76 results on '"Madhyastha S"'
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2. Vertebral body integrity: a review of various anatomical factors involved in the lumbar region
- Author
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Prakash, Prabhu, L. V., Saralaya, V. V., Pai, M. M., Ranade, A. V., Singh, G., and Madhyastha, S.
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- 2007
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3. Antibiofilm activity of sodium bicarbonate, sodium metaperiodate and SDS combination against dental unit waterline-associated bacteria and yeast
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Gawande, P. V., LoVetri, K., Yakandawala, N., Romeo, T., Zhanel, G. G., Cvitkovitch, D. G., and Madhyastha, S.
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- 2008
4. Effect of ovotransferrin, protamine sulfate and EDTA combination on biofilm formation by catheter-associated bacteria
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Yakandawala, N., Gawande, P. V., LoVetri, K., and Madhyastha, S.
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- 2007
5. Recombinant human DNase I decreases biofilm and increases antimicrobial susceptibility in staphylococci
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Kaplan, J. B., LoVetri, K., Cardona, S. T., Madhyastha, S., Sadovskaya, I., Jabbouri, Said, and Izano, E. A.
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DNase ,dispersin B ,Staphylococcus ,biofilm ,extracellular DNA - Abstract
Extracellular DNA is an adhesive component of staphylococcal biofilms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of recombinant human DNase I (rhDNase) against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Using a 96-well microtiter plate crystal-violet binding assay, we found that biofilm formation by S. aureus was efficiently inhibited by rhDNase at 1-4 mu g l(-1), and preformed S. aureus biofilms were efficiently detached in 2 min by rhDNase at 1mg l(-1). Pretreatment of S. aureus biofilms for 10 min with 10 mg l(-1) rhDNase increased their sensitivity to biocide killing by 4-5 log units. rhDNase at 10 mg l(-1) significantly inhibited biofilm formation by S. epidermidis in medium supplemented with sub-MICs of antibiotics. We also found that rhDNase significantly increased the survival of S. aureus-infected Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes treated with tobramycin compared with nematodes treated with tobramycin alone. We concluded that rhDNase exhibits potent antibiofilm and antimicrobial-sensitizing activities against S. aureus and S. epidermidis at clinically achievable concentrations. rhDNase, either alone or in combination with antimicrobial agents, may have applications in treating or preventing staphylococcal biofilm-related infections. The Journal of Antibiotics (2012) 65, 73-77; doi:10.1038/ja.2011.113; published online 14 December 2011
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- 2012
6. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of triclosan and DispersinB(R) combination
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Darouiche, R. O., primary, Mansouri, M. D., additional, Gawande, P. V., additional, and Madhyastha, S., additional
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- 2009
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7. Efficacy of combination of chlorhexidine and protamine sulphate against device-associated pathogens
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Darouiche, R. O., primary, Mansouri, M. D., additional, Gawande, P. V., additional, and Madhyastha, S., additional
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- 2008
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8. Developmental and Behavioral Consequences of Prenatal Fluoxetine
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Bairy, K.L., primary, Madhyastha, S., additional, Ashok, K.P., additional, Bairy, Indira, additional, and Malini, S., additional
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- 2006
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9. Vertebral body integrity: a review of various anatomical factors involved in the lumbar region.
- Author
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Pabhu, L. V., Saralaya, V. V., Pai, M. M., Ranade, A. V., Singh, G., and Madhyastha, S.
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LUMBAR vertebrae ,BONE metabolism ,TUMOR necrosis factors ,GENETIC polymorphisms ,BLOOD flow ,LUMBAR pain - Abstract
The body of the vertebra can be affected in the majority of the conditions involving the lumbar spine. Multiple references, both books and periodicals, have been reviewed, and the anatomical factors responsible for the vertebral body integrity in the lumbar spine have been included under the following important areas, namely, morphology, development, genetics, microscopic examination using histology, structural architecture, blood supply, neuromuscular control, and biomechanics. The anatomy provides a three-dimensional frame work to support the interaction between the physiological and pathological alterations. The body of the vertebra can be affected in a majority of acute or chronic conditions involving the lumbar spine. The etiology of these conditions is multifactorial, which has been dealt with in previous studies sporadically. This study aims to review and incorporate the important anatomical factors which can influence the integrity of vertebral bodies in the lumbar region and manifest as low back pain. Multiple references, both books and periodicals, have been reviewed for the literature. Electronic databases, including Medline and PubMed, were used to collect the latest information. They were finally arranged in an anatomical framework for the article. An attempt has been made to cover these relevant issues in an integrated way in the article and have been structured into introduction, morphology, development, genetics, microscopic examination using histology, structural architecture, blood supply, neuromuscular control, biomechanics, and conclusion. The aforementioned anatomical aspects, some of which have received less attention in the literature, may be helpful to clinicians for restoring the mobility, stability, and load bearing capacity of the lumbar spine as well as planning better management strategies, especially for the chronic low back pain. In our article all the anatomical factors affecting the integrity of vertebral body, including the morphology, development, genetics, growth and ossification, blood supply, specifically in the lumbar region, have been described, which were not covered earlier. The limitations of this review is its wide dimensions; hence, there are fair scopes of missing many relevant facts, as all of them cannot be compiled in a single article. We have attempted to confine our views to different anatomical domains only, this is our second limitation. Additional studies are required to incorporate and discuss the uncovered relevant scientific details. The integrity of the body of the lumbar vertebra is multifactorial (Fig. 8). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2007
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10. Developmental and Behavioral Consequences of Prenatal Fluoxetine.
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Bairy, K. L., Madhyastha, S., Ashok, K. P., Bairy, Indira, and Malini, S.
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FLUOXETINE , *SEROTONIN uptake inhibitors , *NEUROTRANSMITTERS , *MENTAL depression , *TERATOGENICITY testing , *ANTIDEPRESSANTS , *PREGNANT women - Abstract
Background: Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is the most commonly prescribed antidepressant drug for pregnant women. Studies regarding the teratogenic effect of fluoxetine on human and animal models are mainly concerned with structural malformation (congenital anomalies). Aim: Hence, the present study was planned to evaluate the postnatal behavioral effects of fluoxetine on albino rats. Methods: Three groups of female rats received either distilled water or doses of fluoxetine 8 and 12 mg/kg orally from the 6th to the 20th day of pregnancy. Weaning of the pups was done on the 21st day followed by a battery of behavioral tests to assess for any behavioral effect. The tests included negative geotaxis, open field exploration, rota-rod test, elevated plus maze and passive avoidance test. Results: In the present study there was no change in the gestational length of pregnancy, no premature birth or miscarriage during pregnancy. A high dose of in utero fluoxetine resulted in a decrease in birth weight of the offspring and also reduced weight gain during the preweaning period. No major congenital abnormalities were observed in the offspring exposed to fluoxetine. Prenatal fluoxetine exposure at high dose caused an initial transient delay in motor development and this poor motor activity was transient and not permanent. However, prenatal exposure to fluoxetine at a higher dose showed a favorable effect on learning and memory in water maze and passive avoidance tests. Conclusions: From the present study, it may be concluded that prenatal fluoxetine causes a transient delay in motor development but does not adversely affect the postnatal behavioral consequences. Copyright © 2007 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2007
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11. Free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation induced by T-2 toxin in yeast (Kluyveromyces marxianus)
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Hoehler, D., Marquardt, R. R., McIntosh, A. R., and Madhyastha, S.
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- 1998
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12. Serotonergic and Adrenergic Neuroreceptor Manipulation Ameliorates Core Symptoms of ADHD through Modulating Dopaminergic Receptors in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.
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Madhyastha S, Rao MS, and Renno WM
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- Humans, Rats, Animals, Child, Male, Rats, Inbred SHR, Adrenergic Agents therapeutic use, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists therapeutic use, Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists therapeutic use, Dopamine metabolism, Rats, Inbred WKY, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
- Abstract
The core symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are due to the hypofunction of the brain's adrenergic (NE) and dopamine (DA) systems. Drugs that enhance DA and NE neurotransmission in the brain by blocking their transporters or receptors are the current therapeutic strategies. Of late, the emerging results point out the serotonergic (5-HT) system, which indirectly modulates the DA activity in reducing the core symptoms of ADHD. On this basis, second-generation antipsychotics, which utilize 5-HT receptors, were prescribed to children with ADHD. However, it is not clear how serotonergic receptors modulate the DA activity to minimize the symptoms of ADHD. The present study investigates the efficacy of serotonergic and alpha-2 adrenergic receptor manipulation in tackling the core symptoms of ADHD and how it affects the DA neuroreceptors in the brain regions involved in ADHD. Fifteen-day-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) received 5-HT1A agonist (ipsapirone) or 5-HT2A antagonist (MDL 100907) (i.p.) or alpha-2 agonist (GFC) from postnatal days 15 to 42 along with age-matched Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) (n = 8 in each group). ADHD-like behaviors were assessed using a battery of behavioral tests during postnatal days 44 to 65. After the behavioral tests, rat brains were processed to estimate the density of 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, DA-D1, and DA-D2 neuroreceptors in the prefrontal cortex, the striatum, and the substantia nigra. All three neuroreceptor manipulations were able to minimize the core symptoms of ADHD in SHRs. The positive effect was mainly associated with the upregulation of 5-HT2A receptors in all three areas investigated, while 5-HT1A was in the prefrontal cortex and the substantia nigra. Further, the DA-D1 receptor expression was downregulated by all three neuroreceptor manipulations except for alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists in the striatum and 5-HT2A antagonists in the substantia nigra. The DA-D2 expression was upregulated in the striatum while downregulated in the prefrontal cortex and the substantia nigra. In this animal model study, the 5-HT1A agonist or 5-HT2A antagonist monotherapies were able to curtail the ADHD symptoms by differential expression of DA receptors in different regions of the brain.
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- 2024
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13. N-Acetylcysteine Amide against Aβ-Induced Alzheimer's-like Pathology in Rats.
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Alkandari AF, Madhyastha S, and Rao MS
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- Male, Rats, Animals, Acetylcysteine pharmacology, Rats, Wistar, Synaptophysin, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Gliosis chemically induced, Gliosis drug therapy, Glutathione, Alzheimer Disease chemically induced, Alzheimer Disease drug therapy, Neuroprotective Agents pharmacology
- Abstract
Oxidative stress with a depletion of glutathione is a key factor in the initiation and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), a glutathione precursor, provides neuroprotective effects in AD animal models. Its amide form, N-Acetylcysteine amide (NACA), has an extended bioavailability compared to NAC. This study evaluates the neuroprotective effects of NACA against Aβ1-42 peptide-induced AD-like pathology in rats. Male Wistar rats (2.5 months old) were divided into five groups: Normal Control (NC), Sham (SH), Aβ, Aβ + NACA and NACA + Aβ + NACA ( n = 8 in all groups). AD-like pathology was induced by the intracerebroventricular infusion of Aβ1-42 peptide into the lateral ventricle. NACA (75 mg/kg) was administered either as a restorative (i.e., injection of NACA for 7 consecutive days after inducing AD-like pathology (Aβ + N group)), or as prophylactic (for 7 days before and 7 days after inducing the pathology (N + Aβ + N group)). Learning and memory, neurogenesis, expression of AD pathology markers, antioxidant parameters, neuroprotection, astrogliosis and microgliosis were studied in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. All data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA test followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test. NACA treatment reversed the cognitive deficits and reduced oxidative stress in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Western blot analysis for Tau, Synaptophysin and Aβ, as well as a histopathological evaluation through immunostaining for neurogenesis, the expression of neurofibrillary tangles, β-amyloid peptide, synaptophysin, neuronal morphology and gliosis, showed a neuroprotective effect of NACA. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the neuroprotective effects of NACA against β-amyloid induced AD-like pathology.
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- 2023
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14. Erythematous Linear Lesion on the Course of Superficial Fibular Nerve After the Topical Application of Black Henna: A Case Report.
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Alkandari AF, Alawadhi AA, Alawadhi FA, Mousa A, and Madhyastha S
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Henna is commonly used in body arts, where it produces orange-brown color. It is often mixed with chemicals such as para-phenylenediamine (PPD) to fasten the dyeing process and produce a black color. However, PPD has many allergic and toxic effects. We present a case of henna-induced cutaneous neuritis, which is not reported before. A 27-year-old female presented to our hospital, complaining of pain in her left great toe after applying black henna. Upon examination, the proximal nail fold was inflamed, and an erythematous non-palpable tender lesion was noticed on the dorsum of the foot. The lesion had an inverted-Y shape that was confined to the course of the superficial fibular nerve. Cutaneous nerve inflammation was favored after excluding all the anatomical structures in the region. Black henna should be avoided since it contains PPD, which can be absorbed through the skin and affect the underlying cutaneous nerves., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Alkandari et al.)
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- 2023
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15. Using Absorbable Sutures for Traumatic Wound Closure to Avoid Additional Hospital Visits for Suture Removal During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
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Alkandari AF, Soliman DM, Madhyastha S, Alawadhi AA, Alawadhi FA, Almotairi NM, and Alozairi O
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Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic worldwide forced governments to undertake intervention measures to encourage social distancing. Meanwhile, traumatic skin lacerations require multiple hospital visits for dressing changing and suture removal since they are usually repaired with non-absorbable sutures. These visits can be avoided by using absorbable sutures instead. However, absorbable sutures carry the "potential" risk of wound infection. In the current study, our first objective was to determine the non-inferiority of absorbable sutures regarding infection rate after repairing traumatic wound lacerations in comparison to the conventional non-absorbable ones. Our second objective was to evaluate the superiority of absorbable sutures in regard to postoperative clinic visits for suture removal and wound dressing compared to the non-absorbable ones. Methods A sample of 471 patients with traumatic skin lacerations was analyzed during the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020. In the control group, wounds were repaired using non-absorbable sutures, while rapid-onset absorbable sutures were used in the treatment group. By conducting a phone/video call follow-up after 21 days, several parameters regarding infection signs and clinic visits were compared between both groups. Results A significant decrease in total trauma patients (45.4%) and those who required suturing (51.2%) was observed in April 2020 compared to the same month of the previous four years (p = 0.001 (2016), p = 0.027 (2017), p = 0.027 (2018), and p = 0.001 (2019)). Regarding wound infection, no statistically significant difference (p = 0.623) was observed between the absorbable (3.2%) and non-absorbable (4.9%) groups. Using absorbable sutures resulted in significantly (p < 0.001) fewer postoperative hospital visits compared to using non-absorbable sutures (mean: one versus three visits). Conclusion Using absorbable sutures to repair traumatic wound lacerations is safe regarding wound healing and infection rates. They also reduce postoperative hospital visits since they are not intended to be removed. Therefore, they should be considered during a pandemic to reduce hospital visits for suture removal, which will subsequently enhance social distancing and relieve hospital load., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Alkandari et al.)
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- 2022
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16. Effect of N-Acetyl Cysteine on Intracerebroventricular Colchicine Induced Cognitive Deficits, Beta Amyloid Pathology, and Glial Cells.
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Joy T, Rao MS, Madhyastha S, and Pai K
- Abstract
Among the many factors responsible for the cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease, beta amyloid protein and plaque formation is crucial. This amyloid pathology is associated with activation of glial cells and oxidative stress but whether oxidative stress activates beta amyloid protein in the neurons is not clear. Further the expression of microglia is also known to vary during pathogenesis of beta amyloid plaques. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antioxidant effect of NAC on amyloid pathology and cognition and also to investigate the link between amyloid pathology and glial cells activation. Intracerebroventricular colchicine in rats known mimics human AD in many aspects including memory loss, oxidative stress, and hyper phosphorylation of tau protein. The animal groups consisted of age matched control, sham operated, AD, and NAC treated in AD models of rats. Cognitive function was evaluated in active avoidance test; beta amyloid protein, beta amyloid plaques, astrocytes, and microglia cells were quantified using immunohistochemistry in hippocampal and prefrontal cortices. Colchicine has resulted in significant cognitive loss, increased intraneuronal beta amyloid protein expression, increased reactive astrocytes, and activated microglia in all the regions of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortices. The antioxidant NAC has reversed the cognitive deficits and inhibited microglia activation but failed to inhibit BAP expression and astrocytosis. Intraneuronal BAP accumulation is deleterious and known to adversely affect cognition, but in this study in spite of intraneuronal BAP accumulation, the cognition is restored. It can be postulated that NAC might have reversed the effect of intraneuronal beta amyloid protein by acting on some downstream compensatory mechanisms which needs to be explored.
