esta introducción debate las justificaciones metodológicas para publicar un primer borrador, escrito seis años antes del artículo final más sofisticado. Al descubrir algunos de los pasos del proceso de investigación permite examinar la relación entre los dos estilos de “interpretación” en la historia y el “test de hipótesis” en ciencias sociales., The following conference paper, written in 1994, is the first draft of an article eventually published in 2010 in Renaissance Quarterly, entitled “Open Elite? Social Mobility, Marriage, and Family in Florence, 1282-1494. ” This introduction discusses the methodological justifications for publishing a first draft, written sixteen years before the final, more sophisticated article. By unveiling some steps of the actual process of research, it allows a discussion of the relationships between the two styles of “interpretation” in history and “testing hypotheses” in social science.

La migración gallega constituyó el grupo etnicorregional más numeroso de la inmigración de ultramar a Argentina, hasta tal punto que Buenos Aires fue considerada «capital de la quinta provincia gallega». Si bien existe una amplia producción científica sobre esta migración, la movilidad social de este grupo etnicorregional ha sido menos abordada. El objetivo del artículo es analizar pautas y estrategias de movilidad social (intra e intergeneracionales) desplegadas por familias migrantes gallegas de origen de clase popular, pertenecientes a la última corriente migratoria que arribó a Argentina entre 1940 y 1960, e identificar las oportunidades y los obstáculos que encontraron las familias en sus trayectorias de clase. Para abordar este objetivo, se utiliza una perspectiva teórica que propone articular las estrategias de movilidad espacial y movilidad social analizando, con un enfoque de género e intergeneracional, la posición de clase de varios miembros de la familia. Dicho enfoque pone de relieve la importancia de considerar múltiples factores, más allá de la educación y la ocupación, en el análisis de las trayectorias de clase. El diseño metodológico combina el análisis estadístico de encuestas sobre movilidad social intergeneracional y 34 entrevistas biográficas llevadas a cabo en Buenos Aires con miembros de familias migrantes. El estudio da cuenta de cómo un entramado complejo de estrategias articuladas, influidas por un proyecto migratorio de asentamiento, contribuye a comprender mejor las trayectorias de clase de las familias de origen gallego en Buenos Aires: procesos de movilidad social ascendente de larga y corta distancia escalonados, basados en el encadenamiento de esfuerzos y acumulación de recursos entre generaciones., Galician migration constituted the largest ethnic-regional group of overseas immigrants to Argentina to such an extent that Buenos Aires was popularly known as Galicia’s ‘fifth province’. Despite the considerable scientific production addressing this migratory issue, only scant attention has been given to the social mobility of this ethnic-regional group. The aim of this article is to analyse the intra- and intergenerational social mobility patterns and strategies deployed by Galician migrant families of working class origin which comprised the last migratory flow that arrived in Argentina between 1940 and 1960 and to identify the opportunities and obstacles families encountered in their class trajectories. The research is based on a theoretical perspective which considers the articulation between spatial and social mobility strategies through a gender and intergenerational-based approach to the analysis of the class status of several family members. This approach highlights the need to consider multiple factors beyond education and occupation when analysing social mobility strategies. A mixed methodology combining both quantitative and qualitative techniques was used and a statistical analysis was performed of intergenerational social mobility surveys and 34 life story interviews conducted with members of migrant families in Buenos Aires. The study reveals how a complex network of articulated strategies, influenced by a migratory project based on the desire to settle, provides clearer insight into the class trajectories of families of Galician origin in Buenos Aires, which involved staggered, short-term and long-term upward social mobility processes based on sustained inter-generational effort and resource accumulation., La migració gallega va constituir el grup etnicoregional més nombrós de la immigració d’ultramar a l’Argentina, fins al punt que Buenos Aires va ser considerada «capital de la cinquena província gallega». Si bé existeix una àmplia producció científica sobre aquesta migració, la mobilitat social d’aquest grup etnicoregional ha estat menys abordada. L’objectiu de l’article és analitzar pautes i estratègies de mobilitat social (intra i intergeneracionals) desplegades per famílies migrants gallegues d’origen de classe popular, pertanyents a l’últim corrent migratori que va arribar a l’Argentina entre 1940 i 1960, i identificar les oportunitats i els obstacles que van trobar les famílies en les seves trajectòries de classe. Per abordar aquest objectiu, s’utilitza una perspectiva teòrica que proposa articular les estratègies de mobilitat espacial y mobilitat social analitzant, amb un enfocament de gènere i intergeneracional, la posició de classe de diversos membres de la família. Aquest enfocament posa en relleu la importància de considerar múltiples factors, més enllà de l’educació i l’ocupació, en l’anàlisi de les trajectòries de classe. El disseny metodològic combina l’anàlisi estadística d’enquestes sobre mobilitat social intergeneracional i 34 entrevistes biogràfiques dutes a terme a Buenos Aires amb membres de famílies migrants. L’estudi explica com un entramat complex d’estratègies articulades, influïdes per un projecte migratori d’assentament, contribueix a comprendre millor les trajectòries de classe de les famílies d’origen gallec a Buenos Aires: processos de mobilitat social ascendent de llarga i curta distància esglaonats, basats en l’encadenament d’esforços i l’acumulació de recursos entre generacions.

La mobilitat social és un fenomen que es dona en totes les societats de forma més o menys intensa, tot mostrant processos de canvi i transformació. Aquest treball consisteix en una anàlisi comparada de la mobilitat social intergeneracional que es dona en 21 països europeus. L'objectiu principal és descriure la seva mobilitat social de manera comparativa, específicament pel que fa a l'evolució de la mobilitat en diferents generacions, les diferències de gènere i les diferències segons el grau de desigualtat econòmica. La movilidad social es un fenómeno que se da en todas las sociedades de forma más o menos intensa, mostrando procesos de cambio y transformación. Este trabajo consiste en un análisis comparado de la movilidad social intergeneracional que se da en 21 países europeos. El objetivo principal es describir su movilidad social de forma comparativa, específicamente en cuanto a la evolución de la movilidad en diferentes generaciones, las diferencias de género y las diferencias según el grado de desigualdad económica. Social mobility is a phenomenon that occurs in all societies more or less intensely, showing processes of change and transformation. This paper consists of a comparative analysis of intergenerational social mobility in 21 European countries. The main purpose is to describe their social mobility in a comparative way, specifically with regard to the evolution of mobility in different generations, gender differences and differences according to the degree of economic inequality.

