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Abstract This study assessed sustainable solutions for organic waste management, focusing on biochar derived from kitchen waste. The characteristics and phytotoxicity effects of biochar produced from four different types of kitchen waste were investigated in view of potential agricultural applications. Analysis of the chemical and physical properties of the different biochar samples by X-ray fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed a nutrient-rich composition with carbon, calcium, and potassium contents that ranged from 35 to 48%, from 1.6 to 24%, and from 1.5 to 28.5%, respectively. In phytotoxicity tests, the highest germination rate (45%) was observed with Coffee residue biochar obtained at 300 °C (application rate of 1%) and the longest shoot length (25 cm) with orange peel biochar obtained at 300 °C (application rate of 1%). Germination rate and shoot length were not significantly different between biochar-exposed soils and control soils (without biochar), indicating no toxic effect due to biochar addition. Washing biochar improved germination rates significantly (control: 98%; potato peel biochar: 92%; banana peel biochar: 83%). The longest shoot length (8.3 cm) was obtained with the washed potato peel biochar (pyrolysis temperature = 400 °C) extract. These findings suggest that biochar can be safely used as a soil amendment without harming the environment or hindering plant growth. The Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) test results further emphasized the influence of different factors, such as pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type, in biochar applications.

Abstract Shaping Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) poses a significant challenge for their widespread application on a large scale. In particular, a precise control over crystal orientation and arrangement on substrates are expected to provide exiting opportunities for novel materials with customized characteristics and enhanced performance in catalysis, gas storage, sensing, optics and electronics. Here we demonstrated for the first time that microwave irradiation can induce well controlled epitaxial growth of urchin-like MIL-53(Al) crystals via the hydrothermal conversion of Atomic Layer Deposition alumina layers on SiC foams. The resulting large, ordered crystals feature specific size, homogeneity, dispersion, and quantity that strongly correlate with the nature of the ceramic support and its ability to absorb microwaves. Furthermore, the supported MIL-53(Al) urchins were considered as templates for generating nanostructured alumina fibers on SiC foams, providing attractive catalyst carriers with high specific surface areas.

The synthesis of supported multielement transition metal phosphides (TMPs) to exploit the synergistic interplay between electronic and geometric effects resulting from the presence of different metals in the material and the arrangement of heterogeneous atoms is pivotal for reducing metal content while offering multiple active sites. However, the integration of Ni, Co, and P, for example, into a nanostructured carbon network to develop self‐supporting NixCoyP bimetallic phosphides is limited by several factors, including the synthesis and the discrepancy between the crystal structure of the respective monometallic phosphides. Moreover, conventional synthesis of supported TMPs often separates nanoparticles, support and phosphidation steps, which do not allow tailoring of physical and catalytic properties via particle support, electronic and geometric interactions. Herein, an innovative solid‐state, ex situ phosphidation‐free approach tailored to synthesize a library of self‐supporting NixCoyP TMPs in N,S,P‐modified nanostructured carbon networks generated together with NixCoyP particles is presented. Extensive multivariate characterization validates the unique properties of NixCoyP bimetallic materials with enhanced electrocatalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction and the selective electroconversion of biomass‐derived 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) to value‐added 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) with 90–100% Faradaic efficiency. Overall, the synthesis expands the possibilities for tailoring the microstructure of supported TMPs for improved physical/catalytic properties.

IntroductionPeanut oil is valued for its mild flavor, rich phytochemical content, therapeutic potential, and associated health benefits. This study aims to analyze the chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and anti-Alzheimer’s potential of Algerian peanut oil using both experimental and computational approaches. The goal is to evaluate its suitability for pharmaceutical applications, particularly for its antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, and anticancer properties.MethodsThe chemical composition of the peanut oil was determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH and CUPRAC assays, while enzyme inhibition was evaluated using butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition assays. In silico molecular docking studies were conducted to predict interactions between key compounds and BChE. Additionally, physicochemical properties were evaluated using Lipinski’s rule of five, and cytotoxicity was tested against various cancer cell lines, including melanoma (A2058 and SK-MEL-1), non-small cell lung cancer (NCI-H838), and leukemia (H9).ResultsGC-MS identified 20 chemical compounds in the peanut oil, with oleic acid as the predominant compound (41.98%). The antioxidant activity showed an IC50 value of 265.96 ± 14.85 μg/mL in the CUPRAC assay. BChE inhibition was moderate, with 36.47% ± 3.71% enzyme inhibition at 200 μg/mL. Molecular docking studies highlighted 6-methyl octahydro-coumarin with a docking score of −15.86 kJ/mol against BChE, although it was less potent than Galantamine (−23.4 kJ/mol). Physicochemical analysis revealed that oleic acid and palmitic acid exhibit logP values of 5.71 and 5.20, respectively, indicating drug-like potential. Cytotoxicity assessments demonstrated that oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid were effective against melanoma and lung cancer cells, while oxiraneoctanoic acid, 3-octyl, showed significant activity against leukemia cells.Discussion and conclusionThe results demonstrate that peanut oil possesses notable antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, and anticancer properties. The high concentration of oleic acid, alongside moderate butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition and strong cytotoxic effects on various cancer cell lines, highlights its potential as a therapeutic agent. While 6-methyl octahydro-coumarin exhibited favorable docking scores, its lower effectiveness compared to Galantamine suggests that further optimization is required for enhanced efficacy. These findings underscore the potential of peanut oil in pharmaceutical development, with compounds like oleic acid and oxiraneoctanoic acid emerging as promising candidates for continued research and drug development. Peanut oil from Algeria holds significant promise for future applications in antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anticancer therapies.

BackgroundSilver nanoparticles (Ag/Ag₂O NPs) have garnered attention for their potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, showing promise for therapeutic applications, particularly in mitigating chemical-induced toxicity.ObjectiveThis study aimed to synthesize Ag/Ag₂O NPs using Olea europaea (olive) leaf extract as a green, eco-friendly reducing agent and evaluate their protective effects against metribuzin-induced toxicity in Wistar rats, focusing on oxidative stress, hematological parameters, and lipid profiles, with specific dose optimization.MethodologyAg/Ag₂O NPs were synthesized using Olea europaea leaf extract, and their properties were confirmed via XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS, and UV-visible spectroscopy. Wistar rats exposed to metribuzin (110 mg/kg/day) were treated with two doses of Ag/Ag₂O NPs (0.062 mg/kg and 0.125 mg/kg). Hematological and biochemical markers were assessed to evaluate the NPs’ protective effects.ResultsPhysicochemical characterization confirmed the successful formation of Ag/Ag₂O NPs loaded with phytochemicals, exhibiting crystallite sizes of 23 nm and 19 nm, a particle size of 25 nm, and significant peaks in XRD, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectra indicating the formation of Ag/Ag₂O. Metribuzin exposure led to significant hematological disruptions (elevated WBC, reduced RBC and hemoglobin) and worsened lipid profiles (increased cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides). The lower NP dose (0.062 mg/kg) improved WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, and platelet counts, normalized lipid levels, and positively influenced biochemical markers such as serum creatinine and uric acid. In contrast, the higher NP dose (0.125 mg/kg) showed mixed results, with some improvements but an increase in triglycerides and continued elevation of ASAT and ALAT enzyme levels.ConclusionAg/Ag₂O NPs synthesized via green methods using olive leaf extract effectively mitigated metribuzin-induced toxicity, especially at lower doses, by improving oxidative stress markers and hematological and biochemical profiles. Dose optimization is crucial to maximize therapeutic benefits and minimize adverse effects, underscoring their potential in treating chemical-induced toxicity.

