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This research paper is about the content analysis of Ahmet T. Kuru's article, Passive and Assertive Secularism: Historical Conditions, Ideological Struggles and State Policies Toward Religion. The research is based on the relative perspectives of religion, secularism, and other like concepts and their underpinnings at international levels. The interplay of religion and secularism has always been the talk of the town owing to the sensitivity of the matter. It has been a traditional debate that ideological struggles and state policies must be separated or integrated. The traditional fight between state and the church is almost the same as Kuru describes in his article. He looks more scientific in his explanation and specify the state-church fight with passive and assertive secularism in different countries. It is interesting piece for brain storming but lacks few research gaps that we are going to fill in this content analysis. We may say that our knowledge gap is different because of living in different parts of the world and the perspectives change everything in social sciences. Different countries adopt varied policies according to their internal circumstances. While indulging in the content analysis, a qualitative approach and descriptive method are used. It provides a critical analysis of the article with an oriental perspective. In conclusion we analyzed that it is elite capture and monopoly that determine every aspect of human life. Therefore, people living in the developing world have different perspectives of life and their ideology as compared to the people of the developed part of the world think about religion and their ideologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding Pakistan's foreign policy is a herculean task because Pakistan has a diverse kind of country in its geostrategic and geoeconomic circumstances. This chapter will explain the theoretical and operational understanding of Pakistan's foreign policy framework in the contemporary world. Pakistan's geostrategic conditions are challenging and lucrative at the same time. Three nuclear powers surround it: China, India, and Russia. The fourth nuclear power is Pakistan, which is in the region. Iran, the fifth nuclear power, is in the making. Therefore, Pakistan is balancing its relations with Iran and Saudi Arabia, as an extremely Shia country and as a Sunni country, respectively. China is a communist, and the US is a democratic country, but Pakistan's foreign policy is based on mutual interests and peaceful co-existence. The qualitative method would mainly be used to test this research's hypothesis based on Pakistan's ability to sustain itself in the comity of a nation as a soft power and peaceful country instead of a warmonger in the region. The consolidation in the form of recommendations will also be included at the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper explains the changing global world order under the leadership of China. The qualitative method with secondary sources describes the Chinese struggle for peace and interdependence in the post-Covid-19 era, maligned with the Russia-Ukraine war and American support to Ukraine under the banner of NATO. The theory of meditated realism (a third kind of realism, which results from contemplation and introspection, which leads to being proactive instead of reactive.) is used in the paper to explain the trilateral agreement. China is heading towards more alliances and agreements with Brazil, India, Russia, and South Africa. It is reshaping the global world order and striving to replace the dollar with the yuan. It may start a new financial war between China and the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the role of low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia for previously hypertensive pregnant women., Methods: The meta-analysis was conducted from February to May 2021 and comprised search on PubMed and Cochrane Library databases for randomised controlled trials consisting of previously hypertensive women aged 18-55 years, aspirin dosage range 60-100mg, and a comparison between aspirin and placebo groups. Duration of intervention till the end of gestation, the dosage of aspirin given, risk ratios or odds ratio with the confidence intervals, and preeclampsia were the main variables recorded. Data was analysed using RevMan 5.4., Results: Of the 144 articles found, 4(%) were included, having 2238 participants. Pooled estimates revealed that aspirin, compared to placebo, did not significantly reduce the manifestation of preeclampsia (p=0.06). Besides, heterogeneity between the different trials was moderate at 59%., Conclusions: Aspirin was not found to substantially diminish the risk of incidence of preeclampsia, but it did show some beneficial effects. .