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University-wide implementations of various technology teaching tools have been occurring for many years. Often staff are trained in using the tool and students are thus required to use it in various ways in their courses and for assessment purposes. This paper outlines the implementation of a university-wide ePortfolio platform, PebblePad, and investigates student attitudes one year after its introduction. Although students are still getting used to the platform, they are learning to accept the tool and are using it in various ways in their courses to support their learning. Results also show numerous ways students can get support to use the platform and the types of assistance provided. It is hoped students will accept PebblePad in the future, learn to be less critical and that deep learning can continue to be supported. In conclusion, PebblePad is a wide ranging ePortfolio system that can, when used well, support student learning in a large variety of ways.

Single nuclear RNA-sequencing was performed on human post-mortem brain tissue from four distinct nuclei that have implications for neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson’s diseases. Younger, aged 20s to 30s, and middle-aged and older, aged 60s to 80s, adults were used to identify changes in cell populations and transcriptomes during aging. Files included: aging.glmmtmb_age_diffs.csv.gz - All results modeled using glmmTMB aging.glmmtmb_age_diffs_fdr.csv.gz - glmmTMB results with a statistically significant result Column headers for the glmmtmb results are: feature - gene name intercept - regression intercept estimate - regression coefficient std.error - standard error statistic - regression test statistic p.value - regression p-value tissue - the brain region or cell-type (depending on 'type' column) type - type for 'tissue' column, brain_region, specific or broad cell-type fdr_bh - B&H FDR multiple-test corrected p-value aging.diffxpy_age_diffs.csv.gz - All results using diffxpy differential expression aging.diffxpy_age_diffs_fdr.csv.gz - diffxpy results with a statistically significant result Column headers for the diffxpy results are: gene - gene name pval - p-value for differential expression qval - q-value for differential expression; multiple-test corrected p-value log2fc - log base 2 fold change in expression mean - zero_mean - zero_variance - tissue - the brain region or cell-type (depending on 'type' column) type - type for 'tissue' column, brain_region, specific or broad cell-type fdr_bh - B&H FDR cmultiple-test orrected p-value &nbsp

The progressive neuropathological damage seen in Parkinson's disease (PD) is thought to be related to the spreading of aggregated forms of α‐synuclein. Clearance of extracellular α‐synuclein released by degenerating neurons may be therefore a key mechanism to control the concentration of α‐synuclein in the extracellular space. Several molecular chaperones control misfolded protein accumulation in the extracellular compartment. Among these, clusterin, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease, binds α‐synuclein aggregated species and is present in Lewy bodies, intraneuronal aggregates mainly composed by fibrillary α‐synuclein. In this study, using murine primary astrocytes with clusterin genetic deletion, human‐induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived astrocytes with clusterin silencing and two animal models relevant for PD we explore how clusterin affects the clearance of α‐synuclein aggregates by astrocytes. Our findings showed that astrocytes take up α‐synuclein preformed fibrils (pffs) through dynamin‐dependent endocytosis and that clusterin levels are modulated in the culture media of cells upon α‐synuclein pffs exposure. Specifically, we found that clusterin interacts with α‐synuclein pffs in the extracellular compartment and the clusterin/α‐synuclein complex can be internalized by astrocytes. Mechanistically, using clusterin knock‐out primary astrocytes and clusterin knock‐down hiPSC‐derived astrocytes we observed that clusterin limits the uptake of α‐synuclein pffs by cells. Interestingly, we detected increased levels of clusterin in the adeno‐associated virus‐ and the α‐synuclein pffs‐ injected mouse model, suggesting a crucial role of this chaperone in the pathogenesis of PD. Overall, our observations indicate that clusterin can limit the uptake of extracellular α‐synuclein aggregates by astrocytes and, hence, contribute to the spreading of Parkinson pathology., Main Points Extracellular clusterin binds α‐synuclein fibrils thus limiting their uptake by murine and human astrocytes.Reduced levels of clusterin improve α‐synuclein aggregates clearance by astrocytes.

