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Isoprene, produced by plants in response to multiple drivers, affects climate and air quality when released into the atmosphere. In turn, climate change may influence isoprene emissions through variations in occurrence and intensity of types of stress that affect plant functions. We test the effects of multiple drivers (temper-ature, precipitation, soil moisture, drought index, biomass, aerosols, burned fraction) on space retrievals of formaldehyde (HCHO) column concentrations, as a proxy for isoprene emissions, at global and regional scales over the period 2005-2016. We find declines in HCHO column concentrations over the study period across Europe, the Amazon Basin, southern Africa, and southern Australia, and increases across India, China, and mainland Southeast Asia. Temporal effects and the interactions among drivers are analyzed using generalized linear mixed-effects models to explain trends in HCHO column concentrations. Results show that HCHO column concentrations increase with temperature at the global scale and across the Amazon Basin and India-China regions, even under low levels of precipitation, provided that sufficient soil moisture can maintain vegetation functions and the associated isoprene emissions. Water availability sustains isoprene emissions in dry regions such as Australia, where HCHO column concentrations are positively associated with mean precipitation, with this relation intensifying at low levels of soil moisture. In contrast, isoprene emissions increase under water stress across the Amazon Basin and Europe, where HCHO column concentrations are negatively associated with levels of soil moisture and drought as calculated by the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). This study confirms the key role of temperature in modulating global and regional isoprene emissions and highlights contrasting regional effects of water stress on these emissions.

In this contribution, the role of biphosphonate as the fundamental chemical component in newly analyzed biochemical processes is studied, using both fractal dimension analysis on the mathematical and theoretical side, and empirical evaluations of the results of some pathology problems. The main goal of this paper is to throw some empirical evidence that patients who underwent bisphosphonate based treatments may experience changes in their trabecular bone densities that worsens whenever there are radiolucent injuries caused by invasive dental procedures. As such, we conducted a comparative study between two groups of subjects, namely, people who had general and dental health conditions, and patients with certain pathologies that were being treated with bisphosphonates and even had suffered osteonecrosis. We analyzed a collection of CBCT images obtained routinely throughout the oral examination process. We use fractal dimension as an appropriate tool to detect changes in both trabecular structure and bone density. Our results highlighted significant differences between both groups. As a consequence, we postulate that bisphosphonate based treatments may provoke chemical reactions at a bone level whose changes could be quantified by routine radiological studies.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic element that can be easily absorbed by crops, and can enter through the frequent use of fertilizers in crop areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioaccumulation percentage (BAP) and translocation factor (TF) of Cd in papaya plants exposed to contaminated soils at 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1 and at two concentrations of organic matter: 2% and 10%-MO. Growth variables, chlorophyll and metal concentration were measured after 10 months of cultivation. The results indicated that the greatest growth occurred in soil at 10%-OM in relation to those grown at 2%-OM. Cd bioaccumulation was leaves < stem < root (9 < 22 < 68%) at 50 mg L-1, (7 < 29 < 65%) at 100 mg L-1 and (4 < 34 < 63%) at 150 mg L-1, observing the greatest accumulation in the root. The findings showed that organic matter in soil decreases the availability of metal uptake in the roots. The translocation results were < 1, indicating that the root has the ability to restrict metal transport to the aerial part in plants grown in 10%-OM soil, however, in 2%-OM soil it tends to increase this metal accumulation, suggesting that the application of organic amendments is an alternative to reduce the risk of Cd absorption in agricultural soils.

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is an entity with an incidence of approximately 1.2: 100,000 inhabitants/year. It affects in a greater proportion obese women and women of childbearing age. Headache is the most characteristic symptom, followed by visual disturbances. In recent years, the diagnosis of dural sinus stenosis has increased in cases of intracranial hypertension resistant to conventional treatment. For this reason, the development of endovascular therapy as a therapeutic option in selected patients is booming.We present three cases of intracranial hypertension secondary to dural sinus stenosis, diagnosed and treated in our hospital. Despite the establishment of adequate diuretic treatment and the performance of invasive procedures to bypass the cerebrospinal fluid, they persisted with neurological symptoms and visual deficits. After verifying that they fulfilled the requirements described in the literature, they underwent intracranial stenting, with satisfactory results in all of them, achieving the disappearance of the headache and recovery of visual acuity.Stenting of dural sinus stenosis as a cause of intracranial hypertension is an increasingly used technique, which has presented favorable results. Studies are necessary to know its long-term impact.Tratamiento endovascular de la estenosis de los senos venosos intracraneales en la hipertensión intracraneal: descripción de tres casos y discusión de la bibliografía.Introducción. La hipertensión intracraneal idiopática es una entidad con una incidencia anual aproximada de 1,2 por cada 100.000 habitantes. Afecta en mayor proporción a mujeres obesas y en edad fértil. La cefalea es el síntoma más característico, seguido de las alteraciones visuales. En los últimos años, se ha incrementado el diagnóstico de la estenosis de los senos durales en los casos de hipertensión intracraneal resistentes al tratamiento convencional. Por ello, se encuentra en auge el desarrollo de la terapia endovascular como opción terapéutica en pacientes seleccionados. Casos clínicos. Se presentan tres casos de hipertensión intracraneal secundaria a estenosis de los senos durales, diagnosticados y tratados en nuestro hospital. A pesar de la instauración del adecuado tratamiento diurético y de la realización de procedimientos invasivos de derivación del líquido cefalorraquídeo, persistían la clínica neurológica y el déficit visual. Tras comprobar que cumplían los requisitos descritos en la bibliografía, se sometieron a la implantación de stent intracraneal (stenting), con resultado satisfactorio en todos ellos, logrando la desaparición de la cefalea y la recuperación de la agudeza visual. Conclusión. El stenting de la estenosis de los senos durales como causa de hipertensión intracraneal es una técnica cada vez más utilizada que ha presentado resultados favorables. Es necesaria la realización de estudios para conocer su impacto a largo plazo.

To assess the clinical outcomes of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for secondary stiff shoulder (SSS).This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data performed between January 2017 and December 2019. This study comprised 25 patients (20 women and 5 men; median age, 49 years; range 27-59) with SSS resistant to conservative management during at least 3 months. The median time of stiffness was 12 months. The etiology of SSS was postoperative in 14 patients (56%) and posttraumatic in the remaining 11 patients (44%). Periods of immobilization in all patients were associated. TAE was performed, and technical aspects, adverse events, changes for pain, and physical examination before and 6 months after TAE were assessed.Abnormal vessels were observed in 20 of 25 (80%) of the procedures. Transitory cutaneous erythema was noted in 4 patients treated after TAE. Significant differences were observed in the median pain visual analog scale reduction between before and 6 months after TAE (8 vs 2, P.001). Shoulder mobility significantly improved in both flexion and abduction degrees between before and at 6 months after TAE in (70° vs 150°; P.001). No symptoms of recurrence appeared.TAE can result in pain reduction and mobility improvement in patients with SSS refractory to conservative therapy.

The development of durable resistance to broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) requires detailed characterization of the genetic and physiological bases of resistance. The objective of the present study was to map the resistance gene accurately, and to characterize the mechanism of resistance to broomrape observed in a sunflower inbred line (PHSC1102). PHSC1102, which was consistently resistant against race F and race G populations of broomrape, was crossed with PHSC1201, which was susceptible to races F and G. A mapping population of 150 F2 genotypes was phenotyped by evaluating F2:3 families for resistance to broomrape races FGV and GTK. The use of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers mapped the OrSII gene to Linkage Group 4 (LG4) of the sunflower genome. Mini‐rhizotron and histological studies of the resistant line revealed that the attachment of broomrape to host roots was similar in both the resistant and susceptible lines and that the resistance was observed at a late stage (i.e., after tubercle development). Interestingly, the resistance of the PHSC1102 line was associated with the production of phenolic compounds, which were hypothesized to restrict the parasite's growth. This research provides novel and valuable information about the host–parasite interactions between sunflower and broomrape.

Addressing the problem of transition, labor insertion of people with complex disabilities, places usa before two previous issues, limiting the concept of complex disability itself, and analyzng the context of possible labor insertions for these people. The term “complex disability” identifies a condition of need that affects the organic, functional, cognitive and behavioral components of the person. Some of the pathologies have a genetic basis and/or rare diseases, others are instead of high frequency, which is associated wih a multiple pathology that complicates the basic framework. For the puroposes at hand, that of workability, complex disability we can consider it as a multiaxial constrution that can be derived from the variable and asymmetric combination of different elements: disability, multiple disability and vulnerability, although in the center of coordinates, it will always be present the term disability. Abordar la problematica de la transiciÓn, inserciÓn laboral de las personas con discapacidades complejas, no situa ante dos cuestiones previas, acotar el propio concepto de discapacidad compleja, y analizar el contexto de inscrciÓn laboral posible para estas personas. El término "discapacidad compleja" identifica una condici6n de necesidad que afecta los componentes organicos, funcionales, cognitivos y de comportamiento de la persona. Algunas de las patologlas tiencn una base gcnética y I o de enfermedades raras, otras son en lugar de alta frecuencia, alo que se asocia una patologia multiple que complica el marco basico. A los efcctos quo nos ocupa, el de la laborabilidad , discapacidad compleja podemos considerarlo corno una construcciÓn multiaxial que puede derivarse de la combinaciÓn variablc y asimétrica de diferentes elementos: discapacidad, discapacidad multiple y vulnerabilidad, aunque en el centro de coordenadas, siempre presente estarà el térmìno discapacidad.

Three virulent populations (CU194, SE193, and SE194) of the parasitic plant Orobanche cu-mana were inoculated onto four lines (KA-41, J-8281, HA-89, and RHA-273) of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Pots were transferred to growth chambers set at 15, 19, 23, and 27°C. Emergence of broomrape plants and infection incidence were determinants of disease reaction. All broomrape populations were pathogenic to the sunflower lines KA-41, HA-89, and RHA-273, although differences in virulence were found. At 15 to 23°C, the populations of broomrape infected these three sunflower lines, but a delay in emergence of broomrape was found at 15°C; whereas, at 27°C, the level of infection was restricted. Only population CU194 infected the resistant line J-8281, with infection occurring mainly at 23 and 27°C, but few broomrape plants emerged. Our results suggest that the effect of temperature on the host-parasite relationship is complex.

Introduccion. La hipertension intracraneal idiopatica es una entidad con una incidencia anual aproximada de 1,2 por cada 100.000 habitantes. Afecta en mayor proporcion a mujeres obesas y en edad fertil. La cefalea es el sintoma mas caracteristico, seguido de las alteraciones visuales. En los ultimos anos, se ha incrementado el diagnostico de la estenosis de los senos durales en los casos de hipertension intracraneal resistentes al tratamiento convencional. Por ello, se encuentra en auge el desarrollo de la terapia endovascular como opcion terapeutica en pacientes seleccionados. Casos clinicos. Se presentan tres casos de hipertension intracraneal secundaria a estenosis de los senos durales, diagnosticados y tratados en nuestro hospital. A pesar de la instauracion del adecuado tratamiento diuretico y de la realizacion de procedimientos invasivos de derivacion del liquido cefalorraquideo, persistian la clinica neurologica y el deficit visual. Tras comprobar que cumplian los requisitos descritos en la bibliografia, se sometieron a la implantacion de stent intracraneal (stenting), con resultado satisfactorio en todos ellos, logrando la desaparicion de la cefalea y la recuperacion de la agudeza visual. Conclusion. El stenting de la estenosis de los senos durales como causa de hipertension intracraneal es una tecnica cada vez mas utilizada que ha presentado resultados favorables. Es necesaria la realizacion de estudios para conocer su impacto a largo plazo.