The development of heterogeneous electrodes with high conductivity and electrocatalytic activity is a crucial goal. Achieving this using a simple and low‐cost method is essential for wastewater purification by anodic oxidation combined with peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Herein, TiO2–CaTiO3(CTO)‐Cu2O–Cu heterojunction electrodes are prepared by mixing CaCu3Ti4O12 with different amounts of graphene oxide (GO). The different mixtures are pressed into pellets and sintered under inert atmosphere at 1100 °C for 3 h. The obtained pellets are used as anodes for PMS activation in the electrocatalysis. The efficiency of paracetamol (PCM) removal reaches its maximum (93%) after 90 min using the CTO–Cu–5GO electrode in a solution containing 10 ppm PCM, 210 mL sodium sulfate, and 0.5 mM PMS. The higher amount of metallic copper in this anode promotes the generation of radicals to effectively degrade PCM. In optimal conditions (1.2 V versus Ag/AgCl, 1 mM PMS, and 10 ppm PCM), PCM is completely removed in 45 min. According to the quenching test results, •O2− and •OH are the radicals generated during PCM degradation, and •O2− plays the main role. In this work, insights are provided into the rational combination of different metal oxides with TiO2 as a heterostructure electrode to ensure high mineralization of pharmaceuticals by electrocatalysis.

BackgroundChicken eggshells, a common poultry byproduct, are rich in calcium and provide a sustainable source for producing calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs). Their use in eco-friendly synthesis aligns with the growing emphasis on sustainable materials for environmental and biomedical applications. Objectives: This study develops an eco-friendly method for synthesizing CaO NPs from chicken eggshells, characterizes their physicochemical properties, and evaluates their antibacterial and antifungal activities. It also tests their effectiveness in removing heavy metal ions (Pb2⁺, Cr2⁺, Cd2⁺, and Hg2⁺) from aqueous solutions.MethodsCaO NPs were synthesized by calcining chicken eggshells at 700°C for 7 h. Comprehensive characterization included analysis of crystalline structure, morphology, optical properties, bandgap energy, chemical composition, and thermal stability. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were tested using the well-agar diffusion method. Batch adsorption experiments evaluated heavy metal ion removal under varying conditions of pH, temperature, stirring time, and adsorbent concentrationResultsThe synthesis produced spherical, single-crystal CaO NPs with diameters ranging from 5 to 30 nm and a crystalline size of approximately 20 nm. The nanoparticles had a bandgap energy of about 4.7 eV. Significant antibacterial activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli, with increasing inhibition zones correlating with nanoparticle concentration. The CaO NPs also effectively inhibited Candida albicans. For efficient metal ion removal, the optimal conditions were found to be 30 min at pH 6 with 40 mg of CaO NPs at 25°C, achieving recovery rates of 98% for Pb2⁺, 97% for Cd2⁺, 97% for Cr2⁺, and 97% for Hg2⁺. For near-complete removal, extending the process to 70 min at pH 6 with 40 mg of CaO NPs at 45°C achieved the highest recovery rates: 99% for Pb2⁺, 98% for Cd2⁺, 99% for Cr2⁺, and 99% for Hg2⁺, though this approach involves higher energy and cost.ConclusionCaO NPs derived from chicken eggshells are effective antibacterial agents and adsorbents for heavy metal removal. These findings highlight their potential for sustainable applications in environmental and biomedical fields.

In recent years, ion-selective optodes (ISOs) have remarkably progressed, driven by innovative modern designs and nanomaterial integration. This review explored the development of modern ISO by describing state-of-the-art strategies to improve their sensitivity, selectivity, and real-time monitoring capacity. The review reported the traditional membrane based-optodes, and investigated the latest research, current design principles, and the use of essential components, such as ionophores, indicator dyes, polymer membranes, and nanomaterials, in ISO fabrication. Special attention was given to nanomaterials (e.g., quantum dots, polymer dots, nanospheres, nanorods and nanocapsules) and particularly on how rare earth elements can further enhance their potential. It also described innovative ISO designs, including wearable optodes, smartphone-based optodes, and disposable paper-based optodes. As the pursuit of highly sensitive, selective, and adaptable ion sensing devices continues, this summary of the current knowledge sets the stage for upcoming innovations and applications in different domains (pharmaceutical formulations, medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and industrial applications).

Introduction: Bone tissue engineering seeks innovative materials that support cell growth and regeneration. Electrospun nanofibers, with their high surface area and tunable properties, serve as promising scaffolds. This study explores the incorporation of flaxseed extract, rich in polyphenolic compounds, into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers to improve their application in bone tissue engineering.Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identified ten key compounds in flaxseed extract, including polyphenolic acids and flavonoids. PVA nanofibers were fabricated with 30 wt.% flaxseed extract (P70/E30) via electrospinning. We optimized characteristics like diameter, hydrophilicity, swelling behavior, and hydrolytic degradation. MG-63 osteoblast cultures were used to assess scaffold efficacy through cell adhesion, proliferation, viability (MTT assay), and differentiation. RT-qPCR measured expression of osteogenic genes RUNX2, COL1A1, and OCN.Results: Flaxseed extract increased nanofiber diameter from 252 nm (pure PVA) to 435 nm (P70/E30). P70/E30 nanofibers showed higher cell viability (102.6% vs. 74.5% for pure PVA), although adhesion decreased (151 vs. 206 cells/section). Notably, P70/E30 enhanced osteoblast differentiation, significantly upregulating RUNX2, COL1A1, and OCN genes.Discussion: Flaxseed extract incorporation into PVA nanofibers enhances bone tissue engineering by boosting osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, despite reduced adhesion. These properties suggest P70/E30’s potential for regenerative medicine, emphasizing scaffold optimization for biomedical applications.

Introduction: This study explores the therapeutic potential of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesized using a Helianthemum lippii extract in mitigating cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. Given the increasing environmental and health concerns associated with cadmium exposure, novel and eco-friendly therapeutic strategies are essential.Methods: Ag NPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis spectrometry, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy with scanning electron microscopy, confirming their formation with a cubic crystal structure and particle sizes ranging from 4.81 to 12.84 nm. A sub-acute toxicity study of Ag NPs (2 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) was conducted, showing no significant difference compared to untreated control rats (n = 3 animals/group). Subsequently, adult Wistar rats (n = 5/group) were divided into a control group and three experimental groups: Ag NPs alone, exposure to 50 mg/kg CdCl2 in drinking water for 35 days, and CdCl2 exposure followed by 0.1 mg/kg/day Ag NPs intraperitoneally for 15 days.Results: In the CdCl2-exposed group, there was a significant decrease in body weight and increases in alanine and aspartate transaminase levels (p < 0.05 vs. control), indicating hepatotoxicity. Additionally, antioxidant defenses were decreased, and malondialdehyde levels were elevated. Liver histology revealed portal fibrosis, inflammation, necrosis, sinusoid and hepatic vein dilation, and cytoplasmic vacuolations. Treatment with Ag NPs post-CdCl2 exposure mitigated several adverse effects on liver function and architecture and improved body weight.Discussion: This study demonstrates the efficacy of Ag NPs synthesized via a green method in reducing cadmium-induced liver damage. These findings support the potential of Ag NPs in therapeutic applications and highlight the importance of sustainable and eco-friendly nanoparticle synthesis methods. By addressing both toxicity concerns and therapeutic efficacy, this research aligns with the growing emphasis on environmentally conscious practices in scientific research and healthcare.