AIMS To investigate typical pad weight gain (PWG) in asymptomatic women who have never reported any episodes of urinary incontinence. METHODS An observational study was performed by measuring the increase in weight of small sanitary pads worn by 35 healthy, female volunteers of a median age 36 (range, 23-56) years. Each pad was worn for a minimum of 5 h which is the typical maximum duration of an ambulatory urodynamics study. RESULTS The median duration of pad wear was 6 h (interquartile range [IQR], 5-8). The median PWG was 0.111 g (IQR, 0.047-0.255). The maximum recorded PWG was 0.621 g and the minimum was 0.012 g. PWG was not significantly affected by age, parity, years since last delivery, body mass index, or menopausal status. CONCLUSIONS PWG over a median duration of 6 h (IQR, 5-8) is typically

Models and observations suggest that particle flux attenuation is lower across the mesopelagic zone of anoxic environments compared to oxic environments. Flux attenuation is controlled by microbial...

Up to half of marine N losses occur in oxygen-deficient zones (ODZs). Organic matter flux from productive surface waters is considered a primary control on N2 production. Here we investigate the offshore Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP) where a secondary chlorophyll a maximum resides within the ODZ. Rates of primary production and carbon export from the mixed layer and productivity in the primary chlorophyll a maximum were consistent with oligotrophic waters. However, sediment trap carbon and nitrogen fluxes increased between 105 and 150 m, indicating organic matter production within the ODZ. Metagenomic and metaproteomic characterization indicated that the secondary chlorophyll a maximum was attributable to the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus, and numerous photosynthesis and carbon fixation proteins were detected. The presence of chemoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizing archaea and the nitrite oxidizer Nitrospina and detection of nitrate oxidoreductase was consistent with cyanobacterial oxygen production within the ODZ. Cyanobacteria and cyanophage were also present on large (>30 μm) particles and in sediment trap material. Particle cyanophage-to-host ratio exceeded 50, suggesting that viruses help convert cyanobacteria into sinking organic matter. Nitrate reduction and anammox proteins were detected, congruent with previously reported N2 production. We suggest that autochthonous organic matter production within the ODZ contributes to N2 production in the offshore ETNP.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disorder traditionally defined by resting tremor and akinesia, primarily due to loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Affected brain areas display intraneuronal fibrillar inclusions consisting mainly of alpha-synuclein (asyn) proteins. No animal model thus far has recapitulated all characteristics of this disease. Here, we describe the use of stereotaxic injection to deliver chemicals, proteins, or viral vectors intracranially in order to mimic various aspects of PD. These methods are well-established and widely used throughout the PD field. Stereotaxic injections are incredibly flexible; they can be adjusted in concentration, age of animal used for injection, brain area targeted and in animal species used. Combinations of substances allow for rapid variations to assess treatments or alter severity of the pathology or behavioral deficits. By injecting toxins into the brain, we can mimic inflammation and/or a severe loss of dopaminergic neurons resulting in substantial motor phenotypes. Viral vectors can be used to transduce cells to mimic genetic or mechanistic aspects. Preformed fibrillar asyn injections best recapitulate the progressive phenotype over an extended period of time. Once these methods are established, it can be economical to generate a new model compared to creating a new transgenic line. However, this method is labor intensive as it requires 30 minutes to four hours per animal depending on the model used. Each animal will have a slightly different targeting and therefore create a diverse cohort which on one hand can be challenging to interpret results from; on the other hand, help mimic a more realistic diversity found in patients. Mistargeted animals can be identified using behavioral or imaging readouts, or only after being sacrificed leading to smallercohort size after the study has already been concluded. Overall, this method is a rudimentary but effective way to assess a diverse set of PD aspects.

Ocean metaproteomics is an emerging field enabling discoveries about marine microbial communities and their impact on global biogeochemical processes. Recent ocean metaproteomic studies have provided insight into microbial nutrient transport, colimitation of carbon fixation, the metabolism of microbial biofilms, and dynamics of carbon flux in marine ecosystems. Future methodological developments could provide new capabilities such as characterizing long-term ecosystem changes, biogeochemical reaction rates, and in situ stoichiometries. Yet challenges remain for ocean metaproteomics due to the great biological diversity that produces highly complex mass spectra, as well as the difficulty in obtaining and working with environmental samples. This review summarizes the progress and challenges facing ocean metaproteomic scientists and proposes best practices for data sharing of ocean metaproteomic data sets, including the data types and metadata needed to enable intercomparisons of protein distributions and annotations that could foster global ocean metaproteomic capabilities.

