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Chiral Spin Liquids (CSL) are quantum spin analogs of electronic Fractional Chern Insulators. Their realizations on ultracold-atom or Rydberg-atom platforms remain very challenging. Recently, a setup of time-periodic modulations of nearest-neighbor Heisenberg couplings applied on an initial genuine spin liquid state on the square lattice has been proposed to stabilize a (Abelian) $\mathbb{Z}_2$ CSL phase. In the high-frequency limit, it was shown that time evolution can be described in terms of a static effective chiral Hamiltonian. Here we revisit this proposal and consider drives at lower frequency in a regime where the high-frequency Magnus expansion fails. We show that a Dynamical CSL (DCSL) is nevertheless stabilized in a finite range of frequency. The topological nature of this dynamical phase, as well as its instability below a critical frequency, is connected to specific features of the Floquet pseudo-energy spectrum. We also show that the DCSL can be represented faithfully by a two-dimensional time-periodic tensor network and, as in the static case, topological order is associated to a tensor gauge symmetry ($\mathbb{Z}_2$ in that case)., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables

We study the effects on particle production of a Planck-suppressed coupling between the inflaton and a scalar dark matter candidate, $\chi$. In the absence of this coupling, the dominant source for the relic density of $\chi$ is the long wavelength modes produced from the scalar field fluctuations during inflation. In this case, there are strong constraints on the mass of the scalar and the reheating temperature after inflation from the present-day relic density of $\chi$ (assuming $\chi$ is stable). When a coupling $\sigma \phi^2 \chi^2$ is introduced, with $\sigma = {\tilde \sigma} m_\phi^2/ M_P^2 \sim 10^{-10} {\tilde \sigma}$, where $m_\phi$ is the inflaton mass, the allowed parameter space begins to open up considerably even for ${\tilde \sigma}$ as small as $\gtrsim 10^{-7}$. For ${\tilde \sigma} \gtrsim \frac{9}{16}$, particle production is dominated by the scattering of the inflaton condensate, either through single graviton exchange or the contact interaction between $\phi$ and $\chi$. In this regime, the range of allowed masses and reheating temperatures is maximal. For $0.004 < {\tilde \sigma} < 50$, constraints from isocurvature fluctuations are satisfied, and the production from parametric resonance can be neglected., Comment: 13 pages, 4 Figures

In this talk, based on arXiv:2301.11345, arXiv:2305.16388, arXiv:2311.12694, we discuss the production of primordial gravitational waves (GW) sourced by graviton bremsstrahlung during inflationary reheating. For reheating, we consider inflaton decays and annihilations into pairs of bosons or fermions, assuming an inflaton $\phi$ that oscillates around a generic monomial potential $V(\phi) \propto \phi^n$. The GW spectrum exhibits distinct features depending on the underlying reheating dynamics, which is controlled by the inflaton potential and the type of coupling between the inflaton and the matter fields. We show that the produced stochastic GW background could be probed in next-generation GW detectors, especially at high frequencies. We further highlight the potential of bremsstrahlung-induced GW to probe the underlying dynamics of reheating., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. Contribution to the 2024 Electroweak session of the 58th Rencontres de Moriond. Based on Refs. arXiv:2301.11345, arXiv:2305.16388 and arXiv:2311.12694

We apply deep learning techniques to the late-time turbulent regime in a post-inflationary model where a real scalar inflaton field and the standard model Higgs doublet interact with renormalizable couplings between them. After inflation, the inflaton decays into the Higgs through a trilinear coupling and the Higgs field subsequently thermalizes with gauge bosons via its $SU(2)\times U(1)$ gauge interaction. Depending on the strength of the trilinear interaction and the Higgs self-coupling, the effective mass squared of Higgs can become negative, leading to the tachyonic production of Higgs particles. These produced Higgs particles would then share their energy with gauge bosons, potentially indicating thermalization. Since the model entails different non-perturbative effects, it is necessary to resort to numerical and semi-classical techniques. However, simulations require significant costs in terms of time and computational resources depending on the model used. Particularly, when $SU(2)$ gauge interactions are introduced, this becomes evident as the gauge field redistributes particle energies through rescattering processes, leading to an abundance of UV modes that disrupt simulation stability. This necessitates very small lattice spacings, resulting in exceedingly long simulation runtimes. Furthermore, the late-time behavior of preheating dynamics exhibits a universal form by wave kinetic theory. Therefore, we analyze patterns in the flow of particle numbers and predict future behavior using CNN-LSTM (Convolutional Neural Network combined with Long Short-Term Memory) time series analysis. In this way, we can reduce our dependence on simulations by orders of magnitude in terms of time and computational resources., Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures; references added