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- 2019
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17. N -Acetyl Cysteine Supplement Minimize Tau Expression and Neuronal Loss in Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease.
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Joy T, Rao MS, and Madhyastha S
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), deposition of beta amyloid plaques, and consequent neuronal loss in the brain tissue. Oxidative stress to the neurons is often attributed to AD, but its link to NFT and β-amyloid protein (BAP) still remains unclear. In an animal model of AD, we boosted the oxidative defense by N -Acetyl cysteine (NAC), a precursor of glutathione, a powerful antioxidant and free radical scavenger, to understand the link between oxidative stress and NFT. In mimicking AD, intracerebroventricular (ICV) colchicine, a microtubule disrupting agent also known to cause oxidative stress was administered to the rats. The animal groups consisted of an age-matched control, sham operated, AD, and NAC treated in AD models of rats. Cognitive function was evaluated in a passive avoidance test; neuronal degeneration was quantified using Nissl staining. NFT in the form of abnormal tau expression in different regions of the brain were evaluated through immunohistochemistry using rabbit anti-tau antibody. ICV has resulted in significant cognitive and neuronal loss in medial prefrontal cortex (MFC) and all the regions of the hippocampus. It has also resulted in increased accumulation of intraneuronal tau in the hippocampus and MFC. NAC treatment in AD model rats has reversed the cognitive loss and neuronal degeneration. The intraneuronal tau expression also minimized with NAC treatment in AD model rats. Thus, our findings suggest that an antioxidant supplement during the progression of AD is likely to prevent neuronal degeneration by minimizing the neurofibrillary degeneration in the form of tau accumulation.
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- 2018
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18. Neuroprotective Role of N -acetylcysteine against Learning Deficits and Altered Brain Neurotransmitters in Rat Pups Subjected to Prenatal Stress.
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Bernhardt LK, Bairy KL, and Madhyastha S
- Abstract
Prenatal adversaries like stress are known to harm the progeny and oxidative stress, which is known to be one of the causative factors. N -acetyl cysteine (NAC), which is a potent antioxidant, has been shown to play a neuroprotective role in humans and experimental animals. This study examines the benefits of NAC on the prenatal stress-induced learning and memory deficits and alteration in brain neurotransmitter in rat pups. Pregnant dams were restrained (45 min; 3 times/day) during the early or late gestational period. Other groups received early or late gestational restrain stress combined with NAC treatment throughout the gestational period. At postnatal day (PND) 28, offspring were tested in a shuttle box for assessing learning and memory, which was followed by a brain neurotransmitter (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) estimation on PND 36. Late gestational stress resulted in learning deficits, the inability to retain the memory, and reduced brain dopamine content while not affecting norepinephrine and serotonin. NAC treatment in prenatally stressed rats reversed learning and memory deficits as well as brain dopamine content in offspring. These findings suggest that NAC protect the progeny from an undesirable cognitive sequel associated with prenatal stress.
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- 2018
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19. Looking beyond the Obvious: Cefepime-induced Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus.
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Anuhya V, Kunder SK, Madhyastha S, Nayak V, Acharya RV, Ramamoorthi K, Arivazhahan A, and Gangula RS
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Cephalosporins are a commonly used class of antibiotics in various types of infections. Cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin, has been reported to cause neurotoxicity, which can present itself as varied manifestations. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is a rare manifestation of this neurotoxicity. This condition often proves difficult to diagnose because it is chiefly an electroencephalogram-based diagnosis. The authors report a case of cefepime-induced NCSE in a 57-year-old female patient with compromised renal status., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.
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- 2017
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20. Anatomical variations of the arrangement of structures at the pulmonary hilum: a cadaveric study.
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Murlimanju BV, Massand A, Madhyastha S, Pai MM, Prabhu LV, and Saralaya VV
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- Adult, Humans, India, Lung blood supply, Anatomic Variation, Bronchi anatomy & histology, Lung anatomy & histology, Pulmonary Artery anatomy & histology, Pulmonary Veins anatomy & histology
- Abstract
Purpose: The aim was to study the anatomical variations of the arrangement of structures at the hilum of the lung., Methods: The present study examined the hila of 110 cadaveric lung specimens of south Indian population. The anatomical variations of the arrangement of structures at the hilum were macroscopically observed., Results: It was observed that the variations were higher in the left lung than in the right lung. The variations were observed in 16.1 % of right lungs and 48.2 % of the left lungs. There were some interesting anatomical variations like the two upper pulmonary veins, two pulmonary artery, two bronchi in the hilum of the left lung, three bronchi, four pulmonary veins and four bronchi. The present study was compared with a similar study from the same geographical location. It was observed that the frequency of variations and the hilar morphology of the arrangement of structures differ among the two separate studies from south India., Conclusions: The observations of the present study suggest that the pulmonary hilar morphology is extremely variable.
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- 2017
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21. Pleural Tuberculosis following Infliximab Therapy for Ankylosing Spondylitis.
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Krishnan VS, Madhyastha S, Ramamoorthi K, Acharya RV, and Gopalaswamy V
- Abstract
We present a case of pleural tuberculosis (TB) in a patient on infliximab for ankylosing spondylitis. A 36-year-old male presented to our hospital with low back ache of inflammatory type along with multiple symmetric inflammatory type of joint pain. Further clinical examination, laboratory and radiological investigations were suggestive of ankylosing spondylitis. He was initially treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs but citing poor response it was decided to initiate biologic therapy using infliximab (antitumor necrosis factor-alpha). Mantoux test and chest radiograph were done before the therapy to rule out TB. Following three doses of infliximab, patient came with complaints of fever and cough for 1 week. On investigation, it was found to be a case of pulmonary TB. This shows the importance of close monitoring of patient for TB among patients on infliximab even though the screening test has come out to be negative., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.
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- 2017
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22. Cyclophosphamide and Doxorubicin Induced Melanonychia: A Case Report.
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Prajapati VB, Madhyastha S, Acharya R, Gopalaswamy V, and Doddamani A
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Chemotherapeutic agents may rarely cause discoloration and hyperpigmentation of the nails. We present a patient who developed blackish discoloration of nails also referred as melanonychia during six cycles of R-CHOP chemotherapy regimen (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone) for the treatment of Non Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) follicular type. The patient developed blackish brown discoloration in all the nails. As suggested by previous literature evidence the melanonychia could be associated with cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin. According to the Naranjo causality assessment scale, we established that there was a 'probable' association of nail discoloration with the drug.
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- 2017
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23. Status of the brain antioxidant system at different growing periods after prenatal stress and N -acetyl cysteine administration.
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Bernhardt LK, Madhyastha S, Bairy L, and Kishore A
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- Animals, Brain embryology, Female, Male, Pregnancy, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Restraint, Physical, Stress, Psychological, Acetylcysteine pharmacology, Antioxidants pharmacology, Brain drug effects, Oxidative Stress drug effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
- Abstract
Prenatal stress-induced neurobehavioral deficits observed in offspring are multifactorial, including oxidative stress in the developing brain. The time by which the developing brain acquires self-defense against oxidative stress is not clear. Hence in the present study we aimed to evaluate the brain antioxidant status during different developing periods. Further the study also evaluates the role of the glutathione precursor, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) on the brain antioxidant status. Pregnant rats were subjected to restraint stress during an early or late gestational period. Another set of rats received NAC during the entire gestational period along with early or late gestational stress. The study parameters included several antioxidant studies directly from rat brain homogenate on postnatal day 24 or 48. Early or late gestational stress has caused severe oxidative stress in the developing brain on postnatal day 24 in all the parameters studied. However, brain reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant activity (TAO) were not affected by either early or late gestational stress on postnatal day 48, but the brain malondialdehyde (MDA) level remained high and brain glutathione reductase (GSS-Rd) level remained low on postnatal day 48. Prenatal NAC treatment has reversed the oxidative damage in all the parameters on postnatal day 24 and also the brain MDA level and GSS-Rd level on postnatal day 48. This study confirms that the growing brain acquires antioxidant capacity over time but during early postnatal development it is vulnerable to oxidative stress and related neurological consequences. N-acetyl cysteine treatment during the prenatal period as an antioxidant supplement exerted a beneficiary effect in this study. Hence glutathione supplement in the nutritional source would be an idealistic approach to prenatal stress-induced neurological comorbidities in children. .
