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Introduction Asparagus, scientifically named Asparagus officinalis. L is a perennial plant belonging to the Asparagaceae family. Asparagus is a large genus in this genus that has about 200 species. The most important species for agricultural purposes is A. officinalis. Somatic embryogenesis is the formation of an embryo from an-asexual cell in vitro that similar to a seed embryo, is able to develop into a complete seedling. Somatic embryogenesis is a complex molecular and biochemical process based on cellular potentiogenicity and a model in the study of plant growth. In this unique process of embryogenesis, the growth cells acquire the capacity for embryogenesis under conditions of cellular stress. Sucrose is the predominant sugar in plants for energy production and facilitates vital functions. Sucrose is converted to glucose and glucose. Sucrose is the most common source of carbohydrates used in plant tissue culture.Materials and Methods The present study was performed in the tissue culture laboratory of the horticulture department of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 1399 and 1400. Native Iranian asparagus seeds with octaploid ploidy level were used in this experiment. B5 medium containing 2, 4-D with a concentration of 2 mg /l was used to induce the embryo. Concentrations of 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15% in liquid medium were used to evaluate the effect of sucrose. The pH of the culture media were adjusted to 5.7. After the induction phase, the samples entered the realization phase and the subculture were cultured in the previous environments but with the aim of emerging the embryos (realization phase) while the hormone was removed from them. After 4 weeks in the embryonic development stage, the number of globular and bipolar embryos was observed using a computer-connected stereoscope at 20 and 40 micron magnifications.Results and DiscussionThe results obtained from this study showed that there is a significant difference between different concentrations of sucrose in terms of embryogenesis formation at different stages of embryogenesis. According to the presented results, change in sucrose concentration caused a change in the formation of embryos and the highest number of spherical embryos was observed with a significant difference (p

Introduction In recent years, the use of organic acids has increased due to their role in the quantitative and qualitative yield and resistance to environmental stresses. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is one of the important antioxidants and plays a role as the primary substrate in cyclic pathways to remove toxicity and neutralize superoxide and single oxygen radicals. Ascorbate is also involved in the regulation of cell division and photosynthesis and has nutritional value for humans and is probably important for the tolerance of plants against photo-oxidative stress. Oxalic acid is a metabolic end product in plants that has many physiological functions, the main ones is the induction of resistance to disease and environmental stress by increasing the activity of enzymes involved in resistance and secondary metabolites such as phenol, flavonoid, etc. Considering the importance of the physiological traits of the plant in the production of quantitative and qualitative yield of strawberry and on the other hand, the lack of sufficient information about the effect of external application of ascorbic acid and oxalic acid on the physiological traits of the plant, the present research work aimed to investigate some physiological and qualitative traits of strawberry leaves and fruits affected by foliar spraying of ascorbic acid and oxalic acid. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in Darkalate village of Ramiyan city of Golestan province to investigate some physiological responses of strawberry cv. Camarosa to the foliar application of organic acids. The experimental treatments consisted of three levels: non-spraying as control, spraying with 1 mM ascorbic acid and 1 mM oxalic acid, which was performed in three stages (from end flowering stage to the green fruit stage) at 6 days intervals. Finally, three plants were selected from each experimental unit and leaf samples were taken and transferred to the laboratory to measure physiological traits i.e. leaf area, fresh and dry weights, total chlorophylls, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, total carotenoids, total sugars, total phenols and flavonoids. Also, when at least 75 percent of the fruit surface turned red, the fruits were harvested from each plot separately and immediately transferred to the Plant Physiology Laboratory of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The physicochemical traits of strawberry fruits including total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), flavor index, vitamin C, total phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant activity, total anthocyanins were measured. Analysis of data were performed using SAS 9.2 statistical software and comparison of mean data were undertaken based on LSD statistical test. Results and discussion The results showed that the foliar application of ascorbic acid and organic acid had a significant effect on the leaf area, fresh and dry weights, total chlorophylls, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total sugars, phenols and flavonoids. The highest mean leaf area (314.08 cm2), leaf fresh and dry weights (1.78 and 0.56 grams, respectively), chlorophyll a (0.43 mg/g), total carotenoids (0.29 mg/g), total sugars (1.43 µg/g), total phenols (0.70 mg/g) and flavonoids (0.19 mg/g) were observed in the application of oxalic acid. The control had the lowest mean in all studied traits (except carotenoids). The application of both ascorbic acid and oxalic acid resulted in an increase in photosynthetic pigments, elevating the total chlorophyll content by an average of 22% compared to the control group. Additionally, foliar spraying with ascorbic and oxalic acid led to higher levels of total soluble solids, increased antioxidant activity, and enhanced total flavonoid content in the fruit compared to the control group.Moreover, fruits harvested from plants treated with oxalic acid before harvest exhibited higher levels of total anthocyanin and phenol compared to fruits from plants treated with ascorbic acid before harvest and the control group. Fruits of plants treated with ascorbic acid compared to plants treated with oxalic acid had lower vitamin C and titratable acidity and higher flavor index. The physiological influence of oxalic acid was more superior than that of ascorbic acid and had higher positive effects in the studied traits were recorded. However, since ascorbate is one of the precursors of oxalic acid biosynthesis. Therefore, the changes caused by oxalic acid are indirectly influenced by ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid acts as a cofactor in photosynthetic reactions and prevents the destruction of chlorophylls and carotenoids due to its antioxidant property, and by interfering in cell division and increasing the surface area of leaves; it increases photosynthesis and the production of carbohydrates. In general, according to the results, it was found that the application of ascorbic acid and oxalic acid improved the quality characteristics and the content of health related compounds of Camarosa strawberry fruit by increasing photosynthetic pigments and biomass.

Background: The brain undergoes reorganization following spinal cord injury (SCI), but little is known about how the thalamus is affected in pediatric SCIs. Purpose: To characterize microstructural alterations in the thalamus after SCI with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics. Methods: 18 pediatric participants with chronic SCI (8–20 years) were stratified using the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) into groups: A, B, and C/D. DTI of the brain used a 3 T Siemens Verio MRI using the parameters: 20 directions, number of averages = 3, b = 1000 s/mm2, voxel size = 1.8 mm × 1.8 mm, slice thickness = 5 mm, TE = 95 ms, TR = 4300 ms, 30 slices, FOV = 230 × 230 mm2, matrix = 128 × 128, acquisition time = 4:45 min. Diffusion data was processed to generate DTI metrics FA, MD, AD, and RD. Data analysis: DTI metrics were acquired by superimposing the AAL3 thalamic atlas onto participant diffusion images registered to MNI152 space. We utilized a multiple Mann–Whitney U-test to compare between AIS groups, considering values of p ≤ 0.05 as significant. Results: FA, AD, RD, and MD significantly differed in thalamic nuclei between AIS groups A vs B and B vs C/D. Significant nuclei include the right ventral anterior, left intralaminar, bilateral lateral pulvinar, and right lateral geniculate. Conclusion: Our findings suggest the presence of microstructural alterations based on SCI severity in pediatric patients. These results are encouraging and warrant further study.

Introduction Pear (Pyrus communis L.) is one of the major fruit trees in the world which grown in temperate zones. In pear breeding program the bigger fruit size with better quality as well as market acceptability are usually in interest. In fruit trees, the size and yield of fruit are closely depended on cultivar and rootstocks. The variations of nutrient uptake, water use efficiency, photosynthesis performance, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses have been reported among different combinations of cultivars and rootstocks. Therefore there is a close relation between cultivar and rootstