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The stomach content and samples of Longissimus dorsi muscle of 32 feral wild boars were collected in two different feeding areas (forest and farmland) of Umbria region (Italy). The animals from each feeding area were divided into two age classes: class 1 (12–24 months of age; 48 kg average weight) and class 2 (animals older than 2 years of age; 84 kg average weight). The major food categories consumed were hard mast and crops (89.02–75.98%). The L*(lightness) and a*(red to green colour) values of the meat were affected by the feeding area as well as the b*(yellow colour) value; the age significantly affected only the a* and the b* value of the meat. The α-tocopherol was the most abundant vitamin E homologue, ranged between 520.63 and 1881.33 ng/g and was higher in farmland areas. The index of lipid oxidation (TBARS) ranged from 0.093 and 0.140 mg MDA/kg and was higher in wild boars from farmland. The monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) ranged between 38.36 and 46.75% and were higher in wild boar of class 2. The total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as well as PUFAn-6 were affected by age, while PUFAn-3 was only affected by feeding area and ranged from 0.91 and 1.99 in farmland and forest, respectively. The feeding area affects the intramuscular fat contents in terms of nutritional characteristics of the meat: the n-6/n-3 ratio that was lower in meat from animals hunted in the forest area (p ≤ .001), as well as the ARA/(EPA + DHA) ratio (p ≤ .01).

To minimize complications in skull base surgery, it is necessary to separate intracranial structures from the upper aerodigestive tract with well-vascularized tissue. The majority of defects can be reconstructed using local flaps using pericranium, galea, or temporalis muscle. However, there are conditions that affect the suitability of the previously mentioned flaps, for example, previous surgical procedures or radiotherapy. Local flaps may also be inadequate to reconstruct particularly large defects. Extensive bony demolitions produce aesthetic deformities that need accurate reconstructions. Orbital wall defects have to be reconstructed to avoid complications such as the transmission of cerebral pulsation, bulbar dystopias, diplopia, and ophthalmoplegia. The microvascular latissimus dorsi flap is ideal in all these cases, and the use of a costal graft allows simultaneous reconstruction of bony defects.From January 2000 to January 2008, 17 patients have undergone surgical ablation of the spheno-orbital region and reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap and costal grafts.The flap survival rate was 100%. One patient required revision of the venous anastomosis. No cerebrospinal fluid leak or intracranial infections have been detected. The only complications registered were dystopias in 6 patients and diplopia in 4; all of these spontaneously resolved within 2 months.The microvascular latissimus dorsi flap with costal graft is an effective method for the reconstruction of the spheno-orbital region when local flaps are not indicated.It has a negligible donor-site morbidity, an ideal vascular pedicle, and an easy harvesting technique. The costal graft allows the simultaneous reconstruction of the orbital walls, giving good results. © 2013 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is an evolving epidemic. Often the patients are in poor general condition and therefore the aim of surgical treatment is generally limited to pain control and restoration of feeding ability. We present a useful surgical technique for the stabilization of BRONJ-related mandibular fractures, including application of a reconstructive plate. With an extraoral approach, a 2.5-mm reconstructive locking plate is contoured and placed in the plane of dissection, superficial to the platysma. The fracture site is accessed through an intraoral approach, which limits surgery to curettage and rinsing of the surgical site. Since there is no removal of the periosteal support to the residual stumps, the blood supply to the affected mandible is maintained. Avoidance of direct contact of the infected fractured site with the reconstructive plate is another advantage of working in a surgical plane over the platysma muscle. Although fracture healing is not achieved, plate fixation with this technique is stable and painless and patients can easily eat; therefore, patients enjoy a great improvement in their quality of life. We consider this easy and effective procedure to be a reliable palliative solution in these patients.