El treball presentat a continuació considera l’impacte de la Covid-19 en el marc del sector turístic en relacionar els factors essencials que ambdós conceptes comparteixen com són la globalització, la seguretat, en aquest cas sanitària; i la mobilitat. Amb l’objectiu d’analitzar l’impacte del coronavirus en l’oferta i la demanda turística, s’analitzen quantitativament una sèrie de divuit variables vinculades directament amb el turisme en les sis comunitats autonòmiques més turístiques d’Espanya, sent aquestes Catalunya, la Comunitat Valenciana, la Comunitat de Madrid, Andalusia, les Illes Balears, i les Illes Canàries. Els resultats obtinguts confirmen que el coronavirus ha suposat un fort impacte en el sector turístic d’Espanya en el període de l’any 2020, però alhora també mostra com la commoció no ha estat la mateixa en els diferents escenaris analitzats.

We build a model that, according to the empirical evidence, gives rise to oscillations in wealth within a dynasty while keeping intergenerational persistence in education attainment. We propose a mechanism based on the interaction between wealth and effort as suggested by the Carnegie conjecture, according to which wealthier individuals devote less effort in their job occupations than poorer. Oscillations in wealth arise from changes in the occupation chosen by different generations of the same dynasty as a response to both inherited wealth and college premium. Our mechanism generates a rich social stratification with several classes in the long run due to the combination of different levels of education and occupation types. Furthermore, we generate a large mobility in wealth among classes even in the long run. Our model highlights the role played by the minimum cost on education investment, the borrowing constraints, and the complementarity between education and occupational effort.

While many studies have identified an association between social class and economic preferences, we know little about the implications of changes in class location for these preferences. This article assesses how social class and intra-generational class mobility affect economic preferences drawing on longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey. In doing so, the article adopts a post-industrial perspective that considers horizontal and vertical class divisions. Even when time-invariant characteristics of individuals are kept constant (through fixed-effects estimation), it is found that both vertical and horizontal class location explain economic preferences. Thus, these estimations suggest that social class moulds preferences, even when accounting for factors that can lead to selection into classes. Moreover, people who change classes hold different economic preferences than their peers in the class of origin, but do not completely assimilate into their class of destination. This implies that growing intra-generational class mobility could undermine the class basis of political conflict.

Davant les condicions d’exclusió i desigualtat presents en el context colombià, les classes mitjanes i baixes en recerca d’estatus silencien les seves demandes socials i actuen de conformitat amb el sistema capitalista, oferint el seu sacrifici personal i social i enorgullint-se dels signes d’èxit i prestigi que els proveeix el mercat. La recerca recull aquesta dinàmica entre capitalisme, estatus i mercat, l’objectiu de la qual és comprendre les relacions entre consum conspicu i emocions socials en els processos de mobilitat social de classes mitjanes i baixes a Bogotà, Colòmbia. Per tal raó, identifica els processos de mobilitat ascendent i descendent, les estratègies de l’enclassament, i els béns i consums conspicus ; i analitza la relació entre emocions socials i aquests processos. Desenvolupa una metodologia mixta a través de mètodes i tècniques qualitatives com història de vida, entrevistes a profunditat, observació, i quantitatives com el qüestionari i l’enquesta. Amb l’aportació i l’encreuament de les dades qualitatives i quantitatives s’aconsegueixen comprendre maneres, significats i ocurrències de les pràctiques conspícues en processos de mobilitat i enclassament i proposar un model d’explicació sobre les relacions entre les estratègies estatutàries socials i les condicions estructurals de desigualtat. Ante las condiciones de exclusión y desigualdad presentes en el contexto colombiano, las clases medias y bajas en búsqueda de estatus acallan sus demandas sociales y actúan de conformidad con el sistema capitalista, ofrendando su sacrificio personal y social y enorgulleciéndose de los signos de éxito y prestigio que les provee el mercado. Esta dinámica de relación entre el capitalismo, el estatus y el mercado es recogida en la presente investigación cuyo propósito es comprender las relaciones entre el consumo conspicuo y las emociones sociales en procesos de movilidad social de clases medias y bajas en Bogotá, Colombia. Por tal razón, identifica los procesos de movilidad ascendente y descendente, las estrategias del enclasamiento, los bienes y consumos conspicuos y relaciona las emociones sociales en estos procesos. Desarrolla una metodología mixta a través de métodos y técnicas cualitativas como historia de vida, entrevistas a profundidad, observación, y cuantitativas como el cuestionario encuestal. Con el aporte y el cruce de los datos cualitativos y cuantitativos del estudio se logran comprender maneras, significados y ocurrencias de las prácticas conspicuas en procesos de movilidad y enclasamiento desde los agentes de clase y proponer un modelo de explicación sobre las relaciones entre las estrategias estatutarias sociales y las condiciones estructurales de desigualdad. Faced with the conditions of exclusion and inequality present in the Colombian context, the middle and lower classes in search of status silence their social demands and act in accordance with the capitalist system, offering their personal and social sacrifice and taking pride in the signs of success and prestige provided by the market. The research shows the dynamics between capitalism, status and the market, being the goal the understanding of the relationships between conspicuous consumption and social emotions in processes of social mobility of the middle and lower classes in Bogotá, Colombia. For this purpose, the research identifies the processes of upward and downward mobility, the classification strategies and the associated conspicuous goods and consumption, linking all these processes with a set of social emotions. The research develops a mixed methodology through qualitative methods and techniques such as life history, in-depth interviews, observation, and quantitative methods such as the survey. Qualitative and quantitative data of the study aims to understand the meanings and occurrences of conspicuous practices in processes of mobility and the class strategies adopted. Finally, the thesis provides an explanatory model to analyse the relationship between social statutory strategies and structural conditions of inequality. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Antropologia Social i Cultural