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- 2017
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24. Carbamazepine-induced Life-threatening Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Agranulocytosis: The Maiden Case.
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Avinash A, Amberkar VM, Kunder SK, Madhyastha S, and Meenakumari K
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Stevens-Johnson syndrome is one of the few dermatological emergencies in clinical practice. The syndrome is often secondary to the usage of drugs, of which allopurinol, penicillins, sulfa drugs, ibuprofen, sodium valproate, phenytoin, lamotrigine and carbamazepine are commonly implicated. Agranulocytosis is the existence of a clinically significant reduction in neutrophil count. This condition is a serious threat to the patient, as he/she is at a greater risk of contracting bacterial or fungal infections, which may prove to be fatal. The co-existence of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and agranulocytosis in the same patient further increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports available in the existing literature, of cases that were reported with both these life-threatening conditions in a single patient, at the same point of time. This is a case narrative of a patient who presented with both Stevens-Johnson syndrome and agranulocytosis, following the administration of carbamazepine The patient's differential leucocyte count revealed a neutrophil proportion of 2.33%. A causality assessment done using Naranjo's algorithm showed that carbamazepine "definitely" caused Agranulocytosis and "probably" caused Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
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- 2016
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25. Antibiofilm and antimicrobial efficacy of DispersinB®-KSL-W peptide-based wound gel against chronic wound infection associated bacteria.
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Gawande PV, Leung KP, and Madhyastha S
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- Acinetobacter baumannii physiology, Colony Count, Microbial, Drug Synergism, Gels pharmacology, Gram-Negative Bacteria physiology, Gram-Positive Bacteria physiology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Microbial Viability drug effects, Acinetobacter baumannii drug effects, Anti-Infective Agents pharmacology, Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides pharmacology, Bacterial Proteins pharmacology, Biofilms drug effects, Glycoside Hydrolases pharmacology, Gram-Negative Bacteria drug effects, Gram-Positive Bacteria drug effects
- Abstract
The medical importance of bacterial biofilms has increased with the recognition of biofilms as one of the major contributors to the slow or non-healing chronic wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and pressure ulcers. Being a protected community of microorganisms, biofilms are notoriously refractory to antibiotic treatments. As the conventional treatment modalities have proven ineffective, this study provides the in vitro evidence to support the use of a novel combination of DispersinB(®) antibiofilm enzyme that inhibits biofilm formation and disperses preformed biofilm, and thus making the biofilm bacteria more susceptible to a broad-spectrum KSL-W antimicrobial peptide. The combination of DispersinB(®) and KSL-W peptide showed synergistic antibiofilm and antimicrobial activity against chronic wound infection associated biofilm-embedded bacteria such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS), and Acinetobacter baumannii. In addition, the wound gel formulation comprising DispersinB(®), KSL-W peptide, and a gelling agent Pluronic F-127 showed a broad-spectrum and enduring antimicrobial activity against test organisms. Furthermore, as compared to commercial wound gel Silver-Sept™, DispersinB(®)-KSL-W peptide-based wound gel was significantly more effective in inhibiting the biofilm-embedded MRSA, S. epidermidis, CoNS, Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, A. baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P < 0.05). Thus, this study provides promising evidence for the potential application of antibiofilm-antimicrobial DispersinB(®)-KSL-W wound gel in chronic wound management.
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- 2014
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26. Antibiofilm Efficacy of DispersinB(®) Wound Spray Used in Combination with a Silver Wound Dressing.
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Gawande PV, Clinton AP, LoVetri K, Yakandawala N, Rumbaugh KP, and Madhyastha S
- Abstract
Chronic wounds including diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers, and venous leg ulcers are a worldwide health problem. As the traditional methods of treatment have proven ineffective against chronic wounds involving biofilms, there is an unmet clinical need for developing products with an antibiofilm component that inhibits and/or disrupts biofilms and thus make the biofilm-embedded bacteria more susceptible to antimicrobial therapy. We developed a DispersinB® antibiofilm enzyme-based wound spray for treating chronic wounds in conjunction with an antimicrobial. Under in vitro conditions, the DispersinB® and Acticoat™ combination performed significantly better (P < 0.05) than Acticoat™ alone, indicating the synergy between the two compounds because of DispersinB® enhancing the antimicrobial activity of Acticoat™. Furthermore, DispersinB® wound spray enhanced the antimicrobial activity of Acticoat™ in a chronic wound mouse model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. Thus, this novel combination of DispersinB® and Acticoat™, an antimicrobial dressing, prompts clinical evaluation for potential applications in biofilm-based chronic wound management.
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- 2014
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27. Resveratrol for prenatal-stress-induced oxidative damage in growing brain and its consequences on survival of neurons.
- Author
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Madhyastha S, Sahu SS, and Rao G
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Antioxidants metabolism, Antioxidants pharmacology, Antioxidants therapeutic use, Brain embryology, Brain metabolism, Cell Survival drug effects, Female, Hippocampus drug effects, Hippocampus physiology, Male, Neurons physiology, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects metabolism, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects physiopathology, Rats, Restraint, Physical adverse effects, Resveratrol, Stilbenes therapeutic use, Brain cytology, Brain drug effects, Neurons drug effects, Neuroprotective Agents pharmacology, Oxidative Stress drug effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects drug therapy, Stilbenes pharmacology
- Abstract
Background: Prenatal-stress-induced neuronal damage in offspring is multifactorial, including oxidative damage in the developing brain. Resveratrol is known to exert its neuroprotective potentials by upregulating several antioxidant systems. Hence, the study was undertaken to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of resveratrol against prenatal-stress-induced hippocampal damage and oxidative damage in neonate rat brains., Methods: Pregnant rats were subjected to restraint stress during early or late gestational period. Another set of rats received resveratrol during the entire gestational period along with early or late gestational stress. The study parameters included several antioxidant studies directly from rat brain homogenate on the 40th postnatal day and hippocampal neuronal assay on the 21st postnatal day., Results: Early as well as late gestational stress resulted in a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and advanced oxidation protein products and decrease in total antioxidant activity and nitric oxide levels in rat brain homogenate. The neurons of the dentate gyrus were severely affected in early and late gestational stress, and only the neurons of the CA3 region were adversely affected in late gestational stress. Administration of resveratrol reversed the prenatal-stress-induced oxidative damage and neurons of dentate gyrus but not the CA3 hippocampal neurons., Conclusions: These results show the neuroprotective abilities of resveratrol against prenatal-stress-induced oxidative damage in neonatal rat brain.
- Published
- 2014
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28. Anatomical and morphometric analysis of accessory infraorbital foramen.
- Author
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Rai AR, Rai R, Vadgaonkar R, Madhyastha S, Rai RK, and Alva D
- Subjects
- Anatomic Landmarks, Cadaver, Cephalometry, Female, Humans, Male, Maxilla anatomy & histology, Orbit anatomy & histology
- Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the anatomical and morphometric variation in shape, frequency of occurrence, direction, and position of accessory infraorbital foramen (AIOF) in relation to infraorbital foramen (IOF) in cadaveric dry skulls to minimize clinical complications and aid in surgical maneuvering in the maxillofacial region and implementing the regional block anesthesia. The IOF is an important anatomical landmark in these surgical manipulations. Because there is limited literature available on AIOF, which transmits accessory branch of the infraorbital nerve, the present study was designed. In the current study, 45 human dry skulls and 20 disarticulated maxillae have been used irrespective of sex. The other parameters included measuring the distance of AIOF from anterior nasal spine, frontomaxillary suture, infraorbital margin, IOF, and zygomaticomaxillary suture. The transverse and vertical diameter of foramen was also noted. All these measurements were taken using a digital caliper. The result of our study reveals that the presence of AIOF is more on the right side compared with the left side. Because the presence of accessory infraorbital nerve needs to be taken care of during maxillofacial surgical interventions, knowledge regarding the presence of AIOF should be taken into consideration for preoperative evaluation.
- Published
- 2013
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29. Resveratrol improves postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis and brain derived neurotrophic factor in prenatally stressed rats.