In this work, we present 16 directional and 27 intensity high‐quality values from Iberia. Moreover, we have updated the Iberian archeomagnetic catalogue published more than 10 years ago with a considerable increase in the database. This has led to a notable improvement of both temporal and spatial data distribution. A full vector paleosecular variation curve from 1000 BC to 1900 AD has been developed using high‐quality data within a radius of 900 km from Madrid. A hierarchical bootstrap method has been followed for the computation of the curves. The most remarkable feature of the new curves is a notable intensity maximum of about 80 μT around 600 BC, which has not been previously reported for the Iberian Peninsula. We have also analyzed the evolution of the paleofield in Europe for the last three thousand years and conclude that the high maximum intensity values observed around 600 BC in the Iberian Peninsula could respond to the same feature as the Levantine Iron Age Anomaly, after travelling westward through Europe., Authors acknowledge the Spanish Ministry of Economy (CGL2014-54112-R and CGL2017-87015-P projects; BES-2015- 074575 and BES-2016-077257 grants), the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU14/02422 grant), and the Autonomous Community of Madrid through the European Youth Employment Initiative (PEJ15/AMB/AI- 0203). M. G. P. and M. R. acknowledge the Ramón y Cajal program and the CGL2015-63888-R project of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Financial support was also given by the PICS International Program for Scientific Cooperation (CNRS-France and CSIC-Spain).

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la eficacia y seguridad del procedimiento para colocar las protesis autoexpandibles de colon. Evaluar los factores asociados a complicaciones. Realizar un analisis dosimetrico del procedimiento. Material y metodos Realizamos un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo unicentrico de 478 procedimientos para colocar protesis metalicas autoexpandibles de colon. Se insertaron 423 protesis de nitinol y 79 de acero inoxidable. Incluimos todas las obstrucciones de colon, 446 de etiologia maligna y 8 de causa benigna. Excluimos los pacientes con perforacion intestinal, hemorragia grave del colon, esperanza de vida corta y lesiones situadas a menos de 5 cm del ano. Analizamos el exito tecnico, exito clinico, las complicaciones durante el seguimiento y recogimos los datos dosimetricos. Resultados Se obtuvo exito tecnico en un 92,26% (n = 441), exito clinico en un 78,45% (n = 375) y un porcentaje de complicaciones durante el seguimiento del 18,5%. Las protesis de acero tuvieron mas complicaciones (OR: 3,2; IC 95%: 1,8-5,7). El valor medio de producto dosis por area fue 35 Gy.cm2. El de tiempo de fluoroscopia (p = 0,001), producto dosis por area (p = 0,029) y kerma (p = 0,001) fueron mayores si el procedimiento fue realizado exclusivamente por fluoroscopia, en vez de conjuntamente por el endoscopista y el radiologo intervencionista. Conclusion El procedimiento para colocar protesis autoexpandibles de colon es eficaz y seguro, con una tasa aceptable de complicaciones. Las dosis de radiacion fueron bajas, con menos dosis y tiempos de fluoroscopia cuando el procedimiento se realizo de manera conjunta con el endoscopista.

Objective To analyze the efficacy and safety of the procedure for placing self-expanding stents in the colon. To evaluate the factors associated with complications. To analyze the dose of radiation delivered in the procedure. Material and methods This was a retrospective descriptive study of 478 procedures done at a single center to place self-expanding metallic stents in the colon. A total of 423 nitinol stents and 79 stainless steel stents were placed. We included all colonic obstructions, of which 446 had malignant causes and 8 had benign causes. We excluded patients with intestinal perforation, severe colonic bleeding, short life expectancy, or lesions located less than 5 cm from the anus. We collected the dosimetric data and analyzed the technical success, clinical success, and complications during follow-up. Results The procedure was a technical success in 92.26% of cases (n = 441) and a clinical success in 78.45% (n = 375); complications occurred during follow-up in 18.5% of cases. Complications occurred more frequently with the stainless steel stents than with the nitinol stents (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.8–5.7). The mean value of the dose area product was 35 Gy cm2. When instead of being done by the interventional radiologist working together with an endoscopist the procedure was done exclusively by the interventional radiologist, the time under fluoroscopy (p = 0.001), dose area product (p = 0.029), and kinetic energy released per unit mass (p = 0.001) were greater. Conclusion The procedure for placing self-expanding colonic stents is efficacious and safe with an acceptable rate of complications. The doses of radiation delivered were low, and the radiation doses and time under fluoroscopy were lower when the procedure was done together with an endoscopist.