[eng] In countries in the developed world, income inequality is increasing, while technological and societal changes open labour market opportunities for women. At the same time they are undergoing an important demographical transition with decreasing fertility and increasing population ageing. All these trends affect the decisions that different generations make over the life-cycle. In this thesis, I investigate the role that these trends play for education, fertility, and pensions. In the second chapter of this thesis, I investigate how income inequality is affecting education attainment. An important difference between countries with low and high levels of social mobility is the extent of upward mobility of children from low income families. This is mainly explained by the probability of high school dropout. I develop a model with three levels of education in which children facing a credit constraint choose which level of education to attain. I find in an empirical exercise that in the U. S. the opportunity cost of education is more important in explaining the high school dropout rate of men than the return on education. The model and the empirical results imply that a policy that reduces the opportunity cost of education and is paid by higher taxation on graduates, reducing the return on education, could decrease dropout rates. In the third chapter, I analyse the decline in fertility in Germany. Decomposing the decline in completed fertility in Germany of the cohorts of women born between 1930 and 1965, I observe two distinct stages: In the first stage the decline in fertility is due to a decrease in intensive fertility (number of children per women with at least one child), whereas in the second stage the decline is due to a decrease in extensive fertility (increase in childlessness). Based on an event study approach, I argue that there are high opportunity cost of having children for women in terms of working time independent of their education level. Based on these findings, I develop an overlapping generations model with childlessness and quantity/quality trade-off driven by the time cost of children. In a calibration exercise, this model is able to generate the decline in intensive fertility as well as the increase in childlessness that I observe in the data with an decrease in the gender wage gap. The forth chapter of my thesis is a joint work with Gianko Michailidis on the effect of population ageing and income inequality on public education and pensions. We developed an overlapping generations model with public and private education, a pay-as-you-go pension system, endogenous fertility, and probabilistic voting on pensions and education spending. In this model, an increase in income inequality increases public education and pensions spending per enrolled student and retiree, respectively, and decreases the participation in public education and fertility. An increase in the share of retirees in the economy decreases the per student spending on public education and pensions, while decreasing the participation in public education and the fertility rate. Empirical evidences from OECD countries confirm our theoretical predictions regarding education spending.

Esta tesis es una compilación de cuatro publicaciones en las que se abarca con una perspectiva a largo plazo los mecanismos familiares de reproducción social y las tendencias generales de desigualdad socioeconómica en el área de Barcelona entre los siglos XV y XX. Los mecanismos familiares de reproducción social se entienden como los elementos económicos, institucionales, legales, políticos y/o culturales que las familias utilizan para mantener, mejorar y/o transmitir el status social heredado y/o adquirido. Estos se canalizan a través de la influencia familiar de dos medios principales, la transmisión o movilidad social intergeneracional (de ascendientes a descendientes) y la movilidad social intrageneracional (de un individuo a lo largo de su ciclo vital). En este sentido, la reproducción social está interrelacionada con los niveles de desigualdad socioeconómica existentes en diferentes contextos históricos. Se han utilizado datos de la Barcelona Historical Marriage Database (1481-1880) así como la Sant Feliu de Llobregat Longituinal Demographic Database (1828-1940), todo ello en el seno de dos proyectos de investigación, el ‘Five Centuries of Marriages’ y ‘Tecnología e innovación ciudadana en la construcción de redes sociales históricas para la comprensión del legado demográfico’ (XARXES) respectivamente. Entre los hallazgos más importantes de esta tesis se puede concluir que la transmisión intergeneracional preindustrial era alta, sobre todo en el grupo de los campesinos y de los artesanos y principalmente para los primeros hijos como cabría esperar para una sociedad de Antiguo Régimen donde el sistema hereditario se basaba en el heredero único. Sin embargo, pese a que el sistema hereditario por definición se basaba en la desigualdad entre hermanos/as, no se ha observado desclasamiento de los hermanos y hermanas no herederos. De hecho, se aprecia como las hermanas serán las que se casarán más fuera de su grupo social de origen, un hecho refuerza la importancia de la unidad familiar de “casa” en las sociedades agrícolas catalanas como la historiografía apunta. No obstante, durante la industrialización. se encuentran evidencias empíricas del declive del sistema de heredero único, ya que la progresión social de hermanos no herederos enseñó mejor trayectoria laboral que hermanos herederos, debido a las nuevas oportunidades en una estructura ocupacional cambiante. En este sentido, se demuestra como la influencia familiar en el destino social de sus descendientes disminuyó, aunque no desapareció, contrariamente a lo que apuntan teorías como la de la modernización, ayudando a entender la evolución histórica del sistema familiarista de las sociedades actuales de países del sur de Europa. Por lo que atañe a la desigualdad económica, una estimación continua a largo plazo para cuatro siglos en un área extensa y de importancia económica y política como ha sido el área de Barcelona ha podido constatar que la disparidad económica fue más alta en épocas preindustriales debido a la sociedad estamental de antiguo régimen, al contrario de lo que se había defendido tradicionalmente. Sin embargo, a través de la reconstrucción de la estructura ocupacional se encuentran evidencias de que el importante crecimiento de la desigualdad económica en la industrialización se debe mayoritariamente por un importante efecto de proletarización. Finalmente, la ulterior conclusión referente a la interrelación entre el papel de la familia y la desigualdad económica en esta tesis ha enseñado que pese a la importante presencia de la familia, las barreras entre clases sociales no se han roto en casi cinco siglos, un elemento que se conecta con la actual preocupación en relación a las disminución de la movilidad en nuestras sociedades. This thesis includes a compilation of four publications with a long-term perspective on the mechanisms of social reproduction and the general trends of socioeconomic inequality in the Barcelona area between the fifteenth and the nineteenth centuries. The familial mechanisms of social reproduction encompass economic, institutional, legal, political, and/or cultural mechanisms for maintaining, improving, and / or transmitting the acquired or inherited social positions or tangible and intangible assets. Such mechanisms are channeled through family influence by two main means, the intergenerational transmission or social mobility (from ancestors to descendants) and the intragenerational social mobility (of an individual throughout his / her life cycle). In this sense, social reproduction is interrelated with the levels of socioeconomic inequality existing in different historical contexts. The data used in this thesis was provided by the Barcelona Historical Database of Marriage (1481-1880) and the Sant Feliu de Llobregat Longituinal Demographic Database (1828-1940), both developed within the projects el ‘Five Centuries of Marriages’ y ‘Tecnología e innovación ciudadana en la construcción de redes sociales históricas para la comprensión del legado demográfico’ (XARXES) respectively. Among the most important findings in this thesis it can be concluded that the peindustrial intergenerational transmission of social status was indeed high, especially among peasants and artisans and mainly for the first children as would be expected in an Old Regime society based on an inheritance with the principle of impartibility. However, despite the fact that the hereditary system by definition was based on the inequality between siblings, there was not downward social mobility of non-heir brothers and sisters. In fact, non-heir females used to marry out the social group as a strategy, a fact that reinforces the importance of the family unit of the “casa” (house) in the Catalan agricultural societies as historiography pointed out. Nevertheless, during the industrialisation era, there are evidences pointing out that the single-heir inheritance system declined, due to a major social progression of non-heir siblings than heirs within the new occupational opportunities emerged. Accordingly, the influence of family in the social fate of descendants decreased over time but did not vanish, in contrast to what was argued by classical theories as the Modernization one, which also can be interpreted by the importance of the family strong ties in Southern European countries. Regarding the economic inequality, the long term estimation conducted across four centuries in an extensive geographic zone as the Barcelona area showed that inequality was indeed higher on preindustrial societies than in the industrial period. The reason for this would seem to be the preindustrial ordered social structure contributing to a more unequal society than the industrial one based on skilled and unskilled occupations. However, industrialisation brought about a new situation, where likely processes of proletarianization induced a new kind of inequality. Finally, the last conclusion refers to the interrelation between the role played by families and the economic inequality, which has been seen in this thesis that although the family importance in social reproduction, the social barriers between social classes were never broken throughout five centuries, an element that may be linked to the present concern about the decrease in social mobility in our societies.