Resume Introduction La paralysie faciale est une pathologie non rare a retentissements fonctionnel, morphologique et psychologique tres handicapants. Le gold standard actuel est la reanimation faciale par les transferts musculaires revascularises re-innerves. Materiel et methodes Dans ce travail, on rapporte les resultats d’une nouvelle methode utilisant le gracile avec double innervation sur le nerf masseter et sur le facial controlateral via une greffe nerveuse et ce en un seul temps operatoire, sur une serie de six patients. Resultats Aucun echec n’a ete note. Le delai moyen d’une contraction volontaire etait de 3,8 mois. Celui d’une contraction spontanee etait de 7,2 mois. Trois parmi les six patients ont eu des resultats « excellents » selon la classification de Terzis et Noah, deux etaient classes « bons » et un seul « moyen ». Discussion Le choix reste a faire entre une methode pronant une dynamique spontanee naturelle (a stimulus facial controlateral) et une methode misant sur la qualite et la quantite de contraction (a stimulus ipsilateral trijeminal). Dans cette nouvelle technique, nous combinons les deux methodes : un transfert gracile a double innervation sur le facial sain controlateral via une greffe surale, d’une part, et une deuxieme anastomose sur le nerf masseter homolateral, d’autre part. Conclusion La nouvelle methode proposee dans ce travail nous semble, selon nos resultats obtenus, une technique fiable ralliant la contraction volontaire et le sourire emotionnel.

The myomucosal buccinator flap, first described by Bozola in 1989, has become an important tool for intraoral defects reconstruction. In the literature, there is a variety of proposed myomucosal cheek flaps, both pedicled and island, based on the buccal or the facial arteries. From January 2007 to December 2011, the authors used a pedicled buccinator flap based posteriorly on the buccal artery to reconstruct partial lingual defects following tumor resection in 27 patients. The buccal fat pad was translated to cover the donor site defect. After 3 to 4 weeks from the original surgery, a second procedure under local anesthesia was performed to detach the pedicle and remodel the flap. The morphological and functional outcomes of the procedures were evaluated by the surgeons and a speech and language therapist. All patients presented satisfactory results. The authors consider the use of the described technique as the gold standard in the reconstruction of partial tongue defects after tumor resection.

Summary Objective One-stage free-flap facial reanimation may be accomplished by using a gracilis transfer innervated by the masseteric nerve, but this technique does not restore the patient's ability to smile spontaneously. By contrast, the transfer of the latissimus dorsi innervated by the contralateral facial nerve provides the correct nerve stimulus but is limited by variation in the quantity of contraction. The authors propose a new one-stage facial reanimation technique using dual innervation; a gracilis muscle flap is innervated by the masseteric nerve, and supplementary nerve input is provided by a cross-face sural nerve graft anastomosed to the contralateral facial nerve branch. Methods Between October 2009 and March 2010, four patients affected by long-standing unilateral facial paralysis received gracilis muscle transfers innervated by both the masseteric nerve and the contralateral facial nerve. Results All patients recovered voluntary and spontaneous smiling abilities. The recovery time to voluntary flap contraction was 3.8 months, and spontaneous flap contraction was achieved within 7.2 months after surgery. According to Terzis and Noah's five-stage classification of reanimation outcomes, two patients had excellent outcomes and two had good outcomes. Conclusions In this preliminary study, the devised double-innervation technique allows to achieve a good grade of flap contraction as well as emotional smiling ability. A wider number of operated patients are needed to confirm those initial findings.

Retrobulbar hemorrhage (RBH) is 1 of the 3 main causes of traumatic vision loss; the other 2 are direct penetrating injuries and traumatic optic neuropathy. The underlying causes of RBH are bleeding after trauma or a surgical intervention, although RBH can occur in the absence of orbital trauma, especially after maneuvers that increase blood pressure. The reorted incidence of RBH after blunt or penetrating rauma to the orbit or zygoma ranges from 0.45% to %. RBH can occur after surgery on or near the orbit, such as blepharoplasty (0.0052%), the treatment of facial fractures (0.3%), and endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS; 0.006%). RBH is an emergency that must be recognized and treated quickly. However, according to a recent report, only 17% of emergency senior house officers could identify RBH and perform first-line treatment. This article presents an 8-patient case series of traumatic and iatrogenic RBH.