- Author
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Madhyastha S, Sekhar S, and Rao G
- Subjects
- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Doublecortin Domain Proteins, Doublecortin Protein, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Gene Expression Regulation drug effects, Hippocampus drug effects, Hippocampus physiopathology, Male, Microtubule-Associated Proteins metabolism, Neuropeptides metabolism, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects drug therapy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects etiology, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Restraint, Physical adverse effects, Resveratrol, Antioxidants pharmacology, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor metabolism, Hippocampus metabolism, Neurogenesis drug effects, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects pathology, Stilbenes pharmacology
- Abstract
Prenatal stress induced neuronal dysfunction is multifactorial, including suppressed neurogenesis in developing brain. Resveratrol is known to exert its neuroprotective potential by enhancing neurogenesis. But the efficacy of resveratrol against prenatal stress was not addressed in detail. Hence in the present study we evaluated the neuroprotective action of resveratrol on prenatal stress-induced impaired neurogenesis. Pregnant rats were subjected to restraint stress during early or late gestational period. Another sets of rats received resveratrol during entire gestational period along with early or late gestational stress. The study parameters included neuronal assay of doublecortin positive neurons (DCX +ve) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) estimations in 40th postnatal day rat brain. Both early and late gestational stress resulted in significant decrease in generation of new born neurons and BDNF expression in hippocampus. The decrease in number of DCX +ve neurons and hippocampal BDNF expression was more profound in the offspring who received late gestational stress compared to early gestational stress. Resveratrol treatment has improved the expression of DCX +ve neurons and BDNF expression. These data suggest the neuroprotective efficacy of resveratrol against prenatal stress induced impaired neurogenesis., (Copyright © 2013 ISDN. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
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30. Neuroprotective effect of resveratrol against prenatal stress induced cognitive impairment and possible involvement of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity.
- Author
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Sahu SS, Madhyastha S, and Rao GM
- Subjects
- Animals, Antioxidants therapeutic use, Brain drug effects, Brain metabolism, Cognition Disorders complications, Cognition Disorders drug therapy, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Male, Maze Learning drug effects, Neuroprotective Agents therapeutic use, Pregnancy, Rats, Wistar, Restraint, Physical, Resveratrol, Stilbenes therapeutic use, Stress, Psychological complications, Stress, Psychological psychology, Antioxidants pharmacology, Cognition Disorders prevention & control, Neuroprotective Agents pharmacology, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects prevention & control, Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase metabolism, Stilbenes pharmacology, Stress, Psychological drug therapy
- Abstract
Resveratrol, an active ingredient of red wine extracts, has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects in several experimental models. Hence in the present study, the protective effects of resveratrol on cognitive deficits induced by prenatal stress were evaluated in offspring, and the possible involvement of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase in learning deficits were explored. Pregnant rats were subjected to restraint stress during early or late gestational period. Another set of rats received resveratrol during the entire gestational period along with early or late gestational stress. The study parameters included various behavioral tests like open field test and Morris water maze test. At the end of the behavioral tests (on 40th postnatal day), the offspring were sacrificed, and their brain homogenate was subjected to Na(+), K(+)-ATPase estimation. Early and late gestational stress affected spatial learning and memory and prenatal resveratrol has reversed these cognitive deficits. The Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity in the offspring brain homogenate was reduced in the late gestational stress group; however prenatal resveratrol treatment has not affected this activity. These data suggest the neuroprotective efficacy of resveratrol against prenatal stress induced cognitive impairment. Though late gestational stress involves Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity in rat brain homogenate, this would not be the primary cause in prenatal stress-induced cognitive dysfunction., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
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31. Synostosis of dorsolumbar spine: an anatomical investigation with emphasis on clinical and embryological details.
- Author
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Vadgaonkar R, Murlimanju BV, Pai MM, Prabhu LV, and Madhyastha S
- Subjects
- Adult, Humans, Physical Examination, Lumbar Vertebrae pathology, Synostosis pathology, Thoracic Vertebrae pathology
- Abstract
Purpose: The objectives were to study the morphology of fused vertebrae in thoracolumbar region., Materials and Methods: The study included 729 thoracolumbar vertebrae which were macroscopically observed for the fusion and morphological details were observed., Results: It was observed that, there was fusion in three of our specimens. One specimen was having fusion between the two typical thoracic vertebrae. The other one had fusion among the three typical thoracic vertebrae. The third specimen had fusion between the twelveth thoracic vertebrae and the first lumbar vertebra. The average length of body of thoracic vertebrae was 1.8 mms, vertebral foramen diameter was 1.4 mms, length of lamina was 1.9 mms and the length of spinous process was 2.6 mms. The same parameters for the fused vertebrae of two typical thoracic was 3.2 mms, 1.1 mms, 4 mms and 4.7 mms respectively. The parameters of fused three typical thoracic vertebrae were 5.2 mms, 1.4 mms, 6.6 mms and 7.9 mms respectively. The average morphometric parameters of the fused thoracolumbar vertebrae were 3.7 mms, 1.4 mms, 4 mms and 3.5 mms respectively., Conclusions: The present study has provided additional information on the anatomy and morphology of dorsolumbar spine synostosis with their embryological basis and clinical implications. We believe that the details are clinically important as they might be associated with neurological signs and symptoms.
- Published
- 2013
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32. Noneluting enzymatic antibiofilm coatings.
- Author
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Pavlukhina SV, Kaplan JB, Xu L, Chang W, Yu X, Madhyastha S, Yakandawala N, Mentbayeva A, Khan B, and Sukhishvili SA
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents chemistry, Anti-Bacterial Agents toxicity, Bacterial Proteins chemistry, Cell Differentiation drug effects, Cell Line, Cell Survival drug effects, Coated Materials, Biocompatible chemistry, Coated Materials, Biocompatible toxicity, Glycoside Hydrolases chemistry, Humans, Hydrogels chemistry, Polymethacrylic Acids chemistry, Staphylococcus epidermidis physiology, Surface Properties, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Bacterial Proteins metabolism, Biofilms drug effects, Coated Materials, Biocompatible pharmacology, Glycoside Hydrolases metabolism
- Abstract
We developed a highly efficient, biocompatible surface coating that disperses bacterial biofilms through enzymatic cleavage of the extracellular biofilm matrix. The coating was fabricated by binding the naturally existing enzyme dispersin B (DspB) to surface-attached polymer matrices constructed via a layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition technique. LbL matrices were assembled through electrostatic interactions of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA), followed by chemical cross-linking with glutaraldehyde and pH-triggered removal of PMAA, producing a stable PAH hydrogel matrix used for DspB loading. The amount of DspB loaded increased linearly with the number of PAH layers in surface hydrogels. DspB was retained within these coatings in the pH range from 4 to 7.5. DspB-loaded coatings inhibited biofilm formation by two clinical strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Biofilm inhibition was ≥98% compared to mock-loaded coatings as determined by CFU enumeration. In addition, DspB-loaded coatings did not inhibit attachment or growth of cultured human osteoblast cells. We suggest that the use of DspB-loaded multilayer coatings presents a promising method for creating biocompatible surfaces with high antibiofilm efficiency, especially when combined with conventional antimicrobial treatment of dispersed bacteria.
- Published
- 2012
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33. Recombinant human DNase I decreases biofilm and increases antimicrobial susceptibility in staphylococci.
- Author
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Kaplan JB, LoVetri K, Cardona ST, Madhyastha S, Sadovskaya I, Jabbouri S, and Izano EA
- Subjects
- Animals, Biofilms growth & development, Caenorhabditis elegans drug effects, Caenorhabditis elegans microbiology, Deoxyribonuclease I genetics, Escherichia coli Proteins metabolism, Escherichia coli Proteins pharmacology, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Staphylococcus aureus growth & development, Staphylococcus epidermidis growth & development, Tobramycin pharmacology, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Biofilms drug effects, Deoxyribonuclease I pharmacology, Recombination, Genetic, Staphylococcus aureus drug effects, Staphylococcus epidermidis drug effects
- Abstract
Extracellular DNA is an adhesive component of staphylococcal biofilms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of recombinant human DNase I (rhDNase) against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Using a 96-well microtiter plate crystal-violet binding assay, we found that biofilm formation by S. aureus was efficiently inhibited by rhDNase at 1-4 μg l⁻¹, and preformed S. aureus biofilms were efficiently detached in 2 min by rhDNase at 1 mg l⁻¹. Pretreatment of S. aureus biofilms for 10 min with 10 mg l⁻¹ rhDNase increased their sensitivity to biocide killing by 4-5 log units. rhDNase at 10 mg l⁻¹ significantly inhibited biofilm formation by S. epidermidis in medium supplemented with sub-MICs of antibiotics. We also found that rhDNase significantly increased the survival of S. aureus-infected Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes treated with tobramycin compared with nematodes treated with tobramycin alone. We concluded that rhDNase exhibits potent antibiofilm and antimicrobial-sensitizing activities against S. aureus and S. epidermidis at clinically achievable concentrations. rhDNase, either alone or in combination with antimicrobial agents, may have applications in treating or preventing staphylococcal biofilm-related infections.
