Search

Introduction: The HBV virus has its enveloped protein that surrounds nucleic acid for its protection. Hepatitis B DNA virus belongs to the Hepadnoviridae family and is similar to retroviruses. Globally, HBV infected people approximately 2 billion in the world, about 350 million people were chronic carriers. One million deaths are caused by the HBV virus every year. Each year, 400,000 new cases were reported in Latin America. Among all over the World, Pakistan was considered as one of the largest chronic viral hepatitis infection countries. Methodology: 975 samples were recoded from different districts of south Punjab. The sera of the patient’s sample were examined to analyze the LFTs, HBS serology, HBS ELIZA, anti-HBeAg, AFP, anti- HDV, HBC IgM, and HBV DNA EAL TIME PCR. An anticoagulant sample was used to analyze their prothrombin time, HB level, WBC count, PLT counts, and HBA1C. Data were analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2019 and SPSS version 14.0. Results: 975 samples were collected from the Multan district of Punjab. Out of which 638(65.43%) patients were detected positive for HBsAg serology, 312(32.84%) were not detected. The HBA1C test values are higher in HBV patients and its normal value is below 6.4%. In 1st group 258 patients out of 638 are HBV PCR DETECTED, bilirubin 2.1+-5.7, ALP 425.1±575.1, AST 119.6±102.6, ALT 62.0±41.6, and albumin 3.5±0.9. in the 2nd group, 149 patients out of 638 are HBV PCR detected, bilirubin 1.4±1.9, ALP 488.1±339.2, AST 143.0±117.4, ALT 78.1±53.4, and albumin 4.4±0.6. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV in diabetic patients is higher as compared to control diabetic patients. the patients with high serum AFP levels tend to be HBs-Ag-positive, and those who have low AFP levels are associated with cryptogenic cirrhosis. The positive HBc IgM is higher in anti-HDV-negative cases as compared to HDV-positive cases. The value of HBV DNA was higher in anti-HDV-negative cases. The HBsAg correlates with HBV DNA level and it’s a level higher in the IT phase and lowers in the IC phase.

A group of diseases that originate from the different parts of ovaries and cause production of abnormal cells that divide uncontrolled themselves in the ovaries is known as ovarian cancer. OC is mainly classified into majorly three types on the base of three components of ovaries known as epithelium, stroma and germinal cells. Approximately, 7000 women develop OC and 4200 of them die every year in the UK. In Pakistan, the incidence of OC is increasing at the rate of around 13.6%. Approximately 70% cases are diagnosed at later stages. The blood sample was collected in the Layyah region. The CA125 identification through Elisa technique for their better identification on the basis of antibodies. Normal values of CA125 were considered less than 35 U/ml. The other tumor markers were also measured such as fibrinogen, prolactin, CA15.3, PT, APTT, INR, D Dimer, and CA19.9. The mean age of patients was 59.0 ± 8.1while the minimum and maximum age at which the tumor marker detection was 22 and 74 years. The number of patients was found in order of 25 >24 > 10 in 1st,2nd and 3rd age groups, respectively. The clinical histopathological test in the ovarian cancer patients show that the tumor size 5.21±3.42, fibrinogen 5.09±1.29, CA-199 (U/mL) 121.17±59.76, and D-dimer 0.61±0.31. The CA-125 level increase in ovarian cancer patients is indicated as a tumor marker.

The major goal of this research was to use the gravity model to assess the impact of numerous factors on Pakistan's world trade with other countries. The research was carried out over a fifteen-year period, with data being analyzed from 2005 to 2019. The elements that determine the volume of commerce from Pakistan to other nations have been identified as gross domestic product, per capita GDP, trade to GDP, inflation, and distance. Pakistan's trading ties with Afghanistan, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, China, and India were taken into account for this analysis. According to the study's findings, per capita GDP has a significant impact on trade volume with Pakistan. Demonstrating that the GDP per capita of the trading countries and Pakistan were comparable. The effect of distance was also found to be significant and negative, indicating that increased distance reduces trade volume. The results of the second model revealed that GDP dimensions, inflation, and distance had a significant impact on Pakistan's export volume. The study also proposes some academic and policy implications