Patients affected by unilateral facial palsy often show partial or complete atrophy of the orbicularis oris. The lower hemilip on the affected side may have partial functional recover due to direct reinnervation stemming from the unaffected side. This explains why atrophy of the paralysed side is sometimes limited. Negative esthetic and functional findings include partial invisibility of the vermillion border due to lip inversion resulting from muscle flaccidity, asymmetry of the lower lip, oral incompetence, and speech and nutrition impairments of variable degree. In this study, we used Coleman lipofilling as a secondary and ancillary procedure to consolidate the results already obtained with dynamic reanimation, specifically aiming to reduce the volumetric loss due to atrophy of the orbicularis oris muscle.Eight patients underwent lipofilling to restore volumetric loss due to muscular denervation atrophy. Six of our patients were affected by inveterate facial palsy and one by an acute form of facial palsy. The last patient presented with high-grade bilateral upper lip atrophy due to Moebius syndrome. Two patients underwent a second lipofilling intervention.The esthetic volume increase and the ameliorated lip competence were immediately noticeable after the first lipofilling, to great patient satisfaction. As a result of the variable rate of resorption over time of the grafted fat, it may be advisable to repeat the procedure in some patients to maximize results.Lipofilling represents a useful and safe ancillary technique for camouflage of lower lip atrophy in paralysed patients.

Radical treatment of parotid neoplasms may lead to complex parotid defects that present functional and aesthetic reconstructive challenges. We report our experience using the lateral thoracic wall as a single donor site. Between 2003 and 2009, four patients with malignant tumours in the parotid gland underwent radical parotidectomy and simultaneous reconstruction using a perforator latissimus dorsi cutaneous free flap (de-epithelialized and entire skin paddle in two cases each). A thoracodorsal nerve graft was used in all cases to replace the intraglandular branches of the facial nerve. Costal grafts were used for mandibular reconstruction in two patients. All patients underwent postoperative physiotherapy. No donor-site complication occurred and all treatments achieved good aesthetic results. All patients recovered nearly complete symmetry at rest and partial facial mimetic function. The lateral thoracic wall is a good donor site for the reconstruction of complex parotid defects.

Object Surgical treatment of parotid malignancies may frequently involve facial nerve amputation to achieve oncological radical resection. The entire facial nerve branching from its exit from the stylomastoid foramen to the periphery of the gland is often sacrificed. The first reconstructive strategy is the immediate reconstruction of the facial nerve by directly anastomosing the trunk of the facial nerve to its distal branches by interpositional nerve grafting. The present study was performed to determine the adequacy of thoracodorsal nerve grafting for immediate repair of the facial nerve. The anatomical features of the thoracodorsal nerve make it particularly appropriate to match its trunk to the stump of the facial nerve at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen. Up to seven branches of the thoracodorsal nerve may be distally anastomosed to the severed distal branches of the facial nerve. More complex reconstruction may be addressed simultaneously by contemporary harvesting a de-epithelialized free flap from the same site based on thoracodorsal vessel perforators and preparing a rib graft from the same donor site. Methods Between October 2003 and August 2010, seven patients affected by parotid tumors (6 with parotid malignancies and 1 with multiple recurrences of pleomorphic adenoma) underwent radical parotidectomy with intentional sacrifice of the facial nerve to obtain oncological radical resection. In all patients, the facial nerve was reconstructed with an interpositional thoracodorsal nerve graft. In four patients, a de-epithelialized free flap based on the latissimus dorsi was transposed to cover soft tissue defects. Moreover, two of these patients also required a rib graft to reconstruct both the condyle and ramus of the mandible. With the exception of one patient affected by recurrent pleomorphic adenoma, all patients underwent radiotherapy after surgical treatment. Results All patients in our study recovered mimetic facial function. Facial muscles showed clinical signs of recovery within 5–14 (mean: 7.8) months, with varying degrees of mimetic restoration, and almost complete facial symmetry at rest in all patients. The House–Brackmann final score was I in two patients, II in two patients, and III in three patients. Conclusions A thoracodorsal nerve graft to replace extratemporal facial nerve branching is a valid alternative technique to multiple classical nerve grafts, with good matching at both the proximal and distal anastomoses.