Copper-transporting ATPase ATP7A is essential for mammalian copper homeostasis. Loss of ATP7A activity is associated with fatal Menkes disease and various other pathologies. In cells, ATP7A inactivation disrupts copper transport from the cytosol into the secretory pathway. Using fibroblasts from Menkes disease patients and mouse 3T3-L1 cells with a CRISPR/Cas9-inactivated ATP7A, we demonstrate that ATP7A dysfunction is also damaging to mitochondrial redox balance. In these cells, copper accumulates in nuclei, cytosol, and mitochondria, causing distinct changes in their redox environment. Quantitative imaging of live cells using GRX1-roGFP2 and HyPer sensors reveals highest glutathione oxidation and elevation of H2O2 in mitochondria, whereas the redox environment of nuclei and the cytosol is much less affected. Decreasing the H2O2 levels in mitochondria with MitoQ does not prevent glutathione oxidation; i.e. elevated copper and not H2O2 is a primary cause of glutathione oxidation. Redox misbalance does not significantly affect mitochondrion morphology or the activity of respiratory complex IV but markedly increases cell sensitivity to even mild glutathione depletion, resulting in loss of cell viability. Thus, ATP7A activity protects mitochondria from excessive copper entry, which is deleterious to redox buffers. Mitochondrial redox misbalance could significantly contribute to pathologies associated with ATP7A inactivation in tissues with paradoxical accumulation of copper (i.e. renal epithelia).

Perhaps more than ever, the emotional and mental health of students is understood to be essential for academic success. In addition to providing counseling services, colleges and universities have begun to explore other options for promoting student wellness; and, as Sara Holder and Amber Lannon note in this volume, the academic library has become the “logical home for wellness initiatives.” [1] In Student Wellness & Academic Libraries: Case Studies and Activities for Promoting Health and Success , editors Holder and Lannon have gathered together an in-depth collection of current research studies and wellness programs developed and implemented by academic librarians and educators.

The adaptor protein-1 complex (AP-1), which transports cargo between the trans-Golgi network and endosomes, plays a role in the trafficking of Atp7a, a copper-transporting P-type ATPase, and peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), a copper-dependent membrane enzyme. Lack of any of the four AP-1 subunits impairs function, and patients with MEDNIK syndrome, a rare genetic disorder caused by lack of expression of the σ1A subunit, exhibit clinical and biochemical signs of impaired copper homeostasis. To explore the role of AP-1 in copper homeostasis in neuroendocrine cells, we used corticotrope tumor cells in which AP-1 function was diminished by reducing expression of its μ1A subunit. Copper levels were unchanged when AP-1 function was impaired, but cellular levels of Atp7a declined slightly. The ability of PAM to function was assessed by monitoring 18-kDa fragment-NH2 production from proopiomelanocortin. Reduced AP-1 function made 18-kDa fragment amidation more sensitive to inhibition by bathocuproine disulfonate, a cell-impermeant Cu(I) chelator. The endocytic trafficking of PAM was altered, and PAM-1 accumulated on the cell surface when AP-1 levels were reduced. Reduced AP-1 function increased the Atp7a presence in early/recycling endosomes but did not alter the ability of copper to stimulate its appearance on the plasma membrane. Co-immunoprecipitation of a small fraction of PAM and Atp7a supports the suggestion that copper can be transferred directly from Atp7a to PAM, a process that can occur only when both proteins are present in the same subcellular compartment. Altered luminal cuproenzyme function may contribute to deficits observed when the AP-1 function is compromised.

Women who use tobacco, alcohol and drugs during pregnancy are at increased risk of maternal and fetal morbidity. Universal screening using empirically validated approaches can improve identification of substance-using pregnant women and facilitate comprehensive assessment of treatment needs. There is strong evidence for effectiveness of psychosocial and behavioral substance abuse treatments across a range of intensities and levels of care. In addition to addressing substance use, services for co-occurring psychiatric disorders, trauma exposure, and prenatal care are important components of coordinated systems of care. More research on and greater access to evidence-based interventions is needed for this underserved population.