[spa] La presente tesis doctoral se define como una contribución al campo de estudio de las redes sociales y los procesos migratorios transnacionales. Sus presupuestos teóricos consideran que la migración constituye, por sí misma, un proceso continuo de creación y búsqueda de redes sociales, que debe ser analizado dentro de la experiencia cotidiana de estos individuos y sus hogares transnacionales. Pero, al mismo tiempo, los procesos migratorios se definen, también, como auténticos proyectos de movilidad social (Aysa-Lastra y Cachón, 2013). Son muchas las motivaciones que llevan a los individuos a emprender un proceso migratorio, pero el denominador común a las diferentes experiencias individuales, es el objetivo de mejorar su posición social y la del resto de su familia. Para ello, los hogares transnacionales ponen en marcha una serie de estrategias y mecanismos de acción mediante los que despliegan y movilizan los diferentes recursos que poseen y de los que disponen, con el fin de alcanzar trayectorias de movilidad ascendentes. Entre estos recursos, las redes sociales ocupan un lugar destacado, tanto por su importante papel dentro de la experiencia migratoria, como por su capacidad de conectar a los individuos a través de los distintos contextos geográficos y espacios sociales entre los que se desplazan (Portes, 1998; Hirchsman, 2007; Levitt, 2007). Y es que, en un contexto de hipermovilidad (Naïr, 2010), la posición en la escala ocupacional no puede ser utilizada como único indicador para dar cuenta de las trayectorias de ascenso y descenso social de la población migrante. El análisis de los diferentes cambios de posiciones que los individuos experimentan a lo largo de su proyecto migratorio, como parte de sus estrategias de ascenso social, implica la articulación de diferentes variables como el prestigio social, los recursos sociales, las remesas transnacionales... De este modo, estos indicadores se vinculan no sólo con la clase social del individuo respecto a la jerarquía social, sino también con distintos planos y dimensiones de su estrategia y experiencia migratoria, que deben ser considerados y analizados dentro de sus trayectorias de movilidad social, en la línea de lo expuesto desde la producción científica por trabajados como los realizados por Marcu (2018), o Erel y Ryan (2018). En base a este marco teórico, el objetivo principal de la esta compilación ha sido desarrollar un marco operativo para el estudio de las estrategias de movilidad social transnacional puestas en marcha por la población migrante de origen latinoamericano, y definir cuál es el resultado de las mismas en términos de trayectorias de movilidad social. Asimsimo, esta investigación ha tratado de abordar, de forma específica, el papel que los activos derivados de la participación de la población migrante de origen latinoamericano en redes sociales transnacionales desempeñan en la definición estas estrategias y trayectorias. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un diseño de investigación que combinó el uso de metodologías cuantitativa y cualitativa en base a un enfoque longitudinal. Concretamente, en primer lugar, se desarrolló una explotación de la Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes 2007 (ENI 2007, INE). A través de este análisis se buscó llevar a cabo una primera aproximación a la experiencia migratoria de la población latinoamericana residente en España, y caracterizar los distintos factores que conforman y definen sus estrategias transnacionales de ascenso social. A continuación, se llevó a cabo una metodología cualitativa cuyo principal punto de referencia fue la voz y narraciones de los hogares migrantes. En base a la misma, se desarrolló un trabajo de campo multisituado en Galicia y Cataluña como contextos receptores, apoyado en la realización de entrevistas en profundidad y en el desarrollo de historias de vida con distintos colectivos de población de origen latinoamericano Los principales resultados obtenidos de la combinación de ambas estrategias metodológicas, conceptualizan las estrategias de movilidad social como ejes fundamentales de proyectos migratorios más amplios, que se caracterizan por una naturaleza marcadamente familiar. La migración es entendida por sus protagonistas cómo un proyecto transnacional a través del cual se busca conseguir una mejor posición social, a nivel individual, y/o de forma colectiva. Cabe destacar la importancia de las redes transnacionales como parte de sus proyectos de movilidad espacial y social. Los migrantes latinoamericanos, conscientes del potencial asociado a las redes sociales, invierten un importante número de recursos productivos y afectivos en la construcción y mantenimiento de estas relaciones, con el fin de conseguir una posición social ventajosa en la jerarquía social transnacional.