A 7000 series high strength aluminium alloy was produced by spray deposition via the Osprey process. This alloy, designated AlZn11MgCu, exhibits an excellent combination of fracture toughness and strength in both the peak aged T6 and overaged T7 conditions. The yield strength and fracture toughness at room temperature are 700 MN m−2 and about 40 MN m−3/2 in the T6 temper, and 500 MN m−2 and 75 MN m−3/2 in the T7 temper, respectively. The exceptional high fracture toughness is attributed to the absence of coarse constituents and oxides. The microstructure is homogeneous, free of segregation, and has a fine grain size. The hardening precipitates in the T6 temper are mainly η′, and in the T7 temper they are η (MgZn2), resulting in a different fracture behaviour; in the T6 temper the fracture mode is microshearing and in the T7 temper the fracture mode is ductile failure. Both T6 and T7 conditions show a stress corrosion crack growth rate higher than that of comparable alloys, 7075-T651 and 7075-T7351...

Summary Introduction Mandibular asymmetry due to overgrowth has two main forms, hemimandibular hyperplasia and hemimandibular elongation. It is necessary to distinguish between inactive and active forms, since surgical treatment of the latter, with a solely morphological aim, could lead to recurrence of further condylar growth. In these cases orthognathic surgery is performed in association with high condylectomy to interrupt the hyperactivity of the condyle. Condylectomy alone in growing patients stops the progression of deformities and sometimes achieves facial symmetry at the end of growth. Some authors have viewed condylectomy as a dangerous procedure, with the possibility of compromising articular function. We aimed to verify immediate and long-term results of condylar function after high condylectomy. Materials and methods Between 1998 and 2007, 15 patients underwent high condylectomy for active laterognathia. All but one patient underwent postoperative Delaire functional rehabilitation. Long-term articular function was evaluated using subjective and objective criteria. Results In 14 patients, articular function was subjectively satisfactory. In one case, this did not occur because the patient refused postoperative functional rehabilitation. Discussion and conclusions Some authors have advised against condylectomy because of the possibility of temporomandibular joint dysfunction. High condylectomy in active laterognathia seems to be the procedure of choice in both adults and growing patients. In our experience, functional alterations of practical relevance are rare if the operation is followed by successful functional rehabilitation.

The authors describe a case of oncogenic osteomalacia due to a mesenchymal phosphaturic tumour in the maxillary sinus. This is a paraneoplastic syndrome in which a tumour produces a peptide hormone-like substance (phosphatonin) that causes a urinary loss of phosphates resulting in a debilitating systemic condition. In this case, the patient experienced muscle stiffness, reduction of muscle tone, loss of weight and pathological fractures. Clinical and radiological examination revealed a tumour in the right maxillary sinus; all other results were negative. The diagnosis following pathology examination was mesenchymal phosphaturic tumour with a haemangiopericytoma-like vascular pattern. Different histological types of mesenchymal tumours can be associated with paraneoplastic syndrome, but their localization in the paranasal sinuses is rare. The correct diagnosis allows the appropriate therapeutic approach, which can lead to an almost immediate resolution of the clinical situation after surgical removal of the neoplasm as in the present case. Oncogenic osteomalacia is rare, particularly in the maxillofacial region, and only a few cases have been reported.

A variety of benign lesions that are typically treated conservatively can affect the mandible. The treatment must be radical when these lesions are locally aggressive and involve the perimandibular soft tissues or involve most of the thickness of the mandible. The main treatment is mandibular resection and reconstruction with bone grafts, mainly iliac crest bone grafts for segmental mandibulectomy or a calvaria bone graft for resection without interruption of the mandible body. These grafts are limited due to the possibility of infection and the unpredictable long-term resorption. Free flap surgery, particularly with fibula free flaps, represents a new era in mandibular reconstruction. This technique has similar donor site morbidity, while the transferred bone resists infection and bone resorption. These advantages are achieved at the cost of a procedure that is about 1 h longer when performed by an experienced microsurgical team. We report our experience with mandibular reconstruction following the surgical resection of benign lesions in 7 patients. All the reconstructions had goodAfter reconstruction, the facial morphology showed restored symmetry of the lower third profile in all patients. The functional results were satisfactory, with restored mandibular function in all cases. No signs of recurrence have appeared in any patient after a mean follow-up of 24 months.