- Published
- 2012
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34. Effect of prenatal stress on expression of glutathione system in neonatal rat brain.
- Author
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Sahu S, Madhyastha S, and Rao G
- Subjects
- Adrenal Glands anatomy & histology, Adrenal Glands growth & development, Adrenal Glands metabolism, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Antioxidants metabolism, Ascorbic Acid metabolism, Corticosterone blood, Female, Fetus metabolism, Glutathione Reductase metabolism, Male, Pregnancy, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Restraint, Physical, Superoxide Dismutase metabolism, Brain Chemistry physiology, Glutathione metabolism, Pregnancy Complications metabolism, Pregnancy Complications psychology, Stress, Psychological metabolism
- Abstract
Aim: Prenatal stress is known to adversely affect the fetal brain development and also neuronal loss. The mechanism(s) associated with prenatal stress induced developmental neurotoxicity remains obscure. Few studies point to the glutathione (GSH) antioxidant system which is an important molecular target for this toxicant. Hence the present study investigates the effect of prenatal stress on glutathione system in neonatal rat brain., Material and Methods: Three to four months old pregnant Wistar rats were subjected to restraint stress during early or late gestational period. The offspring were sacrificed on 40th day and their brain homogenate was subjected to antioxidant studies. The serum corticosterone and adrenal ascorbic acid levels were also estimated from offspring., Results: The prenatal stress has resulted in an increase in the serum corticosterone and reduced adrenal ascorbic acid levels in neonatal pups. Prenatal stress during early or late gestation life showed reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase (GSSG-Rd) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in offspring brain homogenate., Conclusion: These data suggest that stress during early or late gestation period affect glutathione system in developing neonatal rat brain, which is associated with elevated serum corticosterone and reduced adrenal ascorbic acid levels.
- Published
- 2012
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35. Characterization of the poly-β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine polysaccharide component of Burkholderia biofilms.
- Author
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Yakandawala N, Gawande PV, LoVetri K, Cardona ST, Romeo T, Nitz M, and Madhyastha S
- Subjects
- Bacterial Proteins genetics, Bacterial Proteins metabolism, Burkholderia growth & development, Burkholderia metabolism, Escherichia coli genetics, Escherichia coli metabolism, Gene Deletion, Genetic Complementation Test, Glycoside Hydrolases metabolism, Immunoblotting, Microscopy, Confocal, Biofilms growth & development, Burkholderia physiology, beta-Glucans metabolism
- Abstract
We demonstrated the production of poly-β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) polysaccharide in the biofilms of Burkholderia multivorans, Burkholderia vietnamiensis, Burkholderia ambifaria, Burkholderia cepacia, and Burkholderia cenocepacia using an immunoblot assay for PNAG. These results were confirmed by further studies, which showed that the PNAG hydrolase, dispersin B, eliminated immunoreactivity of extracts from the species that were tested (B. cenocepacia and B. multivorans). Dispersin B also inhibited biofilm formation and dispersed preformed biofilms of Burkholderia species. These results imply a role for PNAG in the maintenance of Burkholderia biofilm integrity. While PNAG was present in biofilms of all of the wild-type test organisms, a ΔpgaBC mutant of B. multivorans (Mu5) produced no detectable PNAG, indicating that these genes are needed for Burkholderia PNAG formation. Furthermore, restoration of PNAG production in PNAG negative E. coli TRXWMGΔC (ΔpgaC) by complementation with B. multivorans pgaBCD confirmed the involvement of these genes in Burkholderia PNAG production. While the confocal scanning laser microscopy of untreated wild-type B. multivorans showed thick, multilayered biofilm, Mu5 and dispersin B-treated wild-type biofilms were thin, poorly developed, and disrupted, confirming the involvement of PNAG in B. multivorans biofilm formation. Thus, PNAG appears to be an important component of Burkholderia biofilms, potentially contributing to its resistance to multiple antibiotics and persistence during chronic infections, including cystic fibrosis-associated infection.
- Published
- 2011
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36. Bilateral calcified stylohyoid ligament: an incidental autopsy finding with medicolegal significance.
- Author
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Rao PP, Menezes RG, Naik R, Venugopal A, Nagesh KR, Madhyastha S, Kanchan T, Gupta A, and Lasrado S
- Subjects
- Calcinosis diagnosis, Facial Pain etiology, Humans, India, Ligaments diagnostic imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Temporal Bone, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Autopsy legislation & jurisprudence, Calcinosis pathology, Ligaments pathology, Syndrome
- Abstract
Eagle's syndrome occurs due to elongation of the styloid process or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament, which then may produce a pain sensation due to pressure exerted on various structures in the head and neck region. A case report of calcified stylohyoid ligament found incidentally at autopsy and further confirmed by computed tomography scan and histopathology is herein discussed with associated medicolegal significance., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2010
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37. Extensor carpi radialis brevis origin, nerve supply and its role in lateral epicondylitis.
- Author
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Nayak SR, Ramanathan L, Krishnamurthy A, Prabhu LV, Madhyastha S, Potu BK, and Ranade AV
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Cadaver, Humans, Middle Aged, Radial Nerve anatomy & histology, Elbow Joint anatomy & histology, Elbow Joint innervation, Tennis Elbow
- Abstract
Lateral epicondylitis (LE) or tennis elbow has been the subject of concern during the last 60 years, but the pathogenesis of the LE remains unclear. The LE can be due to the tendinogenic, articular or neurogenic reasons. Numerous theories have been put fourth in the recent past, out of which one of the most popular theories is that the condition results from repeated contraction of the wrist extensor muscles, especially the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) which may compress the posterior branch of the radial nerve (PBRN) at the elbow during pronation. We studied 72 upper limbs (36 formalin-fixed cadaver) for the origin, nerve supply and the course of PBRN in relation to the ECRB as one of the goal for the present study. The possible presence of an arch of the ECRB around the PBRN was also observed and recorded. The nerve to ECRB was a branch from the radial nerve in 11 cases (15.2%); from the PBRN in 36 cases (50%) and from the superficial branch of the radial nerve in 25 cases (34.7%), respectively. The ECRB had a tendinous arch in 21 cases (29.1%); a muscular arch in 8 (11.1%) cases and the arch was absent in 43 cases (59.7%). When the ECRB had a tendinous or muscular arch around the PBRN, it may compress the same and this condition may worsen during the repeated supination and pronation as observed in tennis and cricket players. The presence of such tendinous or muscular arch should be considered by orthopedicians and neurosurgeons, while releasing the PBRN during LE surgery.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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38. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of quorum sensing peptides and Peptide analogues against oral biofilm bacteria.
- Author
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LoVetri K and Madhyastha S
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Anti-Bacterial Agents chemistry, Bacterial Proteins chemistry, Molecular Sequence Data, Peptides chemistry, Streptococcus mutans physiology, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Bacterial Proteins pharmacology, Biofilms drug effects, Mouth microbiology, Peptides pharmacology, Quorum Sensing, Streptococcus mutans drug effects
- Abstract
Widespread antibiotic resistance is a major incentive for the investigation of novel ways to treat or prevent infections. Much effort has been put into the discovery of peptides in nature accompanied by manipulation of natural peptides to improve activity and decrease toxicity. The ever increasing knowledge about bacteria and the discovery of quorum sensing have presented itself as another mechanism to disrupt the infection process. We have shown that the natural quorum sensing (QS) peptide, competence-stimulating peptide (CSP), used by the caries causing bacteria Streptococcus mutans when used in higher than normally present concentrations can actually contribute to cell death in S. mutans. Using an analogue of this quorum sensing peptide (KBI-3221), we have shown it to be beneficial at decreasing biofilm of various Streptococcus species. This chapter looks at a number of assay methods to test the inhibitory effects of quorum sensing peptides and their analogues on the growth and biofilm formation of oral bacteria.