Poster: "SERAM 2014 / S-0023 / Utilidad clinica de la esclerosis con alcohol guiada con ecografia en pacientes con fistulas de mama. " by: "A. M. Fernandez Martinez, L. Lopez Gonzalez, I. Alvarez Silva, J. D. Samper Wamba, N. B. Aristizabal Buitrago, T. Cuesta Marcos; Leon/ES"

The Mediterranean Basin is an important center of diversity for castor (Ricinus communis L.). We conducted seed collections from 121 wild and semi-wild (feral) populations growing in southern and eastern provinces of Spain. The objective of this research was to evaluate seed weight, oil content, fatty acid profile, and tocopherol and phytosterol contents and profiles in this germplasm collection at different environments. The seeds collected in the source locations as well as those produced in seed increases conducted in Córdoba (southern Spain) and Murcia (southeastern Spain) were analyzed. Analysis of variance considering three locations (source location, Córdoba, Murcia) and the genotypes was conducted. The contribution of genotype to total variation was particularly high for hundred-seed weight (89.8% of total sums of squares) and concentrations of Δ5-avenasterol (85.4%) and β-sitosterol (79.2%). Large variability was identified for most of the traits. The ranges of variation, averaged from data of at least two environments, were 11.6–59.1 g for hundred-seed weight, 44.6–54.8% for oil content, 99.6–282.0 mg kg−1 seed kernel for tocopherol content, 27.4–50.5% for the concentration of δ-tocopherol, 1090–2865 mg kg−1 seed for phytosterol content, and 15.1–54.1% for the concentration of Δ5-avenasterol. Little variation was found for fatty acid profile. One accession (ALM-2011-37) showed exceptionally high phytosterol content and three accessions from the same locality (CAD-2010-26 through 28) had high levels of Δ5-avenasterol. The results emphasized the potential of wild and semi-wild germplasm for improving seed and oil quality in castor., This research was undertaken under the project INIA RF2010-00002-C02 partly funded with the FEDER programme.

Concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) have continued to increase whereas atmospheric deposition of sulphur and nitrogen has declined in Europe and the USA during recent decades. Using time series of flux observations from 23 forests distributed throughout Europe and the USA, and generalised mixed models, we found that forest-level net ecosystem production and gross primary production have increased by 1% annually from 1995 to 2011. Statistical models indicated that increasing atmospheric CO2 was the most important factor driving the increasing strength of carbon sinks in these forests. We also found that the reduction of sulphur deposition in Europe and the USA lead to higher recovery in ecosystem respiration than in gross primary production, thus limiting the increase of carbon sequestration. By contrast, trends in climate and nitrogen deposition did not significantly contribute to changing carbon fluxes during the studied period. Our findings support the hypothesis of a general CO2-fertilization effect on vegetation growth and suggest that, so far unknown, sulphur deposition plays a significant role in the carbon balance of forests in industrialized regions. Our results show the need to include the effects of changing atmospheric composition, beyond CO2, to assess future dynamics of carbon-climate feedbacks not currently considered in earth system/climate modelling.

En un terreno de suelo franco-arenoso, bajo clima mediterráneo con influencia atlántica, se estudió, durante dos años, la producción de biomasa de un clon de Eucalyptus x urograndis, cultivado a una densidad de 2500 pies ha-1. Partiendo de plantas de un año de edad, de diámetro 63.4 ± 8 mm y altura 4.6 ± 0.5 m, en un diseño factorial completo, se aplicaron 12 tratamientos de cultivo con cuatro niveles de riego (R0: control sin regar; R1: 325 mm; R2: 646 mm; R4: 1298 mm) y tres de fertilización (F0: control sin fertilizar; F1: 150 kg ha-1 de N; F2: 300 kg ha-1 de N). El riego se aplicó cada año de abril a septiembre y la fertilización en equilibrio 16-8-12. La precipitación anual de cada año fue 510 mm y 326 mm, respectivamente. Se llevó un seguimiento del crecimiento en altura (H) y diámetro (D) y se establecieron ecuaciones alométricas para relacionarlos con la biomasa seca aérea. La producción de biomasa seca aérea mostró diferencias significativas entre riegos (p < 0.001) y fertilizaciones (p < 0.001), pero no para la interacción riego x fertilización (p = 0.134). Los incrementos de biomasa se movieron en un rango de 20.6 t ha-1 año-1 para R0F0 a 55.4 t ha-1 año-1 para R4F2. La combinación de riego y fertilización tuvo efecto sinérgico aumentando la eficiencia en el uso de los recursos de las plantas. Estos datos pueden ayudar a ajustar las dosis óptimas de riego y fertilización en las plantaciones.

Jatropha curcas L. has great potential for biofuel and phytosterol production. The objective of this research was to evaluate G × E variability for kernel phytosterol content and composition in Jatropha germplasm. Freshly matured seeds from 21 accessions grown in Málaga, Spain were collected at two stages of development. Significant genetic variation was detected for total kernel phytosterol content, which ranged from 2,246 to 2,883 mg kg-1; and stigmasterol concentration, which ranged from 7.6 to 11.5 % of the total phytosterols. An accession with 9.2 % Δ5-avenasterol was also identified. The coefficient of variation for kernel phytosterol content and stigmasterol concentration was 6.2 and 14.0 % respectively between accessions and 7.2 and 10.2 % respectively within accessions. Accordingly, evaluation of plant to plant variation is advisable. The existence of variability for kernel phytosterol content and composition in Jatropha will enable breeding for enhanced levels of these compounds. © 2013 AOCS., The research was funded by Bionor Transformación S.A.