The effect of genotype on the oxidative stability and other qualitative traits of chicken meat was studied. Two groups of 200 chicks (Ross 205 and Kabir) were reared according to the organic farming system. At 81 d of age 20 birds per group were slaughtered and after refrigeration (24 h at 4°C) of the carcasses, Pectoralis majormuscles were excised for anal- yses. Samples were analysed after 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of storage at 4°C under continuous fluorescent illumina- tion (2300 lux). The analyses concerned the chemical composition and the shear force (only at time 0) and the progress of several traits as pH, CIELAB values, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), panel test and fatty acid com- position (at 0 and after 96 h). Genotype greatly affected the physico-chemical characteristics and the sensory evalua- tion. The meat from Ross chickens showed high TBARS values, perhaps due to selection for growth rate that reduced their adaptability to greater space allowance and to poorer environmental conditions; these higher TBARS values were also negatively correlated to lightness and yellowness. The initial level of TBARS affected the oxidative stability of breast meat during storage. The amount of TBARS showed significantly negative relationship with the sensory evaluation; breast meat of Kabir had higher scores for liking when the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was less than 2.5 mg kg-1.

The effect of a single nucleotide polymorphism, a glutamine to arginine amino acid substitution in the human Timeless gene (Q831R, A2634G), on diurnal preferences was studied in a random sample of normal volunteers enrolled in a population-based epidemiology study of the natural history of sleep disorders. We genotyped 528 subjects for this single nucleotide polymorphism and determined morningness-eveningness tendencies using the Horne-Ostberg questionnaire. Our results indicate that Q831R Timeless has no influence on morningness- eveningness tendencies in humans.

A female patient affected by a thrombotic syndrome due to non SLE-related antiphospholipid antibodies (APA), developed a serious, non inflammatory, thrombotic macroangiopathy and uremic-hemolytic syndrome during oral anticoagulant therapy. She was treated with aspirin, dipyridamole i.v. and with a total of 14 fresh frozen plasma exchange (PEX), but the thrombotic syndrome only showed a partial response with the APA titre dropping considerably. Renal failure did not improve because of acute cortical necrosis. The patient died from infective complications.

The renal concern in a multiple myeloma (MM) case has a frequency of 50% and causes a worsening of the disease with a survival average of about 12 months. The monoclonal light free chains (CLL) produced in excess by the plasmacytes are present in the urine as proteinuria of Bence Jones (PBJ) in 60-70% of patients affected by MM. They represent the major pathogenetic factor of the nephropathy in course of MM as they can deposit in shape of intratubular "casts" in the myeloma casts nephropathy (MCN). In some worse cases, dehydration or hypercalcaemia can cause an irreversible acute renal insufficiency (RI). It is therefore important in a patient affected with MM with PBJ to prevent, locate and opportunely treat these situations which worsen the nephropathy. Beside the tubular cast nephropathy, the CLL "accumulate" in the kidney even though with a lower frequency compared to MCN, in the light chains deposition disease (LCDD) and in the amyloidosis AL (AL). LCDD is characterized by a deposit of nodular amorphous materials PAS positive in the glomerulus and sometimes even in the tubulus. It usually presents itself as a chronic RI and a proteinuria causing nephrotic syndrome (NS). This quickly evolves into uraemia and its evolution can be lessened by the MM treatment. AL in course of MM also reveals with a chronic RI and NS. CLLs deposit in the typical fibrillar structure, on the vessel walls, in the glomerulus, in the mesangium and can be marked out with the Congo red colouring and the subsequent green birefringence through microscope with polarized light. Prognosis of AL is extremely severe and no benefit is given by the treatment of the hematological illness. It is therefore absolutely necessary to study the renal histology through biopsy when MM is grade B, that is, with serumal creatinine above 2 mg/dl as: MCN imposes the MM treatment programme in order to reduce the tubular excess of PBJ and to attempt to make RI reversible; MCN with tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis results in an unfavourable prognosis as it expresses a nephropathic irreversibility due to the loss nephrons. It will therefore necessary to start on a renal substitutional treatment programme. Renal damage in course of MM is not always tubular, rather an unexpected glomerular damage of LCDD or amyloidosis AL type can be found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