Desde 1987, año de su creación, hasta el curso 2016/17, más de medio millón de estudiantes universitarios españoles han participado en los programas Erasmus y Erasmus+ de intercambio de estudiantes entre los distintos Estados miembros de la Unión Europea, así como en el Programa SICUE/Séneca que fomenta la movilidad entre universidades españolas y que lleva funcionando desde el año 2000. Algo más de una cuarta parte de estos participantes cursaban sus estudios universitarios en universidades catalanas. Sin embargo, a partir de la literatura internacional, no existe un claro consenso sobre los efectos de la realización de estancias formativas y prácticas en el extranjero en distintos indicadores laborales de los graduados en su transición desde la universidad hacia el mercado laboral. El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer nueva evidencia sobre el efecto de la movilidad nacional e internacional por motivos de estudios o laborales en una dimensión poco analizada hasta el momento pero muy relevante en el contexto español: el desajuste educativo. Distintos trabajos han mostrado las dificultades de los graduados universitarios españoles para conseguir un empleo acorde a su formación, un emparejamiento que podría verse facilitado por las competencias adquiridas durante la movilidad de estudios y prácticas. A partir de la información disponible en las encuestas de inserción laboral de los titulados y tituladas en las universidades catalanas (más de 30.000 observaciones) se analiza la asociación entre haber realizado alguna forma de movilidad nacional o internacional y la sobrecualificación autopercibida en el empleo cuatro años después de acabar los estudios universitarios. Los resultados obtenidos muestran una asociación positiva entre ambas variables que podría estar relacionada con la adquisición de determinadas competencias durante las estancias, que permiten a estos graduados asumir algunas funciones en su puesto de trabajo en mejores condiciones que sus compañeros de promoción.

The Economics of Parking is an emerging research area attracting growing attention of transportation economists as well as engineers, planners, practitioners and policy makers. Analyzing parking behavior and the effects of its supply, demand and regulation has become essential for our understanding of major aspects of mobility, such as modal choice, congestion costs, car ownership decisions, and destination choice. ...

In recent decades, many countries around the world have become more fiscally decentralised. Spain provides a unique case study given it has relatively quickly transitioned from a highly centralised country to a much more decentralised country, although formally not a federation. As part of this decentralisation, autonomy over individual income tax rates and brackets was recently granted to the regions (Autonomous Communities), which are similar to states or provinces in other countries. In the early 2000s, individual income tax brackets and rates were the purview of the central government. Only recently were the Spanish regions granted the authority to levy their own individual income tax rates on a portion of the personal income tax base. Once granted this authority, marginal tax rates diverged substantially at the top of the income distribution, resulting in substantial tax differentials across various regions within Spain. This article reviews the economic consequences of Spanish fiscal decentralisation with a particular focus on the impact on the mobility of high-income individuals and the implications of migration decisions for public finances.

[spa] La igualdad de oportunidades para la movilidad social se erige como uno de los objetivos centrales en todas las sociedades y democracias modernas que buscan garantizar la cohesión social. Son varios los países de América Latina y la OCDE que se encuentran preocupados por la rigidez de sus estructuras de movilidad, esto es, por la forma y grado en que las ventajas y desventajas se transmiten entre generaciones afectando a las más jóvenes, en especial a los individuos comprendidos entre 30 y 45 años de edad. Esta tesis busca contribuir al conocimiento de las dinámicas estructurales e institucionales que permiten explicar el comportamiento de la movilidad social y educativa en una selección de países de Europa (España, Suecia, Reino Unido y Alemania) y en una muestra de países latinoamericanos (Chile, México y Uruguay). El interés por conocer la fuerza y el modo en que los orígenes y trasfondos familiares (family backgrounds) se hallan relacionados con los logros alcanzados por las generaciones jóvenes constituye el pilar de esta investigación. El método que se aplica es esencialmente comparativo y fundamentado en el análisis de tasas de movilidad social y niveles de fluidez social a partir de modelos log-lineales entre países. Así se podrá identificar patrones de movilidad intergeneracional absoluta y relativa tanto social como educativa, constatar las relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre orígenes (O) y destinos (D) de clase social y educativos, y explicar sus similitudes y diferencias desde un enfoque comparativo de los regímenes socio-institucionales del bienestar considerados como unidades de análisis. Mi objetivo es, no solo generar nueva evidencia empírica, sino sobre todo contrastar cómo se relaciona la movilidad y fluidez social y educativa intergeneracional con los diferentes regímenes de bienestar latinoamericanos (Chile, México y Uruguay) en contraste con los regímenes de bienestar europeos (Suecia, Reino Unido, Alemania y España). Conserva especial interés analizar las transformaciones y cambios que experimentan las pautas y tendencias de movilidad social y educativa de las generaciones jóvenes en un escenario en que los efectos de los procesos de globalización de las sociedades modernas afectan los cursos de vida y las estructuras de oportunidades de las generaciones jóvenes. Para ello es necesaria tanto la perspectiva comparada que relaciona la generación joven con generaciones antecesoras, como la internacional que pone en relación sociedades con regímenes de bienestar y tiempos de industrialización diferenciales. En el mundo globalizado actual la dimensión de lo “generacional” (generación), y con especial atención en los análisis de la movilidad social y educativa intergeneracional, cobra particular relevancia e interés, esto es, en contextos en que los niveles de ingreso y protección laboral de la generación de trabajadores que se encuentran en su última etapa laboral, se ven deteriorados por la cada vez más acelerada obsolescencia de sus destrezas y habilidades para competir con las generaciones más jóvenes, y eventualmente mejor calificadas, de trabajadores llamadas a ocupar los “nuevos” puestos laborales. No obstante, las generaciones jóvenes se enfrentan a nuevos riesgos como la crisis económica, los desgastes del Estado nación benefactor y las recientes transformaciones de los regímenes de bienestar. El análisis de la movilidad social y educativa global, particular, inter-cohortes y transnacional posibilita un mejor conocimiento del escenario estructural de oportunidades que afrontan las generaciones jóvenes., [eng] This thesis seeks to consolidate the knowledge of the structural and institutional dynamics that explain the behavior of social and educational mobility in a selection of European (Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom and Germany) and Latin American countries (Chile, Mexico and Uruguay). The interest in knowing the strength and the way in which the origins and the familiar backgrounds are related to the achievements reached by the young generations constitute the base of this research. The method applied is essentially comparative and based on the analysis of the social mobility rates and the levels of social fluidity from the log-linear models between countries. Thus, it is possible to identify patterns of absolute and relative intergenerational mobility, both social and educational, to verify the statistically significant relationships between origins (O) and destinations (D) of social class and educational attainment, and to explain their similarities and differences from a comparative approach of socio-institutional welfare regimes as units of analysis. The goal is not only to generate new empirical evidence, but also to contrast and verify how intergenerational social and educational mobility and fluidity are related to the different Latin American welfare regimes in contrast to European ones. It is of particular interest to analyze the transformations and changes experienced by the patterns and trends of social and educational mobility of the young generations in a scenario where effects of the processes of globalization of modern societies affect the courses of life and the structures of opportunities of these generations. To carry out this is necessary both, the comparative perspective that relates the young generation to former ones and the international perspective that links societies with welfare regimes and times of differential industrialization. In the globalized world, the real dimension of the "generational", and with special attention in the analysis of social and educational intergenerational mobility, is of particular relevance and interest, that is, in contexts in which the income and labor protection levels of the generation of workers who are in their last stage of work, are deteriorated by the increasingly accelerated obsolescence of their skills and abilities in order to compete with the younger generations of workers, eventually better qualified and called to occupy the “new” job positions.