Orobanche cumana (sunflower broomrape) is found in Spain as an allochthonous species parasitising exclusively sunflower. For many years, it was distributed in the Guadalquivir Valley and Cuenca province, but in recent years, it has spread to new areas. The objective of this research was to study genetic diversity of O. cumana populations from Spain using robust co-dominant molecular markers. Cluster analysis on a set of 50 populations using 15 microsatellite markers revealed the existence of two distant gene pools, one in Cuenca province and another one in the Guadalquivir Valley. Within each gene pool, both inter- and intrapopulation variability were extremely low. This population structure probably reflects a founder effect, with the two genetically distant gene pools deriving from separate introduction events. Different races occurred within the same gene pool, suggesting that current races might have evolved through mutation from a common genetic background. Most of the populations from new areas were identical to the populations from the Guadalquivir Valley. Only a few populations showed larger intrapopulation variation. In these cases, our results suggested the co-existence of both gene pools within the same population, as well as the occurrence of genetic recombination between them. Genetic recombination between distant gene pools is an important mechanism for creating new variation, which might also have an effect on race evolution. These results will contribute to the establishment of improved crop breeding and management strategies for O. cumana control. © 2013 European Weed Research Society.

The parasitic weed Orobanche cumana Wallr. (broomrape) constraints sunflower production in eastern and southern Europe and in the Middle East. Resistance of sunflower hybrids to O. cumana race F, which is widespread in the main sunflower growing countries including Spain, is not complete. The infection of six populations of O. cumana (races B and F) in four sunflower genotypes in greenhouse (10 to 32oC) and in growth chamber (20 to 25oC) was studied. Also the effect of four sowing dates (SD) on the intensity of the attack of sunflower genotypes by O. cumana race F at three inoculum densities was investigated in an irrigated field in 2000 and 2001. Greenhouse was more favorable than growth chamber for O. cumana infection, which was highest by race F populations. In the field experiment, the reduction of the attack in the moderately resistant hybrid was significant at all SD and higher at late SD as compared to early sowings in both growing seasons. Late sowings (from the end of March until the beginning of April) favor an enhanced expression of the resistance of sunflower to O. cumana race F irrespective of seedbank, and can be therefore recommended, under irrigation and together with the use of moderately resistant sunflower hybrids, as part of an efficient strategy on the control of this parasitic weed.

Pseudoaneurysms of the uterine artery are an uncommon cause of severe gynecological bleeding secondary to surgical manipulation of the pelvis or to instrumental delivery. The different imaging techniques are of vital importance in the diagnosis. Angiography is the technique used for confirmation and also for treatment in many cases. Endovascular treatment by embolizing the pseudoaneurysm has become established as the treatment of choice, making it possible to avoid hysterectomy in women of childbearing age. This article presents two cases of gynecological bleeding due to pseudoaneurysms (one secondary to surgery and one secondary to childbirth) that were embolized in a novel way using cyanoacrylate.

El uso de fuentes de energia limpia y renovable, como la biomasa lignocelulosica, puede ayudar a paliar el efecto sobre el cambio climatico, reducir la contaminacion y la dependencia energetica, asi como ayudar a recuperar terrenos degradados y a potenciar las economias rurales. En este trabajo se realizaron ensayos, durante cuatro anos, de cultivos mixtos para la produccion de biomasa en una zona de clima mediterraneo continental de inviernos frios, utilizando Robinia pseudoacacia, especie fijadora de N2, y Populus x euroamericana clon AF2. La fijacion natural del N2 atmosferico puede ayudar a disminuir las necesidades de fertilizacion nitrogenada de las plantaciones. Las dos especies se mezclaron en distintas proporciones. El chopo fue mas productivo en biomasa que la falsa acacia los dos primeros anos pero, posteriormente, fue alcanzado por esta. A pesar de que el chopo presento mayor diametro y altura, la baja densidad de la madera hizo que no destacase en biomasa. La produccion media de biomasa seca lenosa aerea fue de 3.5 t ha-1 el primer ano, pero aumento a 12-19 t ha-1 ano-1 los dos anos siguientes. La falsa acacia supero mejor que el chopo las epocas de mayor estres hidrico, cuando el riego no llego a ser suficiente. Tras cuatro anos de cultivo y a pesar de la extraccion de biomasa, que en el cuarto ano promedio 38.7 t ha-1, los parametros de fertilidad del suelo no empeoraron sino que mostraron tendencia a permanecer constantes o a mejorar.

[EN] Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) parasitization on sunflower was first observed at the end of the 19th century and has continued since then jeopardizing sunflower cultivation in many areas of Europe and Asia. A distinctive characteristic of the O. cumana-sunflower parasitic system is that it is mainly governed by a gene-for-gene interaction. This determines complete resistance in the host controlled by dominant alleles at a single locus, which facilitates the management of the resistance for hybrid seed production. But on the other hand avirulence in the parasite is also controlled by dominant alleles at a single gene. Monogenic, dominant resistance exerts a strong selection pressure on the parasite that maximizes the probability of overcoming resistance mechanisms in a short period of time. This has in fact resulted in a number of physiological races that periodically surpass all the available resistance sources. The spread of populations to new areas and the subsequent hybridization between populations is another mechanism creating genetic diversity in sunflower broomrape and allegedly recombination of avirulences genes. After more than one century of coexistence, genetic resistance to broomrape in sunflower has to be focused under an integrated approach that considers not only the characterization of resistance mechanisms in the host, but also the genetic and physiological bases of avirulence in the parasite. From the perspective of genetic resistance in sunflower, most important is not relying only on single dominant genes, but following instead pyramiding strategies. These should give priority to combining complementary mechanisms of resistance under both qualitative (vertical) and quantitative (horizontal) genetic control. These aspects are discussed in the paper., [FR] Le parasitisme de l’orobanche du tournesol (Orobanche cumana Wallr) a été observé à la fin du 19e siècle et a continué depuis lors, mettant en péril la culture du tournesol dans de nombreuses régions d’Europe et d’Asie. Une caractéristique spécifique de l’interaction O.cumana-Tournesol est qu’elle est principalement régie par une interaction gène pour gène. Elle détermine une résistance totale de l’hôte contrôlée par des allèles dominants à un seul locus, ce qui facilite la gestion de la résistance pour la production de semences hybrides. Mais d’un autre côté, l’avirulence du parasite est également contrôlée par les allèles dominants d’un seul gène. Monogénique et dominante, la résistance exerce une forte pression de sélection sur le parasite qui maximise la probabilité de surmonter les mécanismes de résistance dans un court laps de temps. Cela a en fait abouti à un certain nombre de races physiologiques d’orobanche qui contournent régulièrement toutes les sources de résistance disponibles. La propagation des populations en de nouveaux lieux et l’hybridation ultérieure entre populations est un autre mécanisme qui favorise la diversité génétique de l’orobanche du tournesol et la prétendue recombinaison des gènes d’avirulences. Après plus d’un siècle de coexistence, la résistance génétique à l’orobanche chez le tournesol doit être envisagée via une approche intégrée qui tient compte non seulement de la caractérisation des mécanismes de résistance chez l’hôte, mais aussi des bases génétiques et physiologiques de l’avirulence du parasite. Du point de vue de la résistance génétique du tournesol, le plus important est de ne pas seulement considérer les gènes dominants simples, mais davantage des stratégies pyramidales. Celles-ci devraient laisser la priorité à la combinaison de mécanismes complémentaires de résistance, via un contrôle génétique à la fois qualitatif (vertical) et quantitatif (horizontal). Ces aspects sont abordés dans cet article., Authors’ research on sunflower broomrape is being supported by research project AGL2014-53886-P funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and European Union FEDER funds.