A controlled clinical trial of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, muscle-relaxing and anxiolytic activity of a new compound (parsalmide) was compared with that of phenybutazone in 40 patients with acute or exacerbated inflammatory or degenerative processes randomly distributed into two treatment groups. Parsalmide was more effective in the relief of joint swelling and anxiety and gave better motility. On an overall evaluation, however, it was on a par with phenylbutazone. Treatment had to be suspended in two cases treated with phenylbutasone, whereas tolerance was good with parsalmide and no suspensions were required.

A new case of familial PHP, associated with polyglobulia and biochemical parameters of hyperaldosteronism has been described. This association represents a very rare entity. PHP has been documented by the common tests and the unresponsiveness of AMPc to PTH. The poliglobulia , which appears after a period of severe anaemia, needs now periodical blood subtraction; nevertheless a cerebral thrombosis with conseguent hemiparesis has recently occurred. The hyperaldosteronism has been documented by hypopotassiemia , a raised level of plasma aldosterone as well as suppressed plasma renin activity even after adequate stimulus.

Il contributo verte su due temi emergenti dalle decisioni censite nei quali i termini autoesclusivi della alternativa soggettivo-oggettivo in punto a motivi di licenziamento, mostrano per così dire il fiato corto. Il primo tema è lo «scarso rendimento», locuzione del linguaggio comune usata per rappresentare situazioni di conflitto, che rinviano generalmente ad una mancanza di diligenza del lavoratore. La situazione così evocata, pur presentando componenti diverse e molteplici, assume una forte significatività in una fase come quella attuale in cui l’esigenza di «economicità» della prestazione di lavoro e la sua redditività sono assoggettate ad un controllo crescente. Per il secondo tema, pervero molto meno frequente, il licenziamento cerca (trova) ragione nell’insorgere di una incompatibilità attinente alla persona in senso lato, e cioè che rileva sul piano oggettivo, a-comportamentale. Per una qualche circostanza sopravvenuta (non ci appuntiamo sul factum principis), può accadere che nel rapporto di lavoro venga meno – o si introduca in esso – un qualche elemento (o carattere, o relazione) diverso da quelli presenti al momento genetico. Se tale sopravvenienza attinente alla persona è tale che, senza di essa – o in presenza di essa – le parti non avrebbero a suo tempo stipulato il contratto, sorge questione – vicina alla tematizzazione della «presupposizione» e dei «motivi» del contratto – se sia atta ad estinguere il rapporto nel corso della sua esecuzione.

Il volume contiene uno studio a più voci in tema di licenziamenti soggettivi ed oggettivi, nonché in materia di sanzioni conservative. I temi sono approfonditi anche attraverso i rispettivi risvolti applicativi, con esame della giurisprudenza maturata, in particolare, nell'arco dell'ultimo decennio 2001-2010. La materia dei licenziamenti è inoltre presentata anche alla luce delle innovazioni normative intervenute con l. n. 183/2010 (c.d. collegato lavoro), le quali, oltre ad introdurre modifiche significative in ordine ad alcuni termini di decandenza per le impugnazioni, interagiscono con le causali legittimanti il licenziamento. Sono inoltre prospettate dalla medesima legge forme di risoluzione delle controversie in materia di lavoro alternative al ricorso al giudice togato, con cui pure ci si confronta, vagliandone la legittimità e la potenziale efficacia.