Objective To develop and validate a nomogram for assessing bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in women derived from concurrent Pdet.Qmax and Qmax based on radiographic evidence of increased urethral resistance. Patients and Methods Retrospective analysis of prospectively acquired video-urodynamics and clinical data of 185 women (development cohort) was performed. The Pdet.Qmax were plotted against Qmax and cluster analysis was performed to determine an axis that best divided the definitively obstructed and unobstructed. Using data from a further 350 women (validation cohort), the sensitivity and specificity of the derived criterion was calculated. Finally, the data from both groups was pooled together and using binary logistic regression analysis, a nomogram was produced. Results Of the 535 patients in the two cohorts, (122 [22.8%]) demonstrated radiographic evidence of BOO. Cluster analysis identified the axis that best separates the radiographically obstructed and unobstructed as Pdet.Qmax = 2*Qmax. Using the data from the validation cohort, the sensitivity and specificity for this was calculated as 0.94 and 0.93, respectively. A nomogram, representing the probability of BOO for concurrent Pdet.Qmax and Qmax measurements was derived by pooling data from both cohorts. Alternatively, a female BOO index (BOOIf) may be calculated mathematically using the formula BOOIf = Pdet.Qmax − 2.2*Qmax, that is, BOOIf 5 likely obstructed (50%) and If BOOIf > 18, obstruction almost certain (>90%). Conclusion A female BOO nomogram (the SG nomogram) with high sensitivity and specificity is proposed. The nomogram can be used to stratify the degree of BOO or assess response to treatment.

The anterior pituitary is specialized for the synthesis, storage and release of peptide hormones. The activation of inactive peptide hormone precursors requires a specific set of proteases and other post-translational processing enzymes. High levels of peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), an essential peptide processing enzyme, occur in the anterior pituitary. PAM, which converts glycine-extended peptides into amidated products, requires copper and zinc to support its two catalytic activities and calcium for structure. We used X-ray fluorescence microscopy on rat pituitary sections and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on subcellular fractions prepared from rat anterior pituitary to localize and quantify copper, zinc and calcium. X-ray fluorescence microscopy indicated that the calcium concentration in pituitary tissue was about 2.5 mM, 10-times more than zinc and 50-times more than copper. Although no higher than cytosolic levels, secretory granule levels of copper exceeded PAM levels by a factor of 10. Atp7a, which transports copper into the lumen of the secretory pathway, was enriched in endosomes and Golgi, not in secretory granules. If Atp7a transfers copper directly to PAM, this pH-dependent process is likely to occur in Golgi and endosomes.

Introduction Timed barium esophagram (TBE) is an objective measurement of esophageal emptying in achalasia. Post-therapy reduction of residual barium column height correlates imperfectly with short term symptomatic outcomes. We hypothesise that surface area (SA) of the barium column may be more accurate than height; firstly, by incorporating improvement in esophageal width that often occurs post-therapy, but also by correcting for artificially higher height values due to esophageal contraction occurring. We aimed to compare the correlation of TBE outcome measures of height and SA with symptom improvement post-therapy. Method Achalasia patients who underwent therapy between 2015–6 and had TBE and Eckardt score (ES) performed at baseline as well as within 6 months post-therapy were included. TBE images were acquired 5 mins following ingestion of 200 mL barium. Barium height was measured between the gastro-esophageal junction and the superior extent of any residual barium column. After manually defining column boundaries, software was used to calculate SA. Adequate symptom relief was defined as ES reduction to ≤3. On TBE, metrics of adequate emptying evaluated were i) post-therapy column height 50% reduction in column height from pre to post-therapy and iii)>50% reduction in column SA from pre to post-therapy. Results Of 18 patients, 11 had dilatation and 7 POEM. Reductions with therapy of both 5 min barium column height (14.7±8.7 to 7.9±6.0 cm; p=0.01) and SA (52.7±43.5 to 24.5±26.0cm2; p=0.02) were noted. Symptoms also improved; median baseline ES 7 (IQR 5.25–8) improved to 0 (IQR 0–1) post-therapy. However there was poor concordance between post-therapy barium height and symptomatic relief (i.e. post-therapy column >5 cm despite ES ≤3 or vice versa), and the correlation (R) between these two variables was poor. Similar poor concordance was seen when adequate emptying was defined by >50% reduction in column height, but >50% reduction in SA paralleled symptom relief most closely. Conclusion In TBE performed on achalasia patients post-therapy, reduction in SA of the residual barium column compared with baseline values parallels symptomatic relief more closely than reduction of column height. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

This study systematically replicated and extended previous research on response interruption and redirection (RIRD) by assessing instructed responses of a different topography than the target behavior, percentage of session spent in treatment, generalization of behavior reduction, and social validity of the intervention. Results showed that RIRD produced substantial decreases in vocal stereotypy. Limitations of this study were that behavior reduction did not generalize to novel settings or with novel instructors and that appropriate vocalizations did not improve.