Chitosan, a biopolymer obtained from chitin, is known for its remarkable adsorption abilities for dyes, drugs, and fats, and its diverse array of antibacterial characteristics. This study explores the extraction and characterization of chitosan from the mycelium of Amanita phalloides. The moisture content, ash content, water binding capacity, fat binding capacity, and degree of deacetylation of the extracted chitosan were determined. The chitosan exhibited a high yield of 70%, crystallinity of 49.07%, a degree of deacetylation of 86%, and potent antimicrobial properties against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The study also examined the adsorption capabilities of chitosan to remove methylene blue (MB) dye by analysing specific factors like pH, reaction time, and MB concentration using the response surface model. The highest degree of MB dye removal was 91.6% at a pH of 6, a reaction time of around 60 min and an initial dye concentration of 16 ppm. This experimental design can be applied for chitosan adsorption of other organic compounds such as dyes, proteins, drugs, and fats.

Gold nanoparticles (NPs) are among the most commonly employed metal NPs in biological applications, with distinctive physicochemical features. Their extraordinary optical properties, stemming from strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), contribute to the development of novel approaches in the areas of bioimaging, biosensing, and cancer research, especially for photothermal and photodynamic therapy. The ease of functionalization with various ligands provides a novel approach to the precise delivery of these molecules to targeted areas. Gold NPs’ ability to transfer heat and electricity positions them as valuable materials for advancing thermal management and electronic systems. Moreover, their inherent characteristics, such as inertness, give rise to the synthesis of novel antibacterial and antioxidant agents as they provide a biocompatible and low-toxicity approach. Chemical and physical synthesis methods are utilized to produce gold NPs. The pursuit of more ecologically sustainable and economically viable large-scale technologies, such as environmentally benign biological processes referred to as green/biological synthesis, has garnered increasing interest among global researchers. Green synthesis methods are more favorable than other synthesis techniques as they minimize the necessity for hazardous chemicals in the reduction process due to their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, energy efficiency, and biocompatibility. This article discusses the importance of gold NPs, their optical, conductivity, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, synthesis methods, contemporary uses, and biosafety, emphasizing the need to understand toxicology principles and green commercialization strategies.

Gold nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated significance in several important fields, including drug delivery and anticancer research, due to their unique properties. Gold NPs possess significant optical characteristics that enhance their application in biosensor development for diagnosis, in photothermal and photodynamic therapies for anticancer treatment, and in targeted drug delivery and bioimaging. The broad surface modification possibilities of gold NPs have been utilized in the delivery of various molecules, including nucleic acids, drugs, and proteins. Moreover, gold NPs possess strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties, facilitating their use in surface-enhanced Raman scattering for precise and efficient biomolecule detection. These optical properties are extensively utilized in anticancer research. Both photothermal and photodynamic therapies show significant results in anticancer treatments using gold NPs. Additionally, the properties of gold NPs demonstrate potential in other biological areas, particularly in antimicrobial activity. In addition to delivering antigens, peptides, and antibiotics to enhance antimicrobial activity, gold NPs can penetrate cell membranes and induce apoptosis through various intracellular mechanisms. Among other types of metal NPs, gold NPs show more tolerable toxicity capacity, supporting their application in wide-ranging areas. Gold NPs hold a special position in nanomaterial research, offering limited toxicity and unique properties. This review aims to address recently highlighted applications and the current status of gold NP research and to discuss their future in nanomedicine.

Plant-derived carbon dots (P-CDs) are gaining attention in environmental remediation due to their cost-effectiveness, availability, and lower toxicity compared with chemically synthesized carbon dots. This review comprehensively examines the recent advancements in the synthesis and application of P-CDs, with a particular emphasis on their efficacy in the sensing of heavy metals, which are among the most pervasive environmental contaminants. A detailed comparative analysis is presented by evaluating the performance of P-CDs against their chemically synthesized counterparts based on key parameters, such as optimal operating conditions and detection limits. Furthermore, sensing the potential of P-CDs towards every heavy metal ion has been discussed with in-depth mechanistic insights. Additionally, this review explores the industrial applications and future directions of P-CDs. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of -P-CDs for heavy metal sensing, aiming to enhance their sensitivity and selectivity toward heavy metal ions.

Silver nanoparticles (NPs) have become highly promising agents in the field of biomedical science, offering wide therapeutic potential due to their unique physicochemical properties. The unique characteristics of silver NPs, such as their higher surface-area-to-volume ratio, make them ideal for a variety of biological applications. They are easily processed thanks to their large surface area, strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR), stable nature, and multifunctionality. With an emphasis on the mechanisms of action, efficacy, and prospective advantages of silver NPs, this review attempts to give a thorough overview of the numerous biological applications of these particles. The utilization of silver NPs in diagnostics, such as bioimaging and biosensing, as well as their functions in therapeutic interventions such as antimicrobial therapies, cancer therapy, diabetes treatment, bone repair, and wound healing, are investigated. The underlying processes by which silver NPs exercise their effects, such as oxidative stress induction, apoptosis, and microbial cell membrane rupture, are explored. Furthermore, toxicological concerns and regulatory issues are discussed, as well as the present difficulties and restrictions related to the application of silver NPs in medicine.

Recently, silver nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted significant attention for being highly desirable nanomaterials in scientific studies as a result of their extraordinary characteristics. They are widely known as effective antibacterial agents that are capable of targeting a wide range of pathogens. Their distinct optical characteristics, such as their localized surface plasmon resonance, enlarge their utilization, particularly in the fields of biosensing and imaging. Also, the capacity to control their surface charge and modify them using biocompatible substances offers improved durability and specific interactions with biological systems. Due to their exceptional stability and minimal chemical reactivity, silver NPs are highly suitable for a diverse array of biological applications. These NPs are produced through chemical, biological, and physical processes, each of which has distinct advantages and disadvantages. Chemical and physical techniques often encounter issues with complicated purification, reactive substances, and excessive energy usage. However, eco-friendly biological approaches exist, even though they require longer processing times. A key factor affecting the stability, size distribution, and purity of the NPs is the synthesis process selected. This review focuses on how essential it is to choose the appropriate synthesis method in order to optimize the characteristics and use of silver NPs.

This study explored the therapeutic efficacy of Helianthemum lippii and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) synthesized using a H. lippii extract to alleviate cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Sub-acute toxicity assessments of H. lippii (100 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 4000 mg/kg) and Ag NPs (2 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) did not find any significant difference, compared with untreated control rats (n = 3 animals/group). Then, the adult Wistar rats were divided into one control (untreated/unexposed) and six experimental groups (n = 5/group): Ag NPs alone, H. lippii alone, exposure to 50 mg/kg CdCl2 in drinking water for 35 days, exposure to CdCl2 for 35 days followed by treatment with 0.1 mg/kg/day Ag NPs (intraperitoneal injection) and/or 100 mg/kg/day H. lippii by gavage for 15 days. In the CdCl2-exposed group, body weight decreased; urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations increased (p < 0.05 vs. control), indicative of nephrotoxicity, antioxidant defenses (SOD, GSH, and CAT) were reduced, and malondialdehyde concentration increased. Moreover, the kidney’s architecture in CdCl2-exposed rats was altered: fibrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, glomerular destruction, and tubular dilatation. Treatment with H. lippii and/or Ag NPs after CdCl2 exposure improved some of the renal function and architecture alterations induced by CdCl2, and also increased body weight. This study underscores the potential therapeutic applications of H. lippii and Ag NPs to decrease oxidative stress and promote xenobiotic detoxification, in line with the growing emphasis on environmentally conscious practices in scientific research and healthcare.