- Published
- 2010
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39. Enhanced expression of engineered ACA-less beta-1, 6-N-acetylglucosaminidase (dispersin B) in Escherichia coli.
- Author
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Yakandawala N, Gawande PV, LoVetri K, Romeo T, Kaplan JB, and Madhyastha S
- Subjects
- Artificial Gene Fusion, Bacteriophage T7 genetics, Base Sequence, Gene Expression Profiling, Genes, Reporter, Green Fluorescent Proteins genetics, Green Fluorescent Proteins metabolism, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Nucleotides genetics, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Recombinant Proteins biosynthesis, Recombinant Proteins genetics, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Siphoviridae genetics, Transcription, Genetic, Bacterial Proteins biosynthesis, Bacterial Proteins genetics, Escherichia coli enzymology, Escherichia coli genetics, Glycoside Hydrolases biosynthesis, Glycoside Hydrolases genetics
- Abstract
beta-1,6-N-Acetylglucosaminidase (dispersin B), which cleaves poly-ss-(1,6)-linked N-acetylglucosamine, is encoded by dspB of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. To enhance the production of dispersin B, we engineered dspB to transcribe mRNAs devoid of the trinucleotide ACA. Transcription and translation levels of ACA-less and wild-type dspB expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) under T5 and T7 promoters were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and protein quantification, respectively. The ACA-less dspB mRNA level was significantly higher (P < 0.01) and produced 77.6 and 34.9% more dispersin B than wild-type dspB expressed under T7 and T5 promoters, respectively. Dispersin B expression under T7 promoter caused a 98-99.5% drop in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapA) mRNA level, which was not observed with T5 promoter. Fusion of green fluorescent protein (GFP) with dispersin B allowed rapid quantification of dispersin B production by measuring fluorescence intensity in culture broth. Although the cultures containing 0.1% glucose showed sustained increase in dispersin B-GFP production until 12 h, no significant increase in dispersin B activity was observed beyond 4 and 6 h after induction when expressed under T7 and T5 promoters, respectively. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of ACA-less mRNA and the advantage of GFP tagging for enhanced dispersin B production and quantification, which could be adapted for improving the production of other commercially important proteins in E. coli.
- Published
- 2009
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40. Dual innervations of mylohyoid muscle: a case report.
- Author
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Madhyastha S, Prabhu LV, Saralaya VV, Nayak SR, D'Costa S, and Acharya A
- Subjects
- Cadaver, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Hypoglossal Nerve abnormalities, Mandibular Nerve abnormalities, Neck Muscles innervation
- Abstract
Mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric muscles are supplied by a branch from the inferior alveolar nerve called the mylohyoid branch. Here we present an unusual finding in a 60-year-old male cadaver in which the mylohyoid muscle is supplied by a branch from hypoglossal nerve in addition to its usual nerve supply. Hypoglossal nerve after giving superior root of the ansa cervicalis and muscular branches to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid muscles gave another branch to supply the mylohyoid muscle. Any variation in the formation and/or branching pattern of ansa cervicalis or hypoglossal nerve can cause confusion and may complicate the procedures involving this nerve such as skull base surgery, neck dissection, and anterior cervical spinal approach. Developmentally mylohyoid muscle is from the mesoderm of the first arch, therefore, must be innervated by the mandibular nerve. Hence, we report this uncommon variation based on embryology and the clinical implications.
- Published
- 2009
41. Additional tendinous origin and entrapment of the plantaris muscle.
- Author
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Nayak SR, Krishnamurthy A, Prabhu LV, and Madhyastha S
- Subjects
- Cadaver, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Muscle, Skeletal abnormalities, Muscle, Skeletal pathology, Tendon Entrapment pathology, Tendons abnormalities
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. A comparison of vitamin A and leucovorin for the prevention of methotrexate-induced micronuclei production in rat bone marrow.
- Author
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Madhyastha S, Prabhu LV, Saralaya V, and Rai R
- Subjects
- Animals, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Male, Micronucleus Tests, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Bone Marrow Cells drug effects, Erythrocytes drug effects, Leucovorin therapeutic use, Methotrexate toxicity, Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective chemically induced, Vitamin A therapeutic use
- Abstract
Introduction: Methotrexate, a folate antagonist, is a mainstay treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is also widely used in a low dose formulation to treat patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In rats, methotrexate is known to induce micronuclei formation, leading to genetic damage, while vitamin A is known to protect against such methotrexate-induced genetic damage. Leucovorin (folinic acid) is generally administered with methotrexate to decrease methotrexate-induced toxicity., Objectives: We aimed to determine whether vitamin A and leucovorin differed in their capacity to prevent formation of methotrexate-induced micronuclei in rat bone marrow erythrocytes. The present study also aimed to evaluate the effect of combined treatment with vitamin A and leucovorin on the formation of methotrexate-induced micronuclei., Methods: Male and female Wistar rats (n=8) were injected with 20 mg/kg methotrexate (single i.p. dose). The control group received an equal volume of distilled water. The third and fourth groups of rats received vitamin A (5000 IU daily dose for 4 successive days) and leucovorin (0.5 mg/kg i.p. dose for 4 successive days), respectively. The fifth and sixth groups of rats received a combination of vitamin A and a single dose of methotrexate and a combination of leucovorin and methotrexate, respectively. The last group of rats received a combination of leucovorin, vitamin A and single dose of methotrexate. Samples were collected at 24 hours after the last dose of the treatment into 5% bovine albumin. Smears were obtained and stained with May-Grunwald and Giemsa. One thousand polychromatic erythrocytes were counted per animal for the presence of micronuclei and the percentage of polychromatic erythrocyte was determined., Results: Comparison of methotrexate-treated rats with the control group showed a significant increase in the percentage of cells with micronuclei and a significant decrease polychromatic erythrocyte percentage. Combined methotrexate and vitamin A therapy and combined methotrexate and leucovorin therapy led to significant decreases in the micronuclei percentage and an increase in polychromatic erythrocyte percentage when compared to rats treated with methotrexate alone. Leucovorin was found to be more effective than vitamin A against the formation of methotrexate-induced micronuclei., Conclusions: Both vitamin A and leucovorin provided significant protection against genetic damage induced by methotrexate.
- Published
- 2008
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43. A cadaveric study of the testicular artery in the South Indian population.
- Author
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Pai MM, Vadgaonkar R, Rai R, Nayak SR, Jiji PJ, Ranade A, Prabhu LV, and Madhyastha S
- Subjects
- Adult, Aorta, Abdominal anatomy & histology, Cadaver, Dissection, Humans, India, Kidney anatomy & histology, Male, Middle Aged, Renal Artery anatomy & histology, Arteries anatomy & histology, Testis blood supply
- Abstract
Introduction: The male gonadal arteries, namely the testicular arteries, may vary at their origin and arise from the renal artery, suprarenal artery or lumbar artery. They may also be doubled, tripled or even quadrupled and may arise as a common trunk. With the advent of new intra-abdominal operative and laparoscopic techniques, the anatomy of the gonadal vessels has assumed much more importance. Therefore, a study was designed to assess the percentage of normal and aberrant origin and course of the testicular artery in the Indian population., Methods: The posterior abdominal walls of 34 male cadavers (68 sides) were dissected and studied for the variations in the origin and course of the testicular arteries., Results: In 85.3 percent of the cases, the male gonadal artery was normal in origin, number and course. However, in the remaining 14.7 percent, various anomalies in the testicular artery were noted., Conclusion: The variations in the testicular arteries are attributed to their embryological origin. A deep knowledge of these variations and their relations to the adjacent structures is very important in avoiding the complications in operative surgery.