With cellular-level resolution comparable to histology, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) imaging is a promising approach both for diagnosis of skin cancer in vivo with high sensitivity and specificity1,2, and for pre- and intra-operative detection of cancer margins to guide treatment.3–5 However, RCM images are limited to a field of view (FOV) of 1 mm -by- 1 mm, much smaller than the typical size of skin lesions. Many diagnostic features cannot be reliably identified in such small FOVs. Moreover, clinicians rely heavily on visual context of the surrounding tissue to perform diagnoses. Thus, larger areas must be imaged to evaluate cellular and morphologic features with high accuracy and repeatability. To address this concern, mosaicing approaches, which increase the FOV by acquiring a matrix of adjacent images and stitching them together to display a large area, have been developed for confocal microscopy6. In standard mosaicing, images are acquired while mechanically translating the microscope lens relative to the skin along pre-determined linear (straight-line) trajectories. This approach was implemented in the RCM scanner used in the cited studies1–5, and, in fact, is now routinely used on patients. However, the mechanics of translation limit speed and coverage to pre-selected small rectangular-shaped areas, currently up to 8 mm-by-8 mm, imaged in ~4.5 minutes. Coverage and speed could be increased, of course, with larger and faster mechanical translation systems, but would add significant size and cost to RCM scanners, and would certainly not be practical for routine use on patients. Miniaturized confocal endoscopes have been developed that allow the operator flexible control for imaging in vivo, without the constraints of mechanical translation7,8 Similar flexibility is now possible for imaging skin with the recent advent of smaller and miniaturized handheld confocal microscopes9,10,11. The operator manually moves the microscope along a desired curvilinear trajectory, with the lens gently pressed against the tissue, while acquiring a video sequence of images. Video microscopy enables the operator to choose the trajectory in real-time, allowing adaptive coverage of areas that can be selected in real-time during acquisition. Thus, an area with any shape and size may be rapidly imaged, without the previous constraints of straight-line trajectories and rectangular coverage. However, observing a video, by itself, merely as a time-sequence of small FOVs, does not readily provide the necessary visual context from the surrounding tissue. In this paper, we present results from an approach for computationally transforming such videos into mosaics that display the entire imaged area. Algorithms for video-mosaicing have been developed in the fields of computational photography and computer vision12, and their use has previously been reported for confocal endoscopic imaging7,8.We report here application of video-mosaicing to reflectance confocal images of human skin lesions and margins in vivo.

Nonalcoholic fatty-liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence is increasing worldwide, with the affected US population estimated near 30%. Diet is a recognized risk factor in the NAFLD spectrum, which includes non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis. Low hepatic copper (Cu) was recently linked to clinical NAFLD/NASH severity. Simple sugar consumption including sucrose and fructose is implicated in NAFLD, while consumption of these macronutrients also decrease liver Cu levels. Though dietary sugar and low Cu are implicated in NAFLD, transcript-level responses that connect diet and pathology are not established. We have developed a mature rat model of NAFLD induced by dietary Cu deficiency, human-relevant high sucrose intake (30% w/w), or both factors in combination. Compared to the control diet with adequate Cu and 10% (w/w) sucrose, rats fed either high sucrose or low Cu diets had increased hepatic expression of genes involved in inflammation and fibrogenesis, including hepatic stellate cell activation, while the combination of diet factors also increased ATP citrate lyase (Acly) and fatty-acid synthase (Fasn) gene transcription (Fold change >2, p