Seagrasses are marine angiosperms that inhabit tropical and subtropical regions around the world. They play a vital role in marine biodiversity and the ecosystem by providing habitats and food for several marine organisms, stabilizing sediments, and improving water quality. Halodule uninervis from the family Cymodoceaceae has been used in traditional folk medicine for the treatment of many ailments. Additionally, several identified bioactive metabolites have been shown to contribute to its pharmacological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant. As such, H. uninervis could contribute to the development of novel drugs for various diseases. This review aims to compile the phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities of H. uninervis. Furthermore, details about its botanical characteristics and ecological significance are also discussed. By providing valuable insights into the role of H. uninervis in both the marine ecosystem and biomedicine, this review helps to highlight its potential as a therapeutic agent for future drug discovery and development.

Plants are being researched as potential sources of novel drugs, which has led to a recent acceleration in the discovery of new bioactive compounds. Research on tissue culture technology for the synthesis and processing of plant compounds has skyrocketed, surpassing all expectations. These plants can be bought either raw or as extracts, where some of the chemicals are extracted by mashing the plant in water, alcohol, or another solvent. The use of herbal medicine may open new chances for reducing the onset of infections and treating different diseases including cancer. A perennial plant that blooms in the winter, Cyclamen, is one of the most widely used potted flowers in many nations. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, sterols, and glycosides are the main active components of Cyclamen. Analgesic, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties have all been demonstrated as potential effects of various extracts of Cyclamen tubers. However, the use of this medicinal plant in official medicine will require further research in the areas of pharmacology. Furthermore, it is necessary to create standard operating procedures for a crude herbal medication. In this regard, this review aims to highlight the key characteristics of the Cyclamen plant, such as its various parts, species, stages of development, and geographic range; pinpoint its intriguing bioactivities, its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and its anti-cancerous effects; and ascertain its potential medicinal uses and the main future perspectives.

Ephedra alata leaf extracts have therapeutic properties and contain various natural compounds known as phytochemicals. This study assessed the phytochemical content and antioxidant effects of a Ephedra alata leaf extract, as well as zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle production. The extract contained phenolic acids, including vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillin and rutin. Its total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were 48.7 ± 0.9 mg.g-1 and 1.7 ± 0.4 mg.g-1, respectively. The extract displayed a DPPH inhibition rate of 70.5%, total antioxidant activity of 49.5 ± 3.4 mg.g-1, and significant antimicrobial activity toward Gram-positive and negative bacteria. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles had spherical shape, crystallite size of 25 nm, particle size between 5 and 30 nm, and bandgap energy of 3.3 eV. In specific conditions (90 min contact time, pH 7, and 25°C), these nanoparticles efficiently photodegraded 87% of methylene blue, suggesting potential applications for sustainable water treatment and pollution control.

This study introduces environmentally-friendly nanocellulose-based membranes for AZO dye (methylene blue, MB) removal from wastewater. These membranes, made of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), zeolite, and citric acid, aim to offer eco-friendly water treatment solutions. CNCs, obtained from sugarcane bagasse, act as the foundational material for the membranes. The study aims to investigate both the composition of the membranes (CMC/CNC/zeolite/citric acid) and the critical adsorption factors (initial MB concentration, contact time, temperature, and pH) that impact the removal of the dye. After systematic experimentation, the optimal membrane composition is identified as 60% CNC, 15% CMC, 20% zeolites, and 5% citric acid. This composition achieved a 79.9% dye removal efficiency and a 38.3 mg/g adsorption capacity at pH 7. The optimized membrane exhibited enhanced MB dye removal under specific conditions, including a 50 mg adsorbent mass, 50 ppm dye concentration, 50 mL solution volume, 120-min contact time, and a temperature of 25°C. Increasing pH from neutral to alkaline enhances MB dye removal efficiency from 79.9% to 94.5%, with the adsorption capacity rising from 38.3 mg/g to 76.5 mg/g. The study extended to study the MB adsorption mechanisms, revealing the chemisorption of MB dye with pseudo-second-order kinetics. Chemical thermodynamic experiments determine the Freundlich isotherm as the apt model for MB dye adsorption on the membrane surface. In conclusion, this study successfully develops nanocellulose-based membranes for efficient AZO dye removal, contributing to sustainable water treatment technologies and environmental preservation efforts.

The exponential growth and prominence of the essential oil industry was associated with the generation of large amounts of plant residues which, if not managed properly, present an environmental threat due to their ability to contaminate soil and water systems. This study focuses on the valorization of residues generated from oregano and citronella plants following essential oil extraction. To tackle this challenge, we investigated the potential of biochar of oregano and citronella residues for removing methyl orange dye, a common environmental pollutant, and assessed their phytotoxicity for potential applications as soil amendment. The biochar was produced at different pyrolysis temperatures (300 °C and 400 °C) to study the effect of temperature on the various physicochemical properties of the biochar. Several analytical techniques were used to characterize the generated biochar including Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive (EDX) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. The efficiency of oregano and citronella biochars produced at different temperatures as soil amendment was evaluated by examining the germination and root development of Lepidium sativum seeds commonly known as garden cress. The control group displayed strong performance with 90–100 % germination and 3.54 cm root length. Oregano biochar obtained by pyrolysis at 300 °C (BOR-300) was toxic to seed growth, while the biochar fabricated at 400 °C (BOR-400) improved germination but fell short of the control. On the other hand, citronella biochar generated at 300 °C (BCR-300) and 400 °C (BCR-400) resulted in better germination compared to BOR, but still lagged behind the control group. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that citronella biochar (BCR) at 400 °C effectively removed 88.8 % of the methyl orange dye. Conversely, the combination of oregano biochar (BOR) and citronella biochar (BCR) at 300 °C did not substantially affect the dye removal efficiency. In summary, applying BOR and BCR produced at 400 °C to soil appears environmentally safe but does not significantly enhance plant growth. These results highlight the critical roles played by biochar type and pyrolysis temperature in shaping the application process.