We compute the relic abundance of dark matter in the presence of Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) beyond the semiclassical approximation. We take into account the quantum corrections due to the memory burden effect, which is assumed to suppress the black hole evaporation rate by the inverse power of its own entropy. Such quantum effect significantly enhances the lifetime, rendering the possibility of PBH mass $\lesssim 10^{9}$ g being the sole dark matter (DM) candidate. However, Nature can not rule out the existence of fundamental particles such as DM. We, therefore, include the possibility of populating the dark sector by the decay of PBHs to those fundamental particles, adding the contribution to stable PBH whose lifetime is extended due to the quantum corrections. Depending on the strength of the burden effect, we show that a wide range of parameter space opens up in the initial PBH mass and fundamental dark matter mass plane that respects the correct relic abundance., Comment: 22 pages, 7 figures, 1 table, published in JCAP

Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) continue to be considered some of the best-motivated Dark Matter (DM) candidates. No conclusive signal, despite an extensive search program that combines, often in a complementary way, direct, indirect, and collider probes, has been however detected so far. This situation might change in the near future with the advent of even larger, multi-ton Direct Detection experiments. We provide here an updated review of the WIMP paradigm, with a focus on selected models that can be probed with upcoming facilities, all relying on the standard freeze-out paradigm for the relic density. We also discuss Collider and Indirect Searches when they provide complementary experimental information., Comment: 79 pages, 43 figures. Invited review for European Physical Journal C

We explore the possibility of producing the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe uniquely from the evaporation of primordial black holes (PBH) that are formed in an inflaton-dominated background. Considering the inflaton $(\phi)$ to oscillate in a monomial potential $V(\phi)\propto\phi^n$, we show, it is possible to obtain the desired baryon asymmetry via vanilla leptogenesis from evaporating PBHs of initial mass $\lesssim 10$ g. We find that the allowed parameter space is heavily dependent on the shape of the inflaton potential during reheating (determined by the exponent of the potential $n$), the energy density of PBHs (determined by $\beta$), and the nature of the coupling between the inflaton and the Standard Model (SM). To complete the minimal gravitational framework, we also include in our analysis the gravitational leptogenesis set-up through inflaton scattering via exchange of graviton, which opens up an even larger window for PBH mass, depending on the background equation of state. We finally illustrate that such gravitational leptogenesis scenarios can be tested with upcoming gravitational wave (GW) detectors, courtesy of the blue-tilted primordial GW with inflationary origin, thus paving a way to probe a PBH-induced reheating together with leptogenesis., Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables, accepted in PRD

We consider the effects of a bare mass term for the inflaton, when the inflationary potential takes the form $V(\phi)= \lambda \phi^k$ about its minimum with $k \ge 4$. We concentrate on $k=4$, but discuss general cases as well. Further, we assume $\lambda \phi_{\rm end}^2 \gg m_\phi^2$, where $\phi_{\rm end}$ is the inflaton field value when the inflationary expansion ends. We show that the presence of a mass term (which may be present due to radiative corrections or supersymmetry breaking) can significantly alter the reheating process, as the equation of state of the inflaton condensate changes from $w_\phi=\frac{1}{3}$ to $w_\phi=0$ when $\lambda \phi^2$ drops below $m_\phi^2$. We show that for a mass $m_\phi \gtrsim T_{\rm RH}/250$, the mass term will dominate at reheating. We compute the effects on the reheating temperature for cases where reheating is due to inflaton decay (to fermions, scalars, or vectors) or to inflaton scattering (to scalars or vectors). For scattering to scalars and in the absence of a decay, we derive a strong upper limit to the inflaton bare mass $m_\phi < 350~{\rm MeV} (T_{\rm RH}/10^{10}~{\rm GeV})^{3/5}$, as there is always a residual inflaton background which acts as cold dark matter. We also consider the effect of the bare mass term on the fragmentation of the inflaton condensate., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures

In condensed matter, Chiral Spin Liquids (CSL) are quantum spin analogs of electronic Fractional Quantum Hall states (in the continuum) or Fractional Chern Insulators (on the lattice). As the latter, CSL are remarquable states of matter, exhibiting topological order and chiral edge modes. Preparing CSL on quantum simulators like cold atom platforms is still an open challenge. Here we propose a simple setup on a finite cluster of spin-1/2 located at the sites of a square lattice. Using a Resonating Valence Bond (RVB) non-chiral spin liquid as initial state on which fast time-modulations of strong nearest-neighbor Heisenberg couplings are applied, following different protocols (out-of-equilibrium quench or semi-adiabatic ramping of the drive), we show the slow emergence of such a CSL phase. An effective Floquet dynamics, obtained from a high-frequency Magnus expansion of the drive Hamiltonian, provides a very accurate and simple framework fully capturing the out-of-equilibrium dynamics. An analysis of the resulting prepared states in term of Projected Entangled Pair states gives further insights on the topological nature of the chiral phase. Finally, we discuss possible applications to quantum computing., Comment: 28 pages, 7 figures, 1 table

We investigate the stochastic gravitational wave (GW) spectrum resulting from graviton bremsstrahlung during inflationary reheating. We focus on an inflaton $\phi$ oscillating around a generic monomial potential $V(\phi) \propto \phi^n$, considering two different reheating scenarios: $i)$ inflaton decay and $ii)$ inflaton annihilation. We show that in the case of a quadratic potential, the scattering of the inflatons can give rise to larger GW amplitude than the decay channel. On the other hand, the GW spectrum exhibits distinct features and redshifts in each scenario, which makes it possible to distinguish them in the event of a discovery. Specifically, in the case of annihilation, the GW frequency can be shifted to values higher than those of decay, whereas the GW amplitude generated by annihilation turns out to be smaller than that in the decay case for $n \geq 4$, due to the different scaling of radiation during reheating. We also show that the differences in the GW spectrum become more prominent with increasing $n$. Finally, we highlight the potential of future high-frequency GW detectors to distinguish between the different reheating scenarios., Comment: V1:24 pages, 6 figures; V2: references updated, minor modifications with a footnote 9, version accepted for publication in JCAP

We compute the density of a spin-$\frac32$ particle, the raritron, produced at the end of inflation due to gravitational interactions. We consider a background inflaton condensate as the source of this production, mediated by the exchange of a graviton. This production greatly exceeds the gravitational production from the emergent thermal bath during reheating. The relic abundance limit sets an absolute minimum mass for a stable raritron, though there are also model dependent constraints imposed by unitarity. We also examine the case of gravitational production of a gravitino, taking into account the goldstino evolution during reheating. We compare these results with conventional gravitino production mechanisms., Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures

We compare the dark matter(DM) production processes and its parameters space in the background of reheating obtained from two chief systems in the early Universe: the inflaton $\phi$ and the primordial black holes (PBHs). We concentrated on the mechanism where DMs are universally produced only from the PBH decay and the generation of the standard model plasma from both inflton and PBHs. Whereas the distribution of Primordial Black Holes behaves like dust, the inflaton phenomenology depends strongly on its equation of state after the inflationary phase, which in turn is conditioned by the nature of the potential $V(\phi)$. Depending upon the initial mass and population of PBHs, a large range of DM mass is shown to be viable if reheating is controlled by PBHs itself. Inflaton-dominated reheating is observed to further widen such possibilities depending on the initial population of black holes and its mass as well as the coupling of the inflaton to the standard model sector., Comment: 18 pages and 7 figures, published in PRD

We consider the effects of fragmentation on the post-inflationary epoch of reheating. In simple single field models of inflation, an inflaton condensate undergoes an oscillatory phase once inflationary expansion ends. The equation of state of the condensate depends on the shape of the scalar potential, $V(\phi)$, about its minimum. Assuming $V(\phi) \sim \phi^k$, the equation of state parameter is given by $w = P_\phi/\rho_\phi = (k-2)/(k+2)$. The evolution of condensate and the reheating process depend on $k$. For $k \ge 4$, inflaton self-interactions may lead to the fragmentation of the condensate and alter the reheating process. Indeed, these self-interactions lead to the production of a massless gas of inflaton particles as $w$ relaxes to 1/3. If reheating occurs before fragmentation, the effects of fragmentation are harmless. We find, however, that the effects of fragmentation depend sensitively to the specific reheating process. Reheating through the decays to fermions is largely excluded since perturbative couplings would imply that fragmentation occurs before reheating and in fact could prevent reheating from completion. Reheating through the decays to boson is relatively unaffected by fragmentation and reheating through scatterings results in a lower reheating temperature., Comment: 31 pages, 10 figures; v2 matches version published in JCAP

