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The real-time monitoring of ocean wave data is a crucial element in marine environmental monitoring and the development of marine resources. It is unfortunate that the majority of wave measurement devices remain challenging, relatively high-priced, and require sophisticated technology. This study investigates the validation of a new type of ocean wave measurement, designed based on the mini wave gauge (MWG), using low-cost materials. The study utilizes an accelerometer sensor, specifically the ADXL335, which is converted to measure wave height, and the GY-271 designed to measure wave direction. This research addresses the validation of MWG by comparing measurements from the acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) and HOBO. The validation of wave height demonstrates high accuracy, with a MAPE percentage of 0.46% between MWG and ADCP, and 23.30% between MWG and HOBO. In contrast, the validation of MWG for wave direction by ADCP still requires improvement, with a MAPE of 36.75%. This is due to the sensor's sensitivity to the earth's magnetic field, which requires further improvement of the buoy design to accommodate the direction of incoming waves. Additionally, the MWG's sampling rate in milliseconds allows for analyzing wave characteristics based on wave periods using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic activities on land will affect the carbon system in coastal waters. This condition will affect the role of coastal waters as a source or sink of carbon. This research will examine the distribution of carbonate systems and estimate CO2 fluxes. Water samples were taken at 30 stations as well as measuring in situ water parameters including pH, temperature, salinity, and pressure. Alkalinity was analysed based on the titration method, chl-a using the fluorometer method, and carbonate system parameters (pCO2(sea) and DIC) calculated using CO2SYS.xlsm. The pCO2(atm) value is calculated based on atmospheric data from satellite data, including the saturation vapour pressure of sea air in the atmosphere, fraction mol of CO2, and sea level pressure. Pearson correlation analysis was used to see the correlation between the measured parameters and CO2 flux. Carbon flux is determined based on the difference between atmospheric and oceanic pCO2. The DIC calculation result was in the range of 1,946.09 µmol/kg - 2,061.65 µmol/kg and the total alkalinity was 2,156.86 µmol/kg - 2,264.71 µmol/kg. Based on this value, Jepara coastal waters have pCO2(sea) of 573,800 micro-atmospheric (µatm) which is higher than pCO2(atm) (i.e., 386,772 µatm). The input of organic/inorganic carbon resulting from anthropogenic processes on land has influenced Jepara coastal waters which act as a source of CO2 into the atmosphere amounting to 103,799 mmol/m2/day. The results of this research can be used as a reference for managing coastal areas to achieve low carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fluctuation of suspended particulate matter (SPM) is essential to the biogeochemical cycle and ecological health of coastal waters. Anthropogenic activities potentially trigger an increase in SPM, so it needs to be monitored continuously. Spatial and temporal monitoring of SPM can be carried out cost-effectively with broad coverage using a remote sensing application. This study aims to build the SPM algorithm and estimate its temporal variability. The algorithm model in this study is based on an empirical formula between field data and reflectance data with the same acquisition. Water samples were taken from 100 stations in July 2022. Half were used for model building and the other for model validation. Suspended Particulate Matter was determined gravimetrically and estimated their temporal variability was based on Landsat 9 image records from December 2021 - November 2022. The results of the analysis show that the best algorithm for SPM estimation can be built based on coastal aerosol canals (B1), blue canals (B2), and green canals (B3) with the accuracy test result of (R² = 0.68; RMSE = 5.551 mg.L-1; MAPE= 7.07%; Bias= 0.28). The SPM temporal fluctuations were generally higher in the west monsoon and lowered in the east monsoon, ranging from 30 to 70 mg.L-1. On the other hand, the spatial distribution shows a higher magnitude in the estuary than in the offshore waters, with a deviation of about 30 mg.L-1. Regional authorities can use the results obtained to improve the management of coastal water quality and monitoring systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waters that surround the Indonesian archipelago are home to some of the most fruitful primary resources that can be found anywhere in the southeastern Indian Ocean. In this work, an investigation of seasonal fluctuations in nutrient content within the region, utilizing 30-years reanalysis data generated by Copernicus Marine Service, was presented. The month of September, October, November (SON) exhibits the maximum concentration of nitrate content, primarily observed in the southern region of Java and the Lombok Strait. The concentrations of nitrates experience significant changes that are notably impacted by Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) occurrences. Specifically, a positive IOD event is associated with elevated nitrate levels, particularly during the period spanning from June to December. Furthermore, in the southern Java region, an inverse correlation was identified between nitrate concentrations and surface zonal currents, commonly referred to as the South Java Current (SJC). Concurrently, the reinforcement of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) in the Lombok Strait is consistently accompanied by an elevation in nitrate concentration within the southern region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]