In this study, we present a novel approach to enhancing the degradation of acetaminophen (ACT) using nanostructured hybrid nanofibers. The hybrid nanofibers were produced by employing both sol-gel and electrospinning methodologies, integrating precise quantities of silver (Ag) and boron nitride (BN) nanosheets into titanium oxide (TiO2) nanofibers and halloysite nanotubes (HNT). We extensively examined the morphology, structure, and optical properties of these materials by employing scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in our analysis. In the case of the HNT-TiO2 composite, the introduction of Ag nanoparticles at concentrations of 0.5%, 1.5%, and 3% led to a significant improvement in photocatalytic activity. Under visible light exposure for 4 h, the photocatalytic activity increased from 63% (HNT-TiO2) to 78.92%, 91.21%, and 92.90%, respectively. This enhancement can be attributed to the role of Ag nanoparticles as co-catalysts, facilitating the separation of electrons and holes generated during the photocatalytic process. Furthermore, BN nanosheets served as co-catalysts, capitalizing on their distinct attributes, including exceptional thermal conductivity, chemical stability, and electrical insulation. The incorporation of BN nanosheets into the Ag (3%)/HNT-TiO2 composite at a concentration of 5% resulted in a remarkable increase in ACT degradation efficiency. The degradation efficiency improved from 59.47% to an impressive 99.29% within a 2-h irradiation period due to the presence of BN nanosheets. Toxicity and scavenging assays revealed that OH•−, O2•−, and h+ were the major contributors to ACT degradation. Moreover, across five consecutive cycles, the Ag-BN/HNT-TiO2 composite exhibited consistent and stable performance, underscoring the significant contributions of Ag and BN in augmenting the photocatalytic capabilities of the composite. Overall, our findings suggest that this novel hybrid nanofiber composite holds great promise for practical applications in environmental remediation due to its improved photocatalytic activity and stability.

This study presents a novel method for synthesizing 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole derivatives through a one-pot, multi-component addition reaction using flower-like Cu2O microbeads as a catalyst. The flower-like Cu2O microbeads were synthesized using an aqueous extract of Artimisia Campestris L. This extract demonstrated the capability to reduce and stabilize Cu2O particles during their initial formation, resulting in the formation of a porous flower-like morphology. These Cu2O microbeads exhibit distinctive features, including a cubic close-packed (ccp) crystal structure with an average crystallite size of 22.8 nm, bandgap energy of 2.7 eV and a particle size of 6 µm. Their catalytic activity in synthesizing 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole derivatives was investigated through systematic exploration of key parameters such as catalyst quantity (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 mg/mL), solvent type (dimethylformamide/H2O, ethanol/H2O, dichloromethane/H2O, chloroform, acetone, and dimethyl sulfoxide), and catalyst reusability (four cycles). The Cu2O microbeads significantly increased the product yield from 20% to 85.3%. The green synthesis and outstanding catalytic attributes make these flower-like Cu2O microbeads promising, efficient, and recyclable catalysts for sustainable and effective chemical transformations.

This study focused on testing the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Origanum syriacum (O. syriacum) and Cimbopogon winterianus (C. winterianus) extracts and their essential oils (EOs). The bacteria were isolated from urine samples and identified by a VITEK assay, and the fungi were isolated from spoiled food samples and further identified by MALDI-TOF. The susceptibility of the microbial isolates was assessed by determining the bacteriostatic and bactericidal/fungicidal effects by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) broth microdilution assay and time-kill test. The antibiofilm activities were assessed by the antibiofilm screening assays. The bacterial isolates included three Gram-negative isolates (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Citrobacter freundii) and two Gram-positive isolates (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus intermedius). The fungal isolates included Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The O. syriacum and C. winterianus extracts exhibited bacteriostatic and fungistatic activities (MIC 1.25–2.5 mg/mL for the bacterial isolates and 2.5–5 mg/mL for the fungal isolates). However, their EOs exhibited bactericidal (MBC 5–20%) and fungicidal (MFC 1.25–10%) activities, meaning that the EOs had a better antimicrobial potential than the extracts. The antibiofilm activities of the mentioned extracts and their EOs were relatively weak. The O. syriacum extract inhibited S. aureus, S. intermedius, and K. pneumonia biofilms at a concentration of 0.3125 mg/mL and C. albicans and A. niger biofilms at 0.625 mg/mL. No antibiofilm activity was recorded for C. winterianus extract. In addition, the packaging of grapes with C. winterianus extract preserved them for about 40 days. The results reflect the significant antimicrobial activity of O. syriacum and C. winterianus extracts and their EOs, thus suggesting their potential in food packaging and preservation.

Ammodaucus leucotrichus exhibits promising pharmacological activity, hinting at anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects. This study investigated seed extracts from Ammodaucus leucotrichus using methanol and n-hexane, focusing on anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties. The methanol extract outperformed the n-hexane extract and diclofenac, a reference anti-inflammatory drug, in trypsin inhibition (85% vs. 30% and 64.67% at 125 μg/mL). For trypsin inhibition, the IC50 values were 82.97 μg/mL (methanol), 202.70 μg/mL (n-hexane), and 97.04 μg/mL (diclofenac). Additionally, the n-hexane extract surpassed the methanol extract and diclofenac in BSA (bovine serum albumin) denaturation inhibition (90.4% vs. 22.0% and 51.4% at 62.5 μg/mL). The BSA denaturation IC50 values were 14.30 μg/mL (n-hexane), 5408 μg/mL (methanol), and 42.30 μg/mL (diclofenac). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) revealed 59 and 58 secondary metabolites in the methanol and n-hexane extracts, respectively. The higher therapeutic activity of the methanol extract was attributed to hydroxyacetic acid hydrazide, absent in the n-hexane extract. In silico docking studies identified 28 compounds with negative binding energies, indicating potential trypsin inhibition. The 2-hydroxyacetohydrazide displayed superior inhibitory effects compared to diclofenac. Further mechanistic studies are crucial to validate 2-hydroxyacetohydrazide as a potential drug candidate for rheumatoid arthritis treatment.

Certain plants like Rosemarinus officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia and Origanum vulgare have been used in the food industry for centuries. Cymbopogon winterianus (Java Citronella plant) is one of the most significant plants. The objective of this study is to screen for secondary metabolites by phytochemical screening, evaluate the antioxidant contents of extracts and investigate the use of the Java Citronella plant in food preservation and as an insecticide. Java Citronella powder was added to bread and evaluated for its moisture content, and a visual and sensory analysis was performed. Sitophilus granarius (L.) weevils were exposed to Java Citronella essential oil (JCEO). The phytochemical screening revealed that the extracts were abundant in secondary metabolites. The JCEO had a yield of 0.75%. The aqueous extract had a higher total phenolic content of 49.043 ± 0.217 mg GAE/g than the ethanolic extract, which was 24.478 ± 1.956 mg GAE/g. The aqueous extract had a total flavonoids content 27,725.25 ± 54.96 µg RE/g higher than the ethanolic extract, with 24,263 ± 74 µg RE/g. The ethanolic extract had stronger antioxidant activity, with anIC50 = 196.116 μg/mL higher than the aqueous extract at 420 μg/mL. The 2% Java Citronella powder in the bread was preferred by consumers, and had a shelf life of 6 days. JCEO killed all the weevils with a high dose of 10% after 48 h. The Java Citronella showed insecticidal and food preservative activity. The results should help in future research to enhance the applications of Java Citronella in various domains, from food technology to insecticides.

Abstract Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) are drawing increasing attention in the fields of biomedicine and healthcare owing to their durability, biocompatibility, biodegradability and excellent mechanical properties. Herein, we fabricated using fused deposition modelling technology 3D composite scaffolds from polylactic acid (PLA) and CNC extracted from Ficus thonningii. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the printed scaffolds exhibit interconnected pores with an estimated average pore size of approximately 400 µm. Incorporating 3% (w/w) of CNC into the composite improved PLA mechanical properties (Young's modulus increased by ~ 30%) and wettability (water contact angle decreased by ~ 17%). The mineralization process of printed scaffolds using simulated body fluid was validated and nucleation of hydroxyapatite confirmed. Additionally, cytocompatibility tests revealed that PLA and CNC-based PLA scaffolds are non-toxic and compatible with bone cells. Our design, based on rapid 3D printing of PLA/CNC composites, combines the ability to control the architecture and provide improved mechanical and biological properties of the scaffolds, which opens perspectives for applications in bone tissue engineering and in regenerative medicine.