We study the reheating and leptogenesis in the case of a vector inflaton. We concentrate on particle production during the phase of oscillating background, especially gravitational production induced by the presence of non-minimal coupling imposed by an isotropic and homogeneous Universe. Including processes involving the exchange of graviton, we then extend our study to decay into fermions via direct or anomalous couplings. The necessity of non-minimal gravitational coupling and the gauge nature of couplings to fermions implies a much richer phenomenology than for a scalar inflaton., Comment: 27 pages, 4 figures, 15 tikzpicture Feynman diagrams, 2 tables. v2: minor corrections and new discussions about ghost instablity, Gauss-Bonnet coupling, kinetic mixing and couplings with off-shell RHN included

Motivated by the search for chiral spin liquids (CSL), we consider a simple model defined on the kagome lattice of interacting SU(3) spins (in the fundamental representation) including two-site and three-site permutations between nearest neighbor sites and on triangles, respectively. By combining analytical developments and various numerical techniques, namely exact Lanczos diagonalizations and tensor network variational approaches, we find a rich phase diagram with non-topological (``trivial") and topological (possibly chiral) gapped spin liquids (SLs). Trivial spin liquids include an Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki (AKLT)-like phase and a trimerized phase, the latter breaking the inversion center between the up and down triangles of the kagome lattice. A topological SL is stabilized in a restricted part of the phase diagram by the time-reversal symmetry breaking (complex) 3-site permutation term. Analyzing the chiral edge modes of this topological SL on long cylinders or on finite disks, we have come up with two competing scenarios, either a CSL or a double Chern-Simon SL characterized by a single or by two counter-propagating Wess-Zumino-Witten SU(3)$_1$ chiral mode(s), respectively. In the vicinity of the extended ferromagnetic region we have found a magnetic phase corresponding either to a modulated canted ferromagnet or to a uniform partially magnetized ferromagnet., Comment: 24 pages, 25 figures, 4 tables

Post-inflationary reheating phase is usually said to be solely governed by the decay of coherently oscillating inflaton into radiation. In this submission, we explore a new avenue toward reheating through the evaporation of primordial black holes (PBHs). After the inflation, if PBHs form, depending on its initial mass, abundance, and inflaton coupling with the radiation, we found two physically distinct possibilities of reheating the universe. In one possibility, the thermal bath is solely obtained from the decay of PBHs while inflaton plays the role of dominant energy component in the entire process. In the other possibility, we found that PBHs itself dominate the total energy budget of the Universe during the course of evolution, and then its subsequent evaporation leads to radiation dominated universe. Furthermore, we analyze the impact of both monochromatic and extended PBH mass functions and estimate the detailed parameter ranges for which those distinct reheating histories are realized., Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures

We study inflationary models based on a non-minimal coupling of a singlet scalar to gravity, focussing on the preheating dynamics and the unitarity issues in this regime. If the scalar does not have significant couplings to other fields, particle production after inflation is far less efficient than that in Higgs inflation. As a result, unitarity violation at large non-minimal couplings requires a different treatment. We find that collective effects in inflaton scattering processes during preheating make an important impact on the unitarity constraint. Within effective field theory, the consequent upper bound on the non-minimal coupling is of order a few hundreds., Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures

Within the Projected Entangled Pair State (PEPS) tensor network formalism, a simple update (SU) method has been used to investigate the time evolution of a two-dimensional U(1) critical spin-1/2 spin liquid under Hamiltonian quench [Phys. Rev. B 106, 195132 (2022)]. Here we introduce two different variational frameworks to describe the time dynamics of SU(2)-symmetric translationally-invariant PEPS, aiming to improve the accuracy. In one approach, after using a Trotter-Suzuki decomposition of the time evolution operator in term of two-site elementary gates, one considers a single bond embedded in an environment approximated by a Corner Transfer Matrix Renormalization Group (CTMRG). A variational update of the two tensors on the bond is performed under the application of the elementary gate and then, after symmetrization of the site tensors, the environment is updated. In the second approach, a cluster optimization is performed on a finite (periodic) cluster, maximizing the overlap of the exact time-evolved state with a symmetric finite-size PEPS ansatz. Observables are then computed on the infinite lattice contracting the infinite-PEPS (iPEPS) by CTMRG. We show that the variational schemes outperform the SU method and remain accurate over a significant time interval before hitting the entanglement barrier. Studying the spectrum of the transfer matrix, we find that the asymptotic correlations are very well preserved under time evolution, including the critical nature of the singlet correlations, as expected from the Lieb-Robinson (LR) bound theorem. Consistently, the system (asymptotic) boundary is found to bedescribed by the same Conformal Field Theory of central charge c = 1 during time evolution. We also compute the time-evolution of the short distance spin-spin correlations and estimate the LR velocity., Comment: Minor revisions have been implemented following the suggestions provided by the referees