Background of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004. WP1: Compilation

¿La sobrecualificación de los titulados universitarios está relacionada con el origen social? Para responder a esta pregunta se elaboran cinco indicadores de sobrecualificación, tres habituales en la literatura (objetivo, subjetivo y estadístico) y dos que permite el PIAAC (sobrecualificación estadística en competencias en lectura y numéricas). Los resultados no son concluyentes, pues sí que se observa la relación en la sobrecualificación objetiva y subjetiva, pero no en el resto. Por otro lado, se recurrió a la tradición de estudios de movilidad social y se encontró que, una vez que se tiene en cuenta el nivel de estudios, el origen social influye poco en la probabilidad de lograr una ocupación de alta cualificación. Dicho de otra manera, el origen social muestra una relación intensa con el nivel de estudios alcanzado, pero la relación entre nivel de estudios y ocupación es más débil., Is the overqualification of graduates related to social background? To answer this question, five indicators are developed in this paper: objective, subjective and statistical indicators common to this kind of research, and two from the PIAAC dataset, statistical overqualification in literacy and numeracy. The results are not conclusive as a relationship is observed between objective and subjective overqualification, but not the remaining indicators. From a social mobility approach, we found that once level of education is taken into account, social background has little effect on the probability of achieving a highly skilled occupation. Put another way, social origin shows an intense relationship with educational attainment, but the relationship between level of education and occupation is weaker., La sobrequalificació dels titulats universitaris està relacionada amb l’origen social? Per respondre a aquesta pregunta s’elaboren cinc indicadors de sobrequalificació, tres habituals en la literatura (objectiu, subjectiu i estadístic) i dos que permet el PIAAC (sobrequalificació estadística en competències en lectura i numèriques). Els resultats no són concloents, ja que sí que s’observa la relació en la sobrequalificació objectiva i subjectiva, però no en la resta. D’altra banda, es va recórrer a la tradició d’estudis de mobilitat social i es va trobar que, una vegada es té en compte el nivell d’estudis, l’origen social influeix poc en la probabilitat d’aconseguir una ocupació d’alta qualificació. Dit d’una altra manera, l'origen social mostra una relació intensa amb el nivell d’estudis aconseguit, però la relació entre nivell d’estudis i ocupació és més feble.

Background of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004. WP1: Compilation La relació de la mobilitat social amb la política és d'una naturalesa enormement complexa. En aquest article, tractarem de llançar una mica de llum sobre aquesta confusa relació. En primer lloc, ens centrem en la mobilitat absoluta. Especifiquem quins són els factors (polítics i no polítics) que impulsen la mobilitat social ascendent. Distingim dues transicions: el pas d'una societat agrícola a una societat industrial i d'aquesta a una societat postindustrial. El cas amb el il·lustrarem serà l'espanyol. En segon lloc, ens dedicarem a la mobilitat relativa (terme proper a la igualtat d'oportunitats). Indiquem mesures polítiques considerades beneficioses en tres dels àmbits que configuren l'estructura d'oportunitats en les societats avançades: família, estat i mercat.