Genetic resistance to broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) in sunflower is mainly monogenic and dominant. Massive use of vertical resistance has led to the progressive extension of increasingly virulent races of the parasite. Additional introduction of horizontal resistance genes is crucial to develop more durable resistance. The objective of this research was to study the inheritance of resistance to broomrape race F in sunflower line K-96 and to identify QTL of potential value for marker assisted pyramiding of resistance genes. The inheritance of broomrape resistance was studied in crosses with the susceptible line P-21 and the line P-96, with oligogenic recessive resistance. Crosses with P-96 revealed broad transgressive segregation for susceptibility in the F2, indicating that both lines possess different resistance alleles. Crosses with P-21 suggested that the trait is mainly controlled by a dominant-recessive epistasis at two loci. Additionally, segregation for plant height was identified and measured in a non-inoculated F2 population. Five QTL on LG 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were associated with broomrape resistance traits. Two of them at LG 4 and 5 were also associated with plant height, suggesting an alleged pleiotropic effect of plant height on broomrape resistance. The latter two QTL had been previously identified in the cross P-21 × P-96, whereas the other QTL seem to be involved in K-96 but not in P-96 resistance. This study concluded that K-96 and P-96 have complementary QTL with minor effect on broomrape resistance. They are, therefore, good donor sources for marker-assisted pyramiding programs.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed oil with high palmitic acid content has enhanced thermo-oxidative stability, which makes it well suited to high-temperature uses. CAS-5 is a sunflower mutant line that accumulates over 25 % palmitic acid in its seed oil, compared to 5–8 % in conventional cultivars. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular basis of the high-palmitic acid trait in CAS-5 through both candidate gene and QTL mapping approaches. An F2 population derived from the cross between CAS-5 and the conventional line HA-89 was developed. A 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII) locus on a telomeric region of linkage group (LG) 9 of the sunflower genetic map was found to co-segregate with palmitic acid content in this population. The KASII locus explained the vast majority of the phenotypic variation (98 %) of the trait. Two minor QTL affecting palmitic acid content were also found on the lower half of LG 9 and on LG 17. Additionally, QTL associated with other major fatty acids (stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid) were identified on LG 1, 6, and 10. This result may reflect untapped genetic variation that could exist among sunflower cultivars for genes determining fatty acid composition. In addition to demonstrating the major role of a KASII locus in the accumulation of high levels of palmitic acid in CAS-5 seeds, this study stressed the importance of characterizing genes with minor effects on fatty acid profile in order to establish optimal breeding strategies for modifying fatty acid composition in sunflower seed oil., The research was partially funded by Junta de Andalucía support program to research group AGR-118.

The research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Union FEDER (research project AGL2007-62834).

The research was funded by FEDER funds (European Union), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (research project AGL2007-62834) and Dow Agrosciences LLC.