Biological applications of microfluidics technology is beginning to expand beyond the original focus of diagnostics, analytics and organ-on-chip devices. There is a growing interest in the development of microfluidic devices for therapeutic treatments, such as extra-corporeal haemodialysis and oxygenation. However, the great potential in this area comes with great challenges. Haemocompatibility of materials has long been a concern for blood-contacting medical devices, and microfluidic devices are no exception. The small channel size, high surface area to volume ratio and dynamic conditions integral to microchannels contribute to the blood-material interactions. This review will begin by describing features of microfluidic technology with a focus on blood-contacting applications. Material haemocompatibility will be discussed in the context of interactions with blood components, from the initial absorption of plasma proteins to the activation of cells and factors, and the contribution of these interactions to the coagulation cascade and thrombogenesis. Reference will be made to the testing requirements for medical devices in contact with blood, set out by International Standards in ISO 10993-4. Finally, we will review the techniques for improving microfluidic channel haemocompatibility through material surface modifications—including bioactive and biopassive coatings—and future directions.

With the global population continuing to increase, the demand for food and energy has escalated, resulting in severe environmental pressures. Traditional methods of food and energy production have left a significant footprint on the environment, primarily due to the emission of greenhouse gases and a notable surge in waste production. Nevertheless, scientists have recently focused on developing sustainable solutions by managing biomass waste and converting it into useful products. Various biomass conversion technologies, including pyrolysis, gasification, and fermentation, have emerged to transform waste materials into valuable commodities like biofuels, fertilizers, and chemicals. These technologies present an alternative to conventional energy production methods and decrease reliance on non-renewable resources. Furthermore, the by-products generated through biomass conversion, such as biochar, possess utility as valuable soil amendments. This review emphasizes the potential of biomass conversion technologies in providing sustainable solutions for waste management, food and energy production, and reducing negative environmental impacts while providing valuable by-products for agricultural use. The focus is on Lebanon, which is facing a waste and energy crisis, with an aim to encourage and promote sustainable practices by highlighting different green waste management technologies. Focusing on the application of biochar in soil, our goal is to provide cost-effective and eco-friendly solutions to various agricultural and environmental challenges in Lebanon. This includes using biochar from biomass waste as a soil amendment to boost crop yields, remediate soil pollution, reduce soil drought stress, and address other related issues.

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation has emerged as a pivotal chemical process with transformative potential in various industries. This review highlights the significance of catalytic transfer hydrogenation, a reaction that facilitates the transfer of hydrogen from one molecule to another, using a distinct molecule as the hydrogen source in the presence of a catalyst. Unlike conventional direct hydrogenation, catalytic transfer hydrogenation offers numerous advantages, such as enhanced safety, cost-effective hydrogen donors, byproduct recyclability, catalyst accessibility, and the potential for catalytic asymmetric transfer hydrogenation, particularly with chiral ligands. Moreover, the diverse range of hydrogen donor molecules utilized in this reaction have been explored, shedding light on their unique properties and their impact on catalytic systems and the mechanism elucidation of some reactions. Alcohols such as methanol and isopropanol are prominent hydrogen donors, demonstrating remarkable efficacy in various reductions. Formic acid offers irreversible hydrogenation, preventing the occurrence of reverse reactions, and is extensively utilized in chiral compound synthesis. Unconventional donors such as 1,4-cyclohexadiene and glycerol have shown a good efficiency in reducing unsaturated compounds, with glycerol additionally serving as a green solvent in some transformations. The compatibility of these donors with various catalysts, substrates, and reaction conditions were all discussed. Furthermore, this paper outlines future trends which include the utilization of biomass-derived hydrogen donors, the exploration of hydrogen storage materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), catalyst development for enhanced activity and recyclability, and the utilization of eco-friendly solvents such as glycerol and ionic liquids. Innovative heating methods, diverse base materials, and continued research into catalyst-hydrogen donor interactions are aimed to shape the future of catalytic transfer hydrogenation, enhancing its selectivity and efficiency across various industries and applications.

Polysulfone (PSF) is one of the most used polymers for water treatment membranes, but its intrinsic hydrophobicity can be detrimental to the membranes’ performances. By modifying a membrane’s surface, it is possible to adapt its physicochemical properties and thus tune the membrane’s hydrophilicity or porosity, which can achieve improved permeability and antifouling efficiency. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) stands as a distinctive technology offering exceedingly even and uniform layers of coatings, like oxides that cover the surfaces of objects with three-dimensional (3D) shapes, porous structures, and particles. In the context of this study, the focus was on titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and alumina (Al2O3), which were deposited on polysulfone hollow fiber (HF) membranes via ALD using TiCl4, diethyl zinc (DEZ), and trimethylamine (TMA), respectively, and H2O as precursors. The morphology and mechanical properties of membranes were changed without damaging their performances. The deposition was confirmed mainly by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). All depositions offered great performances with a maintained permeability and BSA retention and a 20 to 40° lower water contact angle (WCA) than the raw PSF HF membrane. The deposition of TiO2 offered the best results, showing an enhancement of 50% for the water permeability and 20% for the fouling resistance of the PSF HF membranes.

The many pollutants detected in water represent a global environmental issue. Emerging and persistent organic pollutants are particularly difficult to remove using traditional treatment methods. Electro-oxidation and sulfate-radical-based advanced oxidation processes are innovative removal methods for these contaminants. These approaches rely on the generation of hydroxyl and sulfate radicals during electro-oxidation and sulfate activation, respectively. In addition, hybrid activation, in which these methods are combined, is interesting because of the synergistic effect of hydroxyl and sulfate radicals. Hybrid activation effectiveness in pollutant removal can be influenced by various factors, particularly the materials used for the anode. This review focuses on various organic pollutants. However, it focuses more on pharmaceutical pollutants, particularly paracetamol, as this is the most frequently detected emerging pollutant. It then discusses electro-oxidation, photocatalysis and sulfate radicals, highlighting their unique advantages and their performance for water treatment. It focuses on perovskite oxides as an anode material, with a particular interest in calcium copper titanate (CCTO), due to its unique properties. The review describes different CCTO synthesis techniques, modifications, and applications for water remediation.

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are clay minerals with a tubular structure that can be used for many different applications in place of carbon nanotubes. Indeed, HNTs display low/non-toxicity, are biocompatible, and can be easily prepared. Moreover, the aluminum and silica groups present on HNTs’ inner and outer surfaces facilitate the interaction with various functional agents, such as alkalis, organosilanes, polymers, surfactants, and nanomaterials. This allows the deposition of different materials, for instance, metal and non-metal oxides, on different substrate types. This review article first briefly presents HNTs’ general structure and the various applications described in the last 20 years (e.g., drug delivery, medical implants, and energy storage). Then, it discusses in detail HNT applications for water purification (inorganic and organic pollutants). It focuses particularly on HNT-TiO2 composites that are considered very promising photocatalysts due to their high specific surface area and adsorption capacity, large pore volume, good stability, and mechanical features.