[por] Esta investigação analisa o impacto da formação escolar profissionalizante em música na criação de capital cultural e na mobilidade social ascendente dos seus diplomados. Assume-se como caso de estudo os diplomados e as suas famílias, das quatros escolas profissionais de música no Norte de Portugal. De acordo com as teorias da reprodução e da distinção de Bourdieu, o capital cultural é um importante instrumento na reprodução de desigualdades sociais, pelo que as condições socioculturais familiares de origem são determinantes na diferenciação dos resultados escolares dos descendentes, no desenvolvimento das suas carreiras profissionais, na construção de preferências e nos comportamentos de consumo cultural. As mesmas teorias associam a estratificação social à criação de um gosto popular ou erudito, em função da existência, ou não, de capital cultural, condição necessária à compreensão de códigos e apreciação de bens simbólicos. Por seu lado, a investigação educativa produzida, a partir da década de setenta do século XX, tem vindo a reconhecer à escola e ao efeito-escola um importante papel no sucesso escolar e na definição de trajetórias de vida, invertendo o caráter fatalista da reprodução social familiar de origem. Num paradigma de mobilidade cultural, o atual debate sobre o omnivorismo cultural reconhece, nas sociedades atual, a existência de um novo perfil de participação cultural omnívora, que se traduz num leque alargado de preferências e de consumos, desde a arte erudita a manifestações próprias de subculturas populares. A análise sociológica do consumo acrescenta as trajetórias escolares, ocupações profissionais e estilos de vida como importantes fatores de estruturação do gosto em dialética com os fenómenos do consumo e das hierarquias culturais. Na investigação empírica realizada aplicam-se indicadores que permitem analisar o processo de criação de capital musical, através da socialização escolar, e os comportamentos de consumo cultural, desde a infância à idade adulta. Utilizam-se o questionário aplicado aos diplomados das EPM, complementado com entrevistas aos diretores e quadros pedagógicos intermédios das escolas como instrumentos. Constata-se que a ocupação profissional dos diplomados, o nível máximo de escolaridade atingido e os consumos musicais eruditos estão associados à trajetória escolar na EPM e são independentes das condições sociais familiares de origem, num modelo de mobilidade social ascendente intergeracional. Concluiu-se que a ampliação de capital musical construído na socialização escolar aumentou o processo de mobilidade social dos alunos, viabilizando o posterior acesso a ocupações profissionais de maior prestígio. Simultaneamente, assistiu-se a uma mudança dos padrões de consumo musical popular, através da incorporação de preferências pelo reportório musical de tradição europeia ocidental, num modelo de translação cultural independente da estratificação social de classe de origem familiar. No entanto, concluiu-se que o capital musical construído e refletido no gosto e nos comportamentos de consumo em adulto não conduziu os diplomados a um padrão de participação cultural omnívoro, comportamento que atualmente a sociologia de consumo reconhece como atributo das sociedades contemporâneas desenvolvidas., [eng] This dissertation presents an analysis of the impact of musical education in a professional context on the creation of cultural capital and the upward social mobility of its graduates. The case studies here presented include the graduates and their families from four “Professional Schools” located in the North of Portugal. According to Bourdieu’s theories of “reproduction” and “distinction”, cultural capital is an important instrument in the reproduction of social inequality, and the specificities of family sociocultural origins are considered essential to the differentiation of the children school results, their access to professional careers, the construction of their cultural “choices” and their behavior as cultural consumers. The same theories associate social stratification with the creation of “popular” versus high culture taste, as a result of the existence or absence of cultural capital, and as a condition for the understanding and fruition of symbolic codes and goods. Moreover, the educational research produced after the 70s in the XX century, has been recognizing an important role to schooling and to the “schooling-effect” in the success of education and the positive definition of individual life trajectories, as well as it inverts the fatalist character of the reproduction of family sociocultural conditions. Within a paradigm of cultural mobility, the contemporary debate on cultural omnivorism recognizes in today’s society the existence of a new profile of omnivorous cultural participation, which is translated in a wide range of consume preferences, from high art to specific demonstrations of popular subcultures. The sociological analysis of consumption reinforces schooling trajectories, professional occupations and life styles as fundamental factors in the structuring of “taste” within a dialectic process with consumption issues and cultural hierarchies. In the empirical research carried out throughout this work were used indicators which allowed us to analyze the process of the creation of musical capital through the process of schooling socialization and the behaviors of cultural consumption, from childhood to adult age. The graduates from EPM were asked to answer questionnaires, which were complemented with interviews to the directors and intermediate pedagogic management of the schools, as empirical instruments. One realizes that the professional occupation of graduates, the maximum level of schooling reached and their high art musical choices are distinctively associated with the individual schooling trajectory in EPM and, independently of the family social origins, they are inscribed within a model of intergenerational upward social mobility. The conclusion of our analysis is that the widening of the musical capital built within the schooling socializing has increased the process of the students social mobility, enabling the ulterior access to a more prestigious professional occupation. In tandem with this, one recognizes the change and transformation of the patterns of popular musical consumption, via the incorporation of a “preference” for a musical repertoire within the Western European tradition, as a model of cultural translation which is independent from the social stratification of family origin. Notwithstanding, our conclusion is that the acquired musical capital reflected in the “taste” and the consume behavior of the adult individual has not led the graduates to a pattern of cultural omnivorous consumption, which today’s sociology of culture recognizes as an attribute of contemporary developed societies.

This article considers the role that diverse spatial variables play in explaining overeducation. Unlike previous analyses of the Spanish case, we have directly tested the links between current mobility (commuting and migration) and overeducation, and in contrast to previous literature, we have included a direct measure of potential spatial flexibility at an individual level (worker availability to migrate, in response to the needs of his/her firm). Regional labour market conditions are also considered in the analysis. Our results show that the links between overeducation and spatial variables vary depending on the specific sub-group of wage earners considered, based on gender and education. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under Grant CSO2014-55780-C3-2-P (National Plan of R&D&I).

In this paper, we build a model that, according to the empirical evidence, gives raise to oscillations in wealth within a dynasty while keeping intergenerational persistence in education attainment. The mechanism that we propose is based on the interaction between effort and wealth suggested by the Carnegie effect, according to which wealthier individuals make less effort than the poorer. The oscillations in wealth arise from changes in the effort exerted by different generations as a response to both inherited wealth and college premium. Our mechanism generates a rich social stratification with several classes in the long run as a consequence of the combination of different levels of education and effort. Furthermore, we generate a large mobility in wealth among classes even in the long run. Our model highlights the role played by the minimum cost on education investment, the borrowing constraints, and the complementarity between effort and education.