We show that a minimal scenario, utilizing only the graviton as an intermediate messenger between the inflaton, the dark sector and the Standard Model (SM), is able to generate $simultaneously$ the observed relic density of dark matter (DM), the baryon asymmetry through leptogenesis, as well as a sufficiently hot thermal bath after inflation. We assume an inflaton potential of the form $V(\phi)\propto \phi^k$ about the minimum at the end of inflation. The possibility of reheating via minimal gravitational interactions has been excluded by constraints on dark radiation for excessive gravitational waves produced from inflation. We thus extend the minimal model in several ways: i) we consider non-minimal gravitational couplings--this points to the parameter range of DM masses $M_{N_1} \simeq 2-10 $ PeV, and right-handed neutrino masses $M_{N_2} \simeq (5-20) \times 10^{11}$ GeV, and $T_\text{rh} \lesssim 3 \times 10^5$ GeV (for $k \le 20$); ii) we propose an explanation for the PeV excess observed by IceCube when the DM has a direct but small Yukawa coupling to the SM; and iii) we also propose a novel scenario, where the gravitational production of DM is a two-step process, first through the production of two scalars, which then decay to fermionic DM final states. In this case, the absence of a helicity suppression enhances the production of DM and baryon asymmetry, and allows a great range for the parameters including a dark matter mass below an MeV where dark matter warmness can be observable by cosmic 21-cm lines, even when gravitational interactions are responsible for reheating. We also show that detectable primordial gravitational wave signals provide the opportunity to probe this scenario for $T_\text{rh}\lesssim 5\times 10^6$ GeV in future experiments, such as BBO, DECIGO, CE and ET., Comment: 38 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables, Gravitational wave analysis added, version accepted for publication in JHEP

We study the effects of an anomalous Z' boson on the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon (g-2), and especially the impact of its axial coupling. We mainly evaluate the negative contribution to (g-2) of such couplings at one-loop and look at the anomalous couplings generated at two loops. We find areas of the parameter space, where the anomalous contribution becomes comparable and even dominant compared to the one-loop contribution. We show that in such cases, the cutoff of the theory is sufficiently low, so that new charged fermions can be found in the next round of collider experiments. We comment on the realization of such a context in string theory orientifolds., Comment: 45 pages, 8 plots, jheppub style, tikz package used, v2 - various comments/clarifications and citations added

Dark matter may only interact with the visible sector efficiently at energy scales above the inflaton mass, such as the Planck scale or the grand unification scale. In such a scenario, the dark matter is mainly produced out of equilibrium during the period of reheating, often referred to as UV freeze-in. We evaluate the abundance of the dark matter generated from bremsstrahlung off the inflaton decay products assuming no direct coupling between the inflaton and the dark matter. This process generally dominates the production of dark matter for low reheating temperatures where the production through the annihilations of particle in the thermal plasma becomes inefficient. We find that the bremsstrahlung process dominates for reheating temperatures $T_{\mathrm{RH}} \lesssim 10^{10}$ GeV, and produces the requisite density of dark matter for a UV scale $\simeq 10^{16}$ GeV. As examples, we calculate numerically the yield of the dark matter bremsstrahlung through gravitation and dimension-6 vector portal effective interactions., Comment: 19 pages, 5 figures

The utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) applications has experienced tremendous growth in recent years, bringing forth numerous benefits and conveniences. However, this expansion has also provoked ethical concerns, such as privacy breaches, algorithmic discrimination, security and reliability issues, transparency, and other unintended consequences. To determine whether a global consensus exists regarding the ethical principles that should govern AI applications and to contribute to the formation of future regulations, this paper conducts a meta-analysis of 200 governance policies and ethical guidelines for AI usage published by public bodies, academic institutions, private companies, and civil society organizations worldwide. We identified at least 17 resonating principles prevalent in the policies and guidelines of our dataset, released as an open-source database and tool. We present the limitations of performing a global scale analysis study paired with a critical analysis of our findings, presenting areas of consensus that should be incorporated into future regulatory efforts. All components tied to this work can be found in https://nkluge-correa.github.io/worldwide_AI-ethics/