Abstract Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) is an attractive technology for chemical conversion of energy. Replacement of platinum with inexpensive and stable electrocatalysts remains a major bottleneck hampering large-scale hydrogen production by using clean and renewable energy sources. Here, we report electrocatalytically active and ultra-stable Polymer-Derived Ceramics towards HER. We successfully prepared ultrathin silicon and carbon (Si–C) based ceramic systems supported on electrically conducting 2D reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets with promising HER activity by varying the nature and the composition of the ceramic with the inclusion of nitrogen, boron and oxygen. Our results suggest that oxygen-enriched Si-B-C-N/rGO composites (O-SiBCN/rGO) display the strongest catalytic activity leading to an onset potential and a Tafel slope of − 340 mV and ~ 120 mV dec−1 respectively. O-SiBCN/rGO electrodes display stability over 170 h with minimal increase of 14% of the overpotential compared to ~ 1700% for commercial platinum nanoparticles. Our study provides new insights on the performance of ceramics as affordable and robust HER catalysts calling for further exploration of the electrocatalytic activity of such unconventional materials.

In recent years, Pickering emulsions and their applications have attracted a great deal of attention due to their special features, which include easy preparation and enhanced stability. In contrast to classical emulsions, in Pickering emulsions, solid microparticles or nanoparticles that localize at the interface between liquids are used as stabilizers, instead of surfactants, to enhance the droplet lifetime. Furthermore, Pickering emulsions show higher stability, lower toxicity, and stimuli-responsiveness, compared with emulsions that are stabilized by surfactants. Therefore, they can be considered attractive components for various uses, such as photocatalysis and the preparation of new materials. Moreover, the nanoparticle morphology strongly influences Pickering emulsion stability as well as the potential utilization of such emulsions. Here, we review recent findings concerning Pickering emulsions, with a particular focus on how the nanoparticles morphology (i.e., cube, ellipsoid, nanosheet, sphere, cylinder, rod, peanut) influences the type and stability of such emulsions, and their current applications in different fields such as antibacterial activity, protein recognition, catalysis, photocatalysis, and water purification.

In this study, we combined electrospinning of a large amount of halloysite (HNT, 95%) with nitriding to produce N-HNT-TiO2 composite nanofibers (N-H95T5 hereafter) to be used for acetaminophen (ACT) photodegradation. Investigation of the morphological and structural properties of the obtained materials did not highlight any significant difference in their morphological features and confirmed that nitrogen was evenly distributed in the samples. Photocatalytic tests under visible light showed that acetaminophen photodegraded faster in the presence of samples with nitrogen (N-H95T5) than without (H95T5 nanofibers). Moreover, the N-H95T5 nanocomposite photocatalytic activity did not change after repeated utilization (five cycles). The addition of scavengers during photocatalytic tests showed the key implication of OH•−, O2•− and h+ radicals in acetaminophen degradation. These results indicated that N–H95T5 composite nanofibers could be considered a cheap multifunctional material for photodegradation and could open new prospects for preparing tunable photocatalysts.

Bio-based ceramic membranes were elaborated from kaolinite clays, coconut husks and eggshells to retain E. coli bacteria present in water intended for human consumption. Their characterization and removal performances are investigated in this work. These bio-ceramic membranes were obtained by heating the formulation containing 75% clay, 15% coconut husk and 10% eggshell at 900 °C or 1000 °C, at different temperature rates, to give S1, S2 and S3 materials. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mercury porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize these membranes. Water flux density, bacterial removal and biofouling were also assessed. Water flux density was shown to depend on material porosity. Bacteria retention was 90% (with 1 log-removal) for S1, 80% (with 0.7 log-removal) for S2 and 100% (with 3.3 log-removal) for S3. Membranes S1 and S2 presented reversible biofouling, while no fouling was evidenced for S3 in the tested conditions. This work shows that the best bio-ceramic membrane in terms of bacterial removal and flux density was S3. Its water flux density was 2123 ± 72 L/h/m2 at an initial pressure of 0.2 bar. This material is particularly interesting because its production protocol is quite simple, fast and without the addition of chemical additives. Moreover, it can be used to efficiently remove bacteria from drinking water.

Nanomaterials are materials with one or more nanoscale dimensions (internal or external) (i.e., 1 to 100 nm). The nanomaterial shape, size, porosity, surface chemistry, and composition are controlled at the nanoscale, and this offers interesting properties compared with bulk materials. This review describes how nanomaterials are classified, their fabrication, functionalization techniques, and growth-controlled mechanisms. First, the history of nanomaterials is summarized and then the different classification methods, based on their dimensionality (0–3D), composition (carbon, inorganic, organic, and hybrids), origin (natural, incidental, engineered, bioinspired), crystal phase (single phase, multiphase), and dispersion state (dispersed or aggregated), are presented. Then, the synthesis methods are discussed and classified in function of the starting material (bottom-up and top-down), reaction phase (gas, plasma, liquid, and solid), and nature of the dispersing forces (mechanical, physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological). Finally, the challenges in synthesizing nanomaterials for research and commercial use are highlighted.

Abstract Investigations focusing on electrical energy storage capacitors especially the dielectric ceramic capacitors for high energy storage density are attracting more and more attention in the recent years. Ceramic capacitors possess a faster charge‐discharge rate and improved mechanical and thermal properties compared with other energy storage devices such as batteries. The challenge is to obtain ceramic capacitors with outstanding mechanical, thermal and storage properties over large temperature and frequencies ranges. ABO3 as a type of perovskites showed a strong piezoelectric, dielectric, pyroelectric, and electro‐optic properties useful as energy storage and environmental devices. CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) perovskite with cubic lattice (Im3 symmetry) was discovered to have a colossal dielectric constant (104) that is stable over a wide range of frequencies (10 Hz–1 MHz) and temperature independence (100–300 K). The origin of this high dielectric constant is not fully established, specially because it is the same for single crystal and thin films. In this review, the history of CCTO will be introduced. The synthesis and the sintering approaches, the dopant elements used as well as the applications of CCTO will be reported. In addition to dielectrical properties useful to energy storage devices; CCTO could serve as photocatalytic materials with a very good performance in visible light.

Combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an on-going global grand challenge, as recognized by several UN Sustainable Development Goals. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are well-known for their efficacy against antimicrobial resistance, and a plethora of green synthesis methodologies now exist in the literature. Herein, this review evaluates recent advances in biological approaches for Ag NPs, and their antimicrobial potential of Ag NPs with mechanisms of action are explored deeply. Moreover, short and long-term potential toxic effects of Ag NPs on animals, the environment, and human health are briefly discussed. Finally, we also provide a summary of the current state of the research and future challenges on a biologically mediated Ag-nanostructures-based effective platform for alleviating AMR.

Hydrogen can in the future serve as an advantageous carrier of renewable energy if its production via water electrolysis and utilization in fuel cells are realized with high energy efficiency and non-precious electrocatalysts. In an unprecedented novel combination of structured electrodes with hydrogen converting enzymes from the uncultured and thus largely inaccessible microbial majority (>99%) we address this challenge. The geometrically defined electrodes with large specific surface area allow for low overpotentials and high energy efficiencies to be achieved. Enzymatic hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts are used as alternatives to noble metals. The enzymes are harnessed from the environmental microbial DNA (metagenomes) of hydrothermal vents exhibiting dynamic hydrogen and oxygen concentrations and are recovered via a recently developed novel activity-based screening tool. The screen enables us to target currently unrecognized hydrogenase enzymes from metagenomes via direct expression in a surrogate host microorganism. This circumvents the need for cultivation of the source organisms, the primary bottleneck when harnessing enzymes from microbes. One hydrogen converting metagenome-derived enzyme exhibited high activity and unusually high stability when dispersed on a TiO2-coated polyacrylonitrile fiber electrode. Our results highlight the tremendous potential of enzymes derived from uncultured microorganisms for applications in energy conversion and storage technologies.