This paper tracks the origins and inner changes of Barcelona's economic elite in the long term. The objective is to achieve a deeper understanding of the mechanism that families and individuals developed to gain access to the elites and retain their economic position. For doing so, the paper analyzes industrial and real estate tax payers in three moments (1853-1883-1919). Through this approach we can observe that in aggregate, elites -identified as the 5% of the higher taxpayers- move from a stationary state to a progressive increase of wealth concentration. For a deeper understanding of the mechanism and inner changes of this elite, we focus in 81 families and exhaustively we have tracked down their origin and evolution. The conclusion is that their initial wealth accumulation is linked with a few specific situations. Their economic promotion seems to be related to specific windows of opportunity that open at certain moments and/or places. Once these windows of opportunity close the elites seem to progressively lock on themselves. This tendency created social circles that favored endogamy

Treballs Finals de Grau de Belles Arts. Facultat de Belles Arts. Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2015-16, Tutor: Quim Cantalozella Planas, [spa] La condición de trabajador-artista es el referente desde donde se construye una idea de libertad basada en la individualidad y la auto-opresión: El creador cultural es el más claro exponente del trabajo emprendedor. Moviéndose desde la incerteza y la precariedad, como resultado del carácter flexible y adaptable que genera la búsqueda continua de nuevas oportunidades, el artista se somete a los imperativos de movilidad y reactualización como no lo hace ningún otro trabajador. Él es el sujeto multitasking por antonomasia, siempre abierto a las exigencias de un presente cambiante, siempre disponible. La apología de la movilidad en el circuito de producción artística es una coerción, un doublé-bind (doble atadura) en la que cualquiera de sus resoluciones no tiene resultados satisfactorios y cuya apelación no puede quedar sin respuesta. Si la movilidad que sostiene y exige el capital es sintomática del sujeto auto-opresor del neoliberalismo, el objetivo de Manual de huida es articular un dispositivo político que aceptando las reglas del juego esclarece la ideología en la que se apoya este imperativo de flexibilidad, es decir, dar visibilidad al entramado económico que sustenta y condiciona las formas de producción del mundo del arte desde el vínculo que este desarrolla con su contexto económico., [eng] Art-worker ‘s condition is the model from where it’s built an idea of freedom based on individualism and self-oppression: the cultural creator is the most obvious exponent of the enterprising work. Moving from the uncertainty and precariousness, as a result of the flexibility and adaptable position which is generated by the continous searching of new opportunities, the artist obey to the mobility and re-updating imperatives as any other worker does. He is the multitasking subject par excellence, always available to the requests of a volatile present. So, mobility is an coercion in the artist production field. It works as a double-bind in which any of its resolutions won’t be satisfactory and whose appeal can’t be ignored. If mobility -which is sustained and demanded by the capital- is symptomatic of the neoliberalism self-oppresion subject, the intention of Manual de Huida is to articulate a political device in order to clarifies the ideology behind the flexibility imperative. And show the economic framework which supports and determinates the art world forms of production from his link with the economic context.

The process of settlement of Andalusian immigrants in Catalonia during the Franco’s regime was one of the most intense in the long Catalan tradition of receiving immigration. While the majority of Andalusian immigrants settled in the metropolitan area of Barcelona, other Catalan towns and municipalities were also attractive. This thesis studies the case of Olot (Girona) and basically addresses two major issues: First, it analyses and examines the characteristics of migration between Andalusia and Olot, quantifying and establishing the profile of Andalusian immigrants, as well as factors of expulsion and attraction, and process of integration in Olot. Meanwhile, the other major part of the thesis examines the paths and processes of social mobility among Andalusian immigrants, as well as their children and grandchildren. Specifically, we analyse these paths in areas such as employment, educational level, socioeconomic status and identity, among others., El procés d’assentament de la immigració andalusa a Catalunya durant el franquisme va ser un dels més intensos en la dilatada tradició catalana de recepció d’immigració. Si bé la majoria dels immigrants andalusos es van assentar a la zona metropolitana de Barcelona, d’altres localitats catalanes també foren municipis d’atracció. Aquesta tesi estudia el cas de la ciutat d’Olot (Girona) i, fonamentalment, aborda dues grans qüestions: per una banda, analitza i examina les característiques del procés migratori entre Andalusia i Olot, mitjançant la quantificació i establiment del perfil dels immigrants andalusos, així com els factors d’expulsió, els d’atracció i el procés d’integració a Olot. Per altra banda, l’altra gran apartat de la tesi estudia les trajectòries i els processos de mobilitat social dels immigrants andalusos, així com dels seus fills i filles i néts. Concretament, s’analitzen àmbits com el treball, el nivell d’instrucció, l’estatus socioeconòmic o la identitat, entre altres.

This paper uses a game of strategic interaction to simulate entry and location of fast charging stations for electric vehicles. It evaluates the equilibria obtained in terms of social welfare and firm spatial differentiation. Using Barcelona mobility survey, demographic data and the street graph we find that only at an electric vehicle penetration rate above 3% does a dense network of stations appear as the equilibrium outcome of a market with no fiscal transfers. We also find that price competition drives location differentiation measured not only in Euclidean distances but also in consumer travel distances.

Understanding human mobility is of vital importance for urban planning, epidemiology, and many other fields that draw policies from the activities of humans in space. Despite the recent availability of large-scale data sets of GPS traces or mobile phone records capturing human mobility, typically only a subsample of the population of interest is represented, giving a possibly incomplete picture of the entire system under study. Methods to reliably extract mobility information from such reduced data and to assess their sampling biases are lacking. To that end, we analyzed a data set of millions of taxi movements in New York City. We first show that, once they are appropriately transformed, mobility patterns are highly stable over long time scales. Based on this observation, we develop a supersampling methodology to reliably extrapolate mobility records from a reduced sample based on an entropy maximization procedure, and we propose a number of network-based metrics to assess the accuracy of the predicted vehicle flows. Our approach provides a well founded way to exploit temporal patterns to save effort in recording mobility data, and opens the possibility to scale up data from limited records when information on the full system is required., EU-LASAGNE Project (Contract 318132 (STREP)), Spain. Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Grant FIS2012-38266-C02-02), Generalitat de Catalunya (FI Program 2014-SGR-00608), Enel Foundation, Audi Volkswagen, SENSEable City Lab Consortium