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Objective The current study aimed to clarify quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics of children with tic disorders (TD), discuss possible mechanisms of tic disorders, and explore the application value of quantitative EEG for the diagnosis and treatment of tic disorders. Methods EEG data of 104 children with tic disorders (TD group) treated at the Department of Pediatric in Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University between January 2019 and December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. EEG data were screened for specific time periods without obvious artifacts. The relative α, β, θ and δ bands energy, θ/β ratio, and spectral boundary of Fp1, Fp2, F3 and F4 were extracted. Forty-nine children matched by sex and age were randomly selected as the control group for statistical analysis. Results In comparison with the control group, children with tic disorders, Fp1, Fp2 showed higher relative θ band energy (Z = 2.354, P = 0.019; t = - 2.351, P = 0.020) and higher θ/β ratio (Z = 1.990, P = 0.047; Z = 2.206, P = 0.027), F3 showed higher relative δ band energy (t = - 2.107, P = 0.037), F4 showed higher relative θ band energy (Z = 2.342, P = 0.019), higher relative δ band energy (Z = 2.510, P = 0.012) and higher θ/β ratio (Z = 2.266, P = 0.023); Fp1, Fp2, F3 and F4 showed lower relative α band energy (Z = - 3.005, P = 0.003; Z = - 2.829, P = 0.005; Z = - 2.905, P = 0.004; Z = - 2.849, P = 0.004); F4 showed lower relative β band energy (Z = - 2.022, P = 0.043). No significant difference was identified in spectral boundary (P > 0.05, for all). Conclusions The results suggested that the primary lesion of tic disorders mainly involved the frontal cortex, and lead to brain excitation-inhibition imbalance. Quantitative EEG can provide objective evidences for the diagnosis and treatment response assessment of patients with tic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The laminar flame propagation of 1-heptene/air mixtures covering equivalence ratios from 0.7 to 1.5 is investigated in a constant-volume cylindrical combustion vessel at 373 K and elevated pressures (1, 2, 5, and 10 atm). Laminar flame speed and Markstein length are derived from the recorded schlieren images. A kinetic model of 1-heptene combustion is developed based on our previous kinetic model of 1-hexene. The model is validated against the laminar flame speed data measured in this work and the ignition delay time data in literature. Modeling analyses, such as sensitivity analysis and rate of production analysis, are performed to help understand the high temperature chemistry of 1-heptene under various pressures and its influence on the laminar flame propagation. Furthermore, the laminar flame propagation of 1-heptene/air mixtures is compared with that of n-heptane/air mixtures reported in our previous work. The laminar flame speed values of 1-heptene/air mixtures are observed to be faster than those of n-heptane/air mixtures under most conditions due to the enhanced exothermicity and reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the chemical compounds from the roots of Actinidia rufa, nine compounds were isolated by various column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Their structures were elucidated as 2α, 3β, 19α, 23, 24-pentahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), 2α, 3α, 19α, 24-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 2α, 3α, 24-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (3), 2α, 3α, 24-trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (4), 2α, 3α, 23, 24-tetrahydroxyurs -12-en-28-oic acid (5), 2α, 3β, 23, 24-tetrah-ydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (6), 2α, 3β, 23-trihydroxy-12-en-28-oic acid (7), 2α, 3β, 23-trihydroxyurs-12, 20(30)-dien-28-oic acid (8), and 2α, 3α, 23-trihydroxyurs-12, 20(30)-dien-28-oic acid (9). Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated from the Actinidia genus for the first time. Compounds 2, 3, and 4 showed cytotoxic activity against human SKVO3 and TPC-1 cancer cell lines with IC₅₀ values ranging from 10.99 to 16.41 μmol•L⁻¹, compounds 3 and 4 have cytotoxic activity against human HeLa cancer cell line with IC₅₀ values of 15.53 and 13.07 μmol•L⁻¹, respectively., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)