[EN] Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) is currently regarded as one of the most important constraints in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production. In the last fifteen years, efforts to introduce genetic sources of resistance to this parasite in sunflower hybrids have been rapidly followed by the appearance of new virulent races that have overcome all known resistance genes. Due to this situation, most of the research efforts have focused on the development and characterization of new sources of genetic resistance to the most virulent races and also to investigate the genetic structure and variability of O. cumana populations and their evolution in order to develop long-term strategies for sunflower broomrape management. Results of evaluation of sunflower germplasm for resistance to different races have demonstrated that wild Helianthus species constitute the major reservoir of genes conferring resistance to new virulent races. Cultivated germplasms are also valuable sources of resistance genes. Most of the resistant sources have been found to be controlled by major genes, although quantitative resistance and epistatic effects have also been reported. Different dominance reactions depending on the race of broomrape, the source of resistance, and the susceptible parental line used for the cross have been observed. Molecular studies have shown that phenotypic variance for race E resistance was mainly explained by a major QTL associated with the resistance or susceptibility character, while race F resistance was explained by several QTLs with a small to moderate effect, mainly associated with the number of broomrapes per plant, suggesting the existence of a quantitative component in the resistance to race F. The relevance of these findings for sunflower breeding for resistance to broomrape is discussed. [ES] El jopo de girasol ( Orobanche cumana Wallr.) está considerado en la actualidad como uno de los problemas mas importantes del cultivo de girasol ( Helianthus annuus L.). En los últimos quince años, los esfuerzos realizados para incorporar fuentes de resistencia genética a este parásito en híbridos de girasol han estado acompañados por la rápida aparición de nuevas razas viru- lentas que superaban todos los genes de resistencia conocidos. Debido a esta situación, la mayoría de los esfuerzos de investigación se han centrado en el desarrollo y caracterización de nuevas fuentes de resistencia genética a las razas más virulentas del parásito, así como en la investigación de la estructura genética y variabilidad de las poblaciones de Orobanche cumana y de su evolución, con el objetivo de desarrollar estrategias duraderas a largo plazo para el control del jopo de girasol. Los resultados de evaluación de germo- plasma de girasol para resistencia a diferentes razas han demostrado que las especies silvestres de Helianthus constituyen la mayor fuente de genes de resistencia a las nuevas razas virulentas. El germoplasma cultivado es también una valiosa fuente de genes de resistencia. La mayoría de las fuentes de resist- encia están controladas por genes mayores, pero tanto resistencia cuantitativa como efectos epistáticos han sido tambié n identificados. Se han observado dif- erentes reacciones de dominancia dependiendo de la raza de jopo, la fuente de resistencia y la línea util izada como parental suscep tible. Estudios molecu- lares han mostrado que la varianza fenotípica para la raza E se explica princi- palmente por un QTL mayor asociado con la resistencia o susceptibilidad del carácter, mientras que la resistencia a la raza F estuvo controlada por varios QTL de efecto pequeño o moderado asociados principalmente con el número de jopos por planta, lo que sugiere la existencia de un componente cuantitativo en la resistencia a la raza F. Se discute la relevancia de estos resultados en la mejora para resistencia al jopo de girasol.

Seed meal amendments rich in glucosinolates are of interest for soil pest and disease control. The Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) line N2-6215, with very high levels of seed glucosinolates (160 μmol/g), was developed from the line C-101 (116 μmol/g) following mutagenesis. The objective of this research was to study the inheritance of very high seed glucosinolate content. Plants of N2-6215 were reciprocally crossed with plants of the line C-101. The F 1 , F 2 , and BC 1 F 1 plant generations were evaluated in two environments and seeds from individual plants were analysed for total glucosinolate content. The very high glucosinolate content in N2-6215 seeds was largely subject to maternal control. No cytoplasmic effects were detected. The trait was found to be oligogenic and determined by at least two or three genes. The estimates of broad-sense heritability were 0.45 and 0.58 in both environments, whereas the estimates of narrow-sense heritability were 0.35 and 0.50. The moderate heritability and oligogenic control of the trait suggest the feasibility of breeding for increased seed glucosinolate content in Ethiopian mustard.

Zero-erucic acid Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) seed oil has very high linolenic acid content (210 g kg –1 ), which confers low oxidative stability to the oil. The line AB4 with low linolenic acid content ( 23 g kg –1 ) ratio, which suggested segregation of alleles at three independent loci. The three-gene model was confi rmed in the analysis of linolenic acid content in F 2:3 families. Nine out of 341 F 2:3 families had stable low linolenic acid content, which fi tted the 1:63 ratio observed in

Contact: Marie-Helene.Muller@supagro.inra.fr; International audience; We made a first descriptive study of weedy sunflowers infesting sunflower crop fields in one Spanish and three French regions. Overall, weedy sunflowers affected around 15% of sunflower fields. Infested fields were most often dispersed over the study areas without evident geographical clustering. In France, five weedy populations were surveyed more intensively. They were composed of a large diversity of morphotypes showing a combination of typical wild and domesticated traits in proportions that differed between populations. Yield losses reached 50% in heavily infested patches. Our results suggest that weedy sunflowers may have arisen through the hybridization of cultivated and wild sunflower, potentially during the seed production process. Such crop-wild hybrids would have been introduced recurrently into fields through the seed lots, where they evolved to locally invasive weedy populations

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) oil with high oleic acid content (>75%) has a great value for both food and non-food uses. The trait has been reported to be environmentally stable and controlled by recessive alleles at one single gene Ol, even though the influence of modifying genes has been suggested. Additionally, germplasm with higher oleic acid content (>85%) has been reported. The objective of the present research was to study the inheritance of high oleic acid content in genetic sources with both levels of high oleic acid content (>75 and >85%, respectively). A genetic study was conducted by crossing the nuclear male-sterile line CL1 (18% oleic acid) and the high oleic acid lines CR-6 (80%) and CR-9 (87%). The evaluation of the F1 and F2 seed generations of the crosses CL1 × CR-6 and CL1 × CR-9 indicated that in both cases the high oleic acid trait was controlled by partially recessive alleles at a single locus. The observation of F2, F3, and F4 segregants with high oleic acid phenotype but lower oleic acid levels than the parents revealed the presence of modifying genes affecting the trait. Crosses between the two high oleic acid lines produced no transgressive segregation other than that caused by the mentioned modifying genes, suggesting that the high oleic acid lines CR-6 and CR-9 share the same alleles at the Ol locus. Differences for oleic acid content between both lines were hypothesized to be produced by the accumulation of genes with a minor effect on the trait.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) oil with high concentration of saturated fatty acids has potential applications in the food industry. So far only germplasm with increased stearic acid content (50-120 g kg -1 ), controlled by alleles at the locus St, has been developed. The objectives of the present research were to evaluate safflower germplasm for saturated fatty acid content, to isolate lines with increased levels of palmitic acid and stearic acid, to study the inheritance of both traits, and to evaluate the feasibility of recombining them. Germplasm evaluation and further selection led to the isolation of the line CR-50 with increased palmitic acid content (98.2 ± 7.9 g kg -1 vs. 64.0 ± 3.4 g kg -1 in the check) and the line CR-13 with increased stearic acid content (92.8 ± 9.2 g kg -1 vs. 22.2 ± 3.4 g kg -1 in the check). Inheritance studies including evaluation of F 1 , F 2 , and F 3 seed generations from crosses with the nuclear male-sterile line CL1, with conventional fatty acid profile, suggested that increased palmitic acid content was determined by additive alleles at a single locus Pa, whereas stearic acid content was controlled by partially recessive alleles at a single locus, probably St. Recombination of pa and st alleles produced transgressive segregants with 211.3 ± 14.6 g kg -1 saturated fatty acids, compared with 149.6 ± 14.0 g kg -1 in CR-50, 159.7 ± 8.0 g kg -1 in CR-13, and 89.3 ± 4.9 in the line CL1. These are the highest levels of saturated fatty acids reported so far in safflower.