Quando e dove c’è, il lavoro si articola e diventa flessibile. Le sue forme si moltiplicano, esprimendo diverse nature, magari dentro la medesima manifestazione. Necessario come fattore di produzione, è sempre più elastico, spostabile e sostituibile. Accanto a lavoro rutinario e ripetitivo, abbiamo lavoro altamente cognitivo nella sfera della produzione immateriale, integrato nel linguaggio, che si realizza attraverso il dare se stessi, con una creatività intrisa persino da passioni e affetti. Il lavoro manifatturiero diminuisce – è da dimostrare – e aumenta la domanda di servizi interpersonali, che in parte lo rimpiazzano. Diversificandosi esigenze e ricchezze in un’economia globalizzata, i lavori tendono a ripercorrere in modo sfasato antiche vicissitudini e tragitti di tutela. In molti luoghi i salari non garantiscono neppure la sopravvivenza, ma nei paesi ricchi si ampliano a dismisura i differenziali retributivi, una forbice accentuta dal prevalere di aspetti finanziario-speculativi. Pure l’impresa cambia, innova gli assetti, migliora l’efficienza organizzativa e moltiplica le dislocazioni. Complicando gli scenari noti, le produzioni vengono «delocalizzate» in misura sempre più massiccia, con coordinamenti in tutto il mondo consentiti dalla strabiliante versatilità della risorsa informatico-telematica. Esigenze di compatibilità riplasmano le componenti dell’impresa, offrendo ulteriori possibilità per accedere al lavoro dipendente, ma anche nuove pene. Ovunque sono escogitati modi di utilizzo del lavoro indiretti, tanto che viene meno la correlazione consueta impresa-lavoro dipendente. L’intero pianeta è attraversato da una inesauribile riserva di lavoro e la croce del dumping sociale diventa una opportunità per i paesi poveri, che ne estraggono vantaggi relativi per crescere.

Il contributo, a presentazione del volume collettaneo, vaglia criticamente la nozione di "mobbing" per come si è affermata in seno alla giurisprudenza civile, penale e, sopratutto, del lavoro. Particolare attenzione è dedicata al danno alla persona del lavoratore: è esaminato criticamente il fenomeno della moltiplicazione delle poste di danno ritenuto risarcibile, e sono attentamente apprezzati gli orientamenti giurisprudenziali in materia di c.d. danno da mobbing.

Nel saggio viene presa in esame la disciplina dei licenziamenti nell’ambito di un ordinamento, quale quello portoghese, avente un ispirazione fortemente garantista, ancorata al principio costituzionale di «segurança no emprego» (art. 53 CRP). Dopo aver tracciato un’evoluzione della disciplina, dal Còdigo de Seabra (1937) al Codigo do Trabalho (2003-2009), l’autore segnala alcuni tornanti della c.d. legislazione della crisi (2011-2012), che hanno recentemente ammorbidito alcune tradizionali rigidità del sistema. Sono poi passati in rassegna i diversi tipi di licenziamento, che il Codice portoghese distingue sulla base di due fattori: il tipo di motivazione che li sorregge (relativa al comportamento del lavoratore, all’organizzazione del lavoro o a ragioni economiche) e il numero di lavoratori coinvolti nella riduzione del personale. In sintesi, l’autore illustra come sia consentito al datore di lavoro di procedere al licenziamento in caso di: a) inadempimento grave e colpevole del lavoratore (c.d. licenziamento disciplinare); b) motivi oggettivi inerenti all’impresa (licenziamento collettivo o licenziamento per estinzione del posto di lavoro); c) incapacità di adattamento del lavoratore alle sopravvenute modifiche di carattere tecnologico e organizzativo (despedimento por inadaptação). Sono infine indagate le cause di illegittimità del licenziamento e le conseguenze del despedimento ilícito, anche affrontando i diversi mezzi d’impugnazione del medesimo.