Introduction Resistance to bolus flow across the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a hallmark of achalasia. Presently the gold standard of diagnosis is by high-resolution manometry (HRM) demonstration of raised integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) following ten 5 mL water swallows; however, this does not replicate normal swallowing behaviour. It has been demonstrated that the addition of adjunctive tests improves sensitivity of identifying relevant dysmotility. Such tests include multiple water swallows (MWS; 200 mL water drunk freely) and solid swallows. In addition, the timed barium esophagram (TBE) measures esophageal emptying. This study describes a cohort of patients who have been treated as having achalasia based on resistance to flow not exhibited with single water swallows. Method Inclusion criteria were all patients between October 2014–2016 with normal mean and median IRP with 5 mL water swallows but considered to have achalasia due to resistance to flow demonstrated by pan-esophageal pressurisation (PEP) during MWS or solid swallows and/or a persistent column at 5 min during TBE. Outcome post-treatment was based on Eckardt score (ES). Results 14 patients (9 male) fulfilled inclusion criteria. 7 were treatment-naive and 7 treatment-experienced (3 myotomy, 4 dilatation). Mean resting LES pressure was 14.6±7.4 mmHg. In all patients, mean and median IRP values for ten 5 mL water swallows were non-raised (mean 9.1±4.3 and 8.7±4.5 mmHg respectively). Of the 7 treatment-naive patients, 5 demonstrated PEP on MWS, 3 on solid swallows and 6 had a positive TBE at 5 min. In treatment-experienced patients, 5 had PEP on MWS, 1 on solid swallows and all had a positive TBE. Of the 13 who had resistance to flow on TBE, 10 (77%) also had resistance demonstrated during MWS and/or solid swallows. Mean height of the 5 min column of barium at baseline was 16.5±8.9 cm. 8 patients underwent therapy based on these findings; one POEM and 7 pneumatic dilatations. Median baseline ES was 7.5 (IQR 5–8). Median ES at minimum 3 months following treatment was 1 (IQR 0–2.5; p Conclusion A normal IRP for water swallows does not preclude a diagnosis of achalasia. The addition of free drinking/solids during HRM or the TBE can identify pathology that might have been missed with standard 5 mL water swallows alone. Patients treated based on this algorithm exhibit excellent treatment outcomes, validating this approach. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Background The transition metal copper enhances amyloid β aggregation and neurotoxicity, and in models of concomitant amyloid and tau pathology, copper also promotes tau aggregation. Since it is not clear if the effects of environmental copper upon tau pathology are dependent on the presence of pathological amyloid β, we tested the effects of copper overload and complexing in disease models which lack pathological amyloid β. Methods We used cell culture and transgenic murine models to test the effects of environmental copper on tau phosphorylation. We used oral zinc acetate as a copper lowering agent in mice and examined changes in blood and brain metals through inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Behavioral effects of copper lowering were assessed with Morris water maze and novel object recognition tasks. Changes in tau phosphorylation were examined by phosphorylation specific antibodies on Western blots. Results In human neuroblastoma cells, excess copper promoted tau phosphorylation and a copper complexing agent, tetrathiomolybdate, attenuated tau phosphorylation. In a transgenic mouse model expressing wild type human tau, copper-lowering by oral zinc suppressed plasma and brain levels of copper, and resulted in a marked attenuation of tau phosphorylation. No significant changes in behavior were observed with copper lowering, but a trend to improved recognition of the novel object was observed in zinc acetate treated mice. Conclusions We propose that reduction of brain copper by blocking uptake of copper from the diet may be a viable strategy for modulating tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. The potential benefits of this approach are tempered by the absence of a behavioral benefit and by the health risks of excessive lowering of copper. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2047-9158-3-24) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Objective. We examine the political attitudes and priorities of contributors to two prominent women's PACs for evidence of a gender gap. Methods. A survey of contributors to EMILY's List and to WISH List shows that contributors to both organizations are overwhelmingly women. However, because EMILY's List is so large, there is a sufficient number of men to compare to the two groups of women using percentages and difference-of-means tests. Results. Partisanship is the overriding influence on political priorities and attitudes toward economic and social welfare policy. However, partisanship and gender interact to influence political attitudes in at least two areas. First, EMILY's List men are more supportive of militarism and use of force than are EMILY's List women, but they are less supportive than WISH List women. Second, the women of EMILY's List are more staunchly feminist than either EMILY's List men or WISH List women. Conclusions. We conclude that the source of each group's financial commitment to women's political equality and reproductive rights is different: for EMILY's List women, it is liberal feminism; for WISH List women, it is libertarianism; and for EMILY's List men, it is general egalitarianism.