Spanish sunflower acreage is basically divided into three main and isolated areas, the Guadalquivir valley, southern Spain, represents 37% of the total acreage, the Cuenca area located in Spain's central plateau, 28%, and the Castilla-Leon area, northern Spain, 29%. Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) has been present in Spain since the 1960's. From that time on, different waves of dissemination and dispersion of the parasite have been registered. The latest correspond to the broomrape race E dispersal in the early 1990's and race F dispersal in the first few years of this century. These broomrape dissemination waves have been limited only to the Guadalquivir and Cuenca areas. In the Castilla-Leon area, the presence of broomrape had not been noticed until now. In 2008, a highly virulent broomrape infection focal point (about 300 m2) was detected in a sunflower plot near Medina del Campo (Valladolid), south of the center of the Castilla-Leon area. Racial determination has proved that this broomrape inoculum belongs to race F.

Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr) continues to be one of the most important constraints in sunflower production in Spain. In the last ten years, genetic resistance has been the predominant control strategy against O. cumana. However, the introduction of new resistance genes has been frequently followed by the occurrence of new virulent races overcoming their resistance. In this report, a combined control strategy against O. cumana is discussed, including: a) the use of IMI sunflower cultivars to control winter and early spring weeds and sunflower broomrape; b) the combination of vertical and horizontal resistance mechanisms in the same genotype, supported by molecular markers in order to develop a more durable resistance; c) the study of the variability and racial composition of Spanish sunflower broomrape populations using classical and molecular approaches with the objective to learn about population dynamics in this parasitic weed. The combination of such strategies is expected to contribute to improved sunflower performance in areas infested by broomrape in the Mediterranean area.

The objective of the study was to investigate the performance at frying temperature of a new sunflower oil with high content of oleic and palmitic acid (HOHPSO) and containing γ-tocopherol as the most abundant natural antioxidant. HOHPSO either containing α- or γ-tocopherol (HOHPSO-α and HOHPSO-γ, respectively) were obtained from genetically modified sunflower seeds and refined under identical conditions. The oil stability against oxidation, as measured by Rancimat at 120 °C, was much higher for the oil containing γ-tocopherol, suggesting the higher effectiveness of γ-tocopherol as compared to α-tocopherol to delay oxidation. Experiments at high temperature (180 °C) simulating the conditions applied in the frying process clearly demonstrated that, for the same periods of heating, the oil degradation and the loss of natural tocopherol were significantly lower for the oil containing γ-tocopherol. Comparison of different genetically modified sunflower oils with different fatty acid compositions confirmed that oil degradation depended on the fatty acid composition, being higher at a higher degree of unsaturation. However, the loss of tocopherol for a similar level of oil degradation was higher as the degree of unsaturation decreased. Overall, the results showed that HOHPSO-γ had a very high stability at frying temperatures and that mixtures of HOHPSO-α and HOHPSO-γ would be an excellent alternative to fulfill the frying performance required by the processors and the vitamin E content claimed by the consumers., This work was supported by research funds from Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (AGL 2004-00148) and Junta de Andalucía

Oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid and linolenic acid have important industrial applications, both as drying oils in the manufacture of paints and coatings as well as in formulation of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. However, no oil types with high levels of polyunsaturation have been developed so far in Brassica oilseed crops. The objective of the present research was to select for high levels of linoleic acid and linolenic acid in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun). Selection started from the F3 (S0) seed generation of crosses involving the high oleic acid, high erucic acid line N2-3591, the low linolenic, high erucic acid line HF-186, and the zero erucic acid line 25X-1. The analysis of individual S0 seeds showed ranges of variation with maximum levels of 68.9% linoleic acid and 36.4% linolenic acid. Selection for increased levels of linoleic acid resulted in a S1:2 high linoleic acid line BC-HL that showed average linoleic acid contents of 62.5%, 58.3%, and 59.6%, respectively in three contrasting environments, compared to 47.8%, 45.8%, and 52.1%, respectively in a high linoleic acid check line. Selection for increased levels of linolenic acid resulted in a S1:2 high linolenic acid line BC-HLN that showed average linolenic acid contents of 27.1%, 25.8%, and 26.3%, respectively in the mentioned environments, compared to 23.9%, 21.2%, and 19.4%, respectively in a high linolenic acid check line. Both lines developed in the present research possess novel fatty acid profiles not available so far in Brassica oilseed crops and they may contribute to broaden the potential of Brassica oils for industrial applications.