Il saggio prende spunto dalla disciplina dei rapporti di lavoro contenuta in un regolamento aziendale della Juventus Football Club S.p.A. e raffrontai trattamenti ivi contenuti con la disciplina contrattual-collettiva applicabile. L'esame del "reperto archeologico" offre molteplici spunti di riflessione in ordine alla disponibilità dei modi e dei metodi di regolazione dei rapporti di lavoro ed alla funzione del contratto collettivo, in serrato dialogo con alcuni padri nobili della materia gius-sindacale quali Messina, Lotmar e Sinzheimer.

Il saggio mette in evidenza la crescente fungibilità di due istituti giuridici aventi caratteristiche non soltanto diverse ma, per certi versi, opposte: la cessione di ramo d'azienda ex art. 2112 c.c. e il licenziamento collettivo come regolato dagli artt. 4 e 24 della L. 223/91. Il saggio esamina la "crisi d'identità" dell'art. 2112 c.c., favorita anche dal legislatore (art. 32, d.lgs. n. 276/03) , sottolineando le resistenze che la giurisprudenza ha opposto, anche atteraverso un'interpretazione della nozione di ramo d'azienda filtrata alla luce del diritto dell'unione europea, al processo d'indebita sovrapposizione di istituti che assolvono funzioni diverse sia nell'ordinamento interno sia nell'ordinamento dell'Unione europea.

Osservando le più recenti evoluzioni della giuslavoristica, affiora l’impressione che il diritto del lavoro del nuovo secolo sia segnato del progressivo sviluppo di tecniche di securizzazione delle scelte datoriali, le cui tracce si rendono sempre più visibili tanto nella legislazione quanto negli itinerari della dottrina. Con tale locuzione si allude al fenomeno di proliferazione de iure condito e promozione de iure condendo di tecniche di regolazione essenzialmente orientate a limitare o escludere il controllo di un soggetto terzo e imparziale – nella specie il giudice del lavoro – in ordine ad una molteplicità di scelte economico-organizzative di pertinenza del datore di lavoro. È possibile rinvenire svariati indicatori di questa tendenza in più ordinamenti che ospitano, da alcuni anni a questa parte, istituti e discipline che sfuggono ad un inquadramento operato sulla scorta delle tradizionali antinomie (flessibilità /rigidità, precarietà/stabilità, derogabilità/inderogabilità) con cui la dottrina lavoristica è solita misurarsi. La tendenza a porre taluni provvedimenti del datore di lavoro al riparo dal sindacato giudiziale, ora escludendo l’intervento del giudice, ora comprimendone la latitudine e la portata, è piuttosto esplicita in Francia ed in Italia. Il fenomeno non sembra, tuttavia, limitarsi a tali contesti, inscrivendosi, in termini più generali, nella complessiva cornice del dibattito europeo in tema di “flessicurezza”, che ha indubitabilmente tratto nuova linfa dalla pubblicazione del Libro Verde della Commissione sulla modernizzazione del diritto del lavoro: non è casuale che svariate ipotesi di riforma, maturate in ambiti politici diversificati, abbiano scelto di eleggere la segnalata prospettiva a principale vettore dell’innovazione, presentandosi, anche espressamente, come traduzione normativa delle guidelines comunitarie sulla flexsecurity. Gli itinerari della “securizzazione” si mostrano, però, accidentati e controversi: se d’un coté l’ordinamento giuridico, spesso per voce della giurisprudenza, esibisce svariati anticorpi idonei a contenere le spinte alla marginalizzazione del ruolo del giudice, d’altro lato, il paradigma della securizzazione non è scevro da risvolti problematici poiché sembra presupporre una precisa selezione di funzioni del diritto del lavoro la cui parzialità interroga gli studiosi sulla futura identità della materia, a partire da alcuni suoi tratti costitutivi.

Si descrive la vigente disciplina sulle comunicazioni imposte al datore di lavoro, al momento della costituzione, di modificazione e della risoluzione del rapporto di lavoro.

Viene svolta una analisi della riflessione concernente l'art. 2087 c.c., con particolare riferimento alla tutela della personalità morale.

Si analizzano fondamento e caratteri della responsabilità del datore di lavoro, a fronte di lesioni della personalità morale del prestatore.