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The article reports on detection of toxic effect of nanosized magnesium oxide on brain tissue of laboratory animals that have been given the substances via inhalation and orally. The experiment was performed on mature adult male Wistar rats (weight 250±15 g) and on BALB/C mice (weight 25±2 g). Detection of the nanoscale magnesium oxide toxic effects on brain tissue was conducted using multifractal image analysis of histology preparations with application of the binarization and constructing Voronoi diagrams from graphical data. As a result, it was found that the nanoscale magnesium oxide toxic effect on the brain through different routes of entry is expressed in the orderliness and homogeneity decrease in tissue structure with the formation of neurons focal clusters. At the same time, the smaller the orderliness and homogeneity of the structure and the larger the tissue clustering area relative to the control are, the stronger the toxic effect is. The most toxic effect on brain tissue is observed with repeated inhalation exposure to nanoscale magnesium oxide. During the experiment it was established that the use of multifractal image analysis of histology preparations for pathological changes interpretation makes it possible to ignore interspecies differences of laboratory animals and to concentrate directly on the results of substance toxic effects on brain tissue. The results of image analysis allow us to quantitatively characterize pathological changes in brain tissue that are consistent with a qualitative visual assessment of morphological changes in histological preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]