- Published
- 2008
44. Anatomical variation of radial wrist extensor muscles: a study in cadavers.
- Author
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Nayak SR, Krishnamurthy A, Prabhu LV, Rai R, Ranade AV, and Madhyastha S
- Subjects
- Aged, Cadaver, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Tendons anatomy & histology, Forearm anatomy & histology, Muscle, Skeletal anatomy & histology, Wrist anatomy & histology
- Abstract
Objective: The tendons of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis muscles are quite useful in tendon transfer, such as in correction of finger clawing and restoration of thumb opposition. Knowledge of additional radial wrist extensor muscle bellies with independent tendons is useful in the above-mentioned surgical procedures., Methods: The skin, subcutaneous tissue, and antebrachial fascia of 48 (24 on the right side and 24 on left side) male upper limb forearms were dissected. The following aspects were then analyzed: (a) the presence of additional muscle bellies of radial wrist extensors, (b) the origin and insertion of the additional muscle, and (c) measurements of the muscle bellies and their tendons., Results: Five out of 48 upper limbs (10.41%) had additional radial wrist extensors; this occurred in 3 out of 24 left upper limbs (12.5%) and 2 out of 24 right upper limbs (8.3%). In one of the right upper limbs, two additional muscles were found. The length and width of each additional muscle belly and its tendon ranged between 2 - 15 cm by 0.35 - 6.4 cm and 2.8 - 20.8 cm by 0.2 0.5 cm, respectively. The additional radial wrist extensor tendons in our study basically originated either from the extensor carpi radialis longus or brevis muscles and were inserted at the base of the 2nd or 3rd metacarpal bone., Conclusion: The present study will inform surgeons about the different varieties of additional radial wrist extensors and the frequency of their occurrence.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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45. An accessory iliacus muscle: a case report.
- Author
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D'Costa S, Ramanathan LA, Madhyastha S, Nayak SR, Prabhu LV, Rai R, Saralaya VV, and Prakash
- Subjects
- Abdominal Muscles pathology, Cadaver, Femoral Nerve pathology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Radiculopathy etiology, Radiculopathy pathology, Abdominal Muscles abnormalities
- Abstract
We present a case of an anomalous accessory iliacus muscle in the iliac fossa which gets originated from the iliac crest and inserting along with iliopsoas, and appear to compress the L4 root of femoral nerve. During the routine dissection of a male cadaver aged 58 years, we found an accessory iliacus muscle. The L2 and L3 nerve roots joined the L4 root distal to the accessory iliacus muscle. The L4 root of the femoral nerve supplied accessory iliacus muscle. Accessory iliacus muscle might cause tension on the femoral nerve resulting in referred pain to the hip and knee joints and to the lumbar dermatome L4. The clinical significance of this variant muscle and its importance in the femoral nerve entrapment has been discussed.
- Published
- 2008
46. The morphology of meningo-orbital foramen in south Indian population.
- Author
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Krishnamurthy A, Nayak SR, Prabhu LV, Mansur DI, Ramanathan L, Madhyastha S, and Saralaya V
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, India, Male, Orbit anatomy & histology
- Abstract
When present, the meningo-orbital foramen forms an additional link between the orbit and the middle cranial fossa. It contains an arterial anastomose between the middle menigeal artery--the meningo-lacrimal branch and the lacrimal artery--the meningeal branch. The incidence of this foramen is known to vary between 28-82.9%. In the present study of 138 dry adult skulls of South Indian origin, the meningo-orbital foramen was present in 80.4% of population. The mean distance of the meningo-orbital foramen from the supra-orbital notch was 34.14 mm (29-38 mm) and from the fronto-zygomatic suture it was 26.10 mm (28-35 mm). The incidence and location of the meningo-orbital foramen may be of surgical significance to ophthalmologists (Tab. 1, Fig. 3, Ref. 7).
- Published
- 2008
47. The palmaris longus muscle: its anatomic variations and functional morphology.
- Author
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Pai MM, Prabhu LV, Nayak SR, Madhyastha S, Vadgaonkar R, Krishnamurthy A, and Kumar A
- Subjects
- Cadaver, Female, Humans, Individuality, Male, Forearm pathology, Muscle, Skeletal pathology, Muscle, Skeletal physiology
- Abstract
The functional morphology and evolution of the superficial forearm flexor, the palmaris longus, have long fascinated kinesiologists, physical anthropologists and anatomists alike. The anomalies, agenesis, variations and polymorphic presentation of the muscle, coupled with its biomechanical role in the performance of flexion and supination through distal articulations in the upper limb, have formed the base for many studies found in medical literature. We present data from published sources, along with our observations on the kinetics of palmaris longus, drawn from a series of dissections done on 30 cadavers. Complete agenesis was seen in four limbs. Reversal in the muscle-tendon orientation was seen in two limbs and duplication in one limb. The functional dynamics of the muscle and the clinical implication of its modifications in humans are discussed. We believe that every surgeon must be aware of the variations, since this, otherwise unimportant muscle, provides a very useful graft in tendon surgery.
- Published
- 2008
48. Teratogenic effects of the anticonvulsant gabapentin in mice.
- Author
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Prakash, Prabhu LV, Rai R, Pai MM, Yadav SK, Madhyastha S, Goel RK, Singh G, and Nasar MA
- Subjects
- Animals, Body Weight, Congenital Abnormalities prevention & control, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Gabapentin, Mice, Mice, Inbred ICR, Models, Chemical, Pregnancy, Pregnancy, Animal drug effects, Teratogens, Abnormalities, Drug-Induced, Amines adverse effects, Anticonvulsants adverse effects, Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids adverse effects, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid adverse effects
- Abstract
Introduction: We aim to study and elucidate the safety profile of the antiepileptic doses of gabapentin during pregnancy, and to evaluate gabapentin-induced murine fetotoxicity at different dose levels., Methods: A total of 60 pregnant mice, divided into 12 groups of five mice each, were exposed to gabapentin in four different doses of 0 (control), 113, 226, or 452 mg/kg body weight per day, at three different gestational stages including early gestation (1-6 days), mid-gestation (7-12 days), and late gestation (13-17 days). The pregnant mice were euthanized on day 18 of gestation, and foetuses were examined for teratogenic manifestations. Their brains were dissected and examined for gross changes, malformations, histological changes, and quantitative protein estimation., Results: Foetal resorptions were observed in all treated groups with gabapentin administration at early gestation (1-6 days), and mid-gestation (7-12 days). On the other hand, growth retardation along with stunting in size of live foetuses were observed in all the mid-gestation (7-12 days), and late gestation (13-17 days) treated groups. Various gross malformations were observed with all the three doses (113, 226, and 452 mg/kg body weight per day) when gabapentin was administered at mid-gestation (7-12 days). The same trends were confirmed by gross and microscopic examination of brains along with quantitative protein estimation., Conclusion: Gabapentin should not be prescribed during pregnancy, as no therapeutic dose of gabapentin is safe during this period as far as the foetal well-being is concerned.
- Published
- 2008
49. A variation of the phrenic nerve: case report and review.
- Author
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Prakash, Prabhu LV, Madhyastha S, and Singh G
- Subjects
- Adult, Brachial Plexus abnormalities, Cadaver, Dissection, Humans, Male, Singapore, Phrenic Nerve abnormalities
- Abstract
During routine dissection in the department of anatomy, the following anatomical variations of the phrenic nerve were observed on the right side of the neck of a 30-year-old male cadaver. The phrenic nerve, in its early course close to its origin, gave a communicating branch to the C5 root of the brachial plexus. At the level of the root of neck just before entering the thorax, the phrenic nerve was located anterior to the subclavian vein. This unique case of phrenic nerve variation gains tremendous importance in the context of subclavian vein cannulation, implanted venous access portals, and supraclavicular nerve block for regional anaesthesia.
- Published
- 2007
50. Lamotrigine in pregnancy: safety profile and the risk of malformations.
- Author
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Prakash, Prabhu LV, Nasar MA, Rai R, Madhyastha S, and Singh G
- Subjects
- Animals, Anticonvulsants therapeutic use, Epilepsy drug therapy, Female, Folic Acid Deficiency chemically induced, Humans, Lamotrigine, Pregnancy, Teratogens pharmacokinetics, Teratogens pharmacology, Triazines therapeutic use, Abnormalities, Drug-Induced, Anticonvulsants adverse effects, Triazines adverse effects
- Abstract
The use of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy always presents challenges to doctors and their patients as it may have deleterious effects on the developing embryo. Lamotrigine is most commonly-prescribed drug among the newer antiepileptic drugs; hence, it has been selected for the present review. A number of studies pertaining to the safety of lamotrigine use during pregnancy have been reported, with differing results. Contradictory results have been reported in animals regarding lamotrigine teratogenicity, and human studies have also proven inconclusive. In many countries, human pregnancy registries are maintained to establish the safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy, as all the different suggestions favour some over others, with specific antiepileptic combinations still being questioned. It is our hope that the present work may integrate the available disparate relevant facts into a directed effort towards minimising the risk of foetal compromise.
- Published
- 2007
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