The majority of proposed exotic applications employing 3D topological insulators require high-quality materials with reduced dimensions. Catalyst-free, PVD-grown Bi2Se3 nanoribbons are particularly promising for these applications due to the extraordinarily high mobility of their surface Dirac states, and low bulk carrier densities. However, these materials are prone to the formation of surface accumulation layers; therefore, the implementation of surface encapsulation layers and the choice of appropriate dielectrics for building gate-tunable devices are important. In this work, all-around ZnO-encapsulated nanoribbons are investigated. Gate-dependent magnetotransport measurements show improved charge transport characteristics as reduced nanoribbon/substrate interface carrier densities compared to the values obtained for the as-grown nanoribbons on SiO2 substrates.

Nanomaterials are becoming important materials in several fields and industries thanks to their very reduced size and shape-related features. Scientists think that nanoparticles and nanostructured materials originated during the Big Bang process from meteorites leading to the formation of the universe and Earth. Since 1990, the term nanotechnology became very popular due to advances in imaging technologies that paved the way to specific industrial applications. Currently, nanoparticles and nanostructured materials are synthesized on a large scale and are indispensable for many industries. This fact fosters and supports research in biochemistry, biophysics, and biochemical engineering applications. Recently, nanotechnology has been combined with other sciences to fabricate new forms of nanomaterials that could be used, for instance, for diagnostic tools, drug delivery systems, energy generation/storage, environmental remediation as well as agriculture and food processing. In contrast with traditional materials, specific features can be integrated into nanoparticles, nanostructures, and nanosystems by simply modifying their scale, shape, and composition. This article first summarizes the history of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. Followed by the progress that led to improved synthesis processes to produce different nanoparticles and nanostructures characterized by specific features. The content finally presents various origins and sources of nanomaterials, synthesis strategies, their toxicity, risks, regulations, and self-aggregation.

Nanotechnology is a broad area integrating different research disciplines, including but not limited to material science, engineering, physics, chemistry, polymer science, optics, electronics, robotic, metallurgy, pharmacology, pharmacy and medicine [...]

In the last few decades, the vast potential of nanomaterials for biomedical and healthcare applications has been extensively investigated. Several case studies demonstrated that nanomaterials can offer solutions to the current challenges of raw materials in the biomedical and healthcare fields. This review describes the different nanoparticles and nanostructured material synthesis approaches and presents some emerging biomedical, healthcare, and agro-food applications. This review focuses on various nanomaterial types (e.g., spherical, nanorods, nanotubes, nanosheets, nanofibers, core-shell, and mesoporous) that can be synthesized from different raw materials and their emerging applications in bioimaging, biosensing, drug delivery, tissue engineering, antimicrobial, and agro-foods. Depending on their morphology (e.g., size, aspect ratio, geometry, porosity), nanomaterials can be used as formulation modifiers, moisturizers, nanofillers, additives, membranes, and films. As toxicological assessment depends on sizes and morphologies, stringent regulation is needed from the testing of efficient nanomaterials dosages. The challenges and perspectives for an industrial breakthrough of nanomaterials are related to the optimization of production and processing conditions.

Nanocelluloses are promising bio-nano-materials for use as water treatment materials in environmental protection and remediation. Over the past decades, they have been integrated via novel nanoengineering approaches for water treatment processes. This review aims at giving an overview of nanocellulose requirements concerning emerging nanotechnologies of waster treatments and purification, i.e., adsorption, absorption, flocculation, photocatalytic degradation, disinfection, antifouling, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Firstly, the nanocellulose synthesis methods (mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological), unique properties (sizes, geometries, and surface chemistry) were presented and their use for capturing and removal of wastewater pollutants was explained. Secondly, different chemical modification approaches surface functionalization (with functional groups, polymers, and nanoparticles) for enhancing the surface chemistry of the nanocellulose for enabling the effective removal of specific pollutants (suspended particles, microorganisms, hazardous metals ions, organic dyes, drugs, pesticides fertilizers, and oils) were highlighted. Thirdly, new fabrication approaches (solution casting, thermal treatment, electrospinning, 3D printing) that integrated nanocelluloses (spherical nanoparticles, nanowhiskers, nanofibers) to produce water treatment materials (individual composite nanoparticles, hydrogels, aerogels, sponges, membranes, and nanopapers) were covered. Finally, the major challenges and future perspectives concerning the applications of nanocellulose based materials in water treatment and purification were highlighted.

We developed free-standing nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber (CNF) electrodes incorporating Co/CoOx nanoparticles (NPs) as a new cathode material for removing Acid Orange 7 (AO7; a dye for wool) from wastewater by the heterogeneous electro-Fenton reaction. We produced the free-standing N-doped CNF electrodes by electrospinning a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and cobalt acetate solution followed by thermal carbonation of the cobalt acetate/PAN nanofibers under a nitrogen atmosphere. We then investigated electro-Fenton-based removal of AO7 from wastewater with the free-standing N-doped-CNFs-Co/CoOx electrodes, in the presence or not of Fe2+ ions as a co-catalyst. The electrochemical analysis showed the high stability of the prepared N-doped-CNF-Co/CoOx electrodes in electrochemical oxidation experiments with excellent degradation of AO7 (20 mM) at acidic to near neutral pH values (3 and 6). Electro-Fenton oxidation at 10 mA/cm2 direct current for 40 min using the N-doped-CNF-Co/CoOx electrodes loaded with 25 wt% of Co/CoOx NPs led to complete AO7 solution decolorization with total organic carbon (TOC) removal values of 92.4% at pH 3 and 93.3% at pH 6. The newly developed N-doped-CNF-Co/CoOx electrodes are an effective alternative technique for wastewater pre-treatment before the biological treatment.

The yield and morphology (length, width, thickness) of stoichiometric Bi2Se3 nanoribbons grown by physical vapor deposition is studied as a function of the diameters and areal number density of the Au catalyst nanoparticles of mean diameters 8–150 nm formed by dewetting Au layers of thicknesses 1.5–16 nm. The highest yield of the Bi2Se3 nanoribbons is reached when synthesized on dewetted 3 nm thick Au layer (mean diameter of Au nanoparticles ~10 nm) and exceeds the nanoribbon yield obtained in catalyst-free synthesis by almost 50 times. The mean lengths and thicknesses of the Bi2Se3 nanoribbons are directly proportional to the mean diameters of Au catalyst nanoparticles. In contrast, the mean widths of the Bi2Se3 nanoribbons do not show a direct correlation with the Au nanoparticle size as they depend on the contribution ratio of two main growth mechanisms—catalyst-free and vapor–liquid–solid deposition. The Bi2Se3 nanoribbon growth mechanisms in relation to the Au catalyst nanoparticle size and areal number density are discussed. Determined charge transport characteristics confirm the high quality of the synthesized Bi2Se3 nanoribbons, which, together with the high yield and tunable morphology, makes these suitable for application in a variety of nanoscale devices.