Implementation of the hardcore-dimer Hilbert space in cold Rydberg-atom simulators opens a new route of investigating real-time dynamics of dimer liquids under Hamiltonian quench. Here, we consider an initial Resonating Valence Bond (RVB) state on the square lattice realizing a critical Coulomb phase with algebraic and dipolar correlations. Using its representation as a special point of a broad manifold of SU($2$)-symmetric, translationnally invariant, Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS), we compute its non-equilibrium dynamics upon turning on inter-site Heisenberg interactions. We show that projecting the time-evolution onto the PEPS manifold remains accurate at small time scales. We also find that the state evolves within a PEPS sub-manifold characterized by a U($1$) gauge symmetry, suggesting that the Coulomb phase is stable under such unitary evolution., Comment: 18 pages, 21 figures. Update: The Appendix on the Variational Optimization scheme has been removed to be published in a separate article

We consider the generation of the baryon asymmetry in models with right-handed neutrinos produced through gravitational scattering of the inflaton during reheating. The right-handed neutrinos later decay and generate a lepton asymmetry, which is partially converted to a baryon asymmetry by Standard Model sphaleron processes. We find that a sufficient asymmetry can be generated for a wide range of right-handed neutrino masses and reheating temperatures. We also show that the same type of gravitational scattering produces Standard Model Higgs bosons, which can achieve inflationary reheating consistent with the production of a baryon asymmetry., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures

We consider the effects of non-minimal couplings to curvature of the form $\xi_S S^2 R$, for three types of scalars: the Higgs boson, the inflaton, and a scalar dark matter candidate. We compute the abundance of dark matter produced by these non-minimal couplings to gravity and compare to similar results with minimal couplings. We also compute the contribution to the radiation bath during reheating. The main effect is a potential augmentation of the maximum temperature during reheating. A model independent limit of $\mathcal{O}(10^{12})$ GeV is obtained. For couplings $\xi_S \gtrsim \mathcal{O}(1)$, these dominate over minimal gravitational interactions., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures

We consider the production of matter and radiation during reheating after inflation, restricting our attention solely to gravitational interactions. Processes considered are the exchange of a graviton, $h_{\mu \nu}$, involved in the scattering of the inflaton or particles in the newly created radiation bath. In particular, we consider the gravitational production of dark matter (scalar or fermionic) from the thermal bath as well as from scattering of the inflaton condensate. We also consider the gravitational production of radiation from inflaton scattering. In the latter case, we also derive a lower bound on the maximal temperature of order of $10^{12}$ GeV for a typical $\alpha-$attractor scenario from $\phi \phi \rightarrow h_{\mu \nu} \rightarrow$ Standard Model fields (dominated by the production of Higgs bosons). This lower gravitational bound becomes the effective maximal temperature for reheating temperatures, $T_{\rm{RH}} \lesssim 10^9$ GeV. The processes we consider are all minimal in the sense that they are present in any non-minimal extension of the Standard Model theory based on Einstein gravity and can not be neglected. We compare each of these processes to determine their relative importance in the production of both radiation and dark matter., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables; v2: fixed the Lagrangian and production rates

We consider the production of dark matter during the process of reheating after inflation. The relic density of dark matter from freeze-in depends on both the energy density and energy distribution of the inflaton scattering or decay products composing the radiation bath. We compare the perturbative and non-perturbative calculations of the energy density in radiation. We also consider the (likely) possibility that the final state scalar products are unstable. Assuming either thermal or non-thermal energy distribution functions, we compare the resulting relic density based on these different approaches. We show that the present-day cold dark matter density can be obtained through freeze-in from preheating for a large range of dark matter masses., Comment: 39 pages, 13 figures

We consider a model Hamiltonian with two SU(4) fermions per site on a square lattice, showing a competition between bilinear and biquadratic interactions. This model has generated interest due to possible realizations in ultracold atom experiments and existence of spin liquid ground states. Using a basis transformation, we show that part of the phase diagram is amenable to quantum Monte Carlo simulations without a sign problem. We find evidence for spin nematic and valence bond crystalline phases, which are separated by a weak first order phase transition. A U(1) symmetry is found to emerge in the valence bond crystal histograms, suggesting proximity to a deconfined quantum critical point. Our results are obtained with the help of a loop algorithm which allows large-scale simulations of bilinear-biquadratic SO(N ) models on arbitrary lattices in a certain parameter regime., Comment: 6+7 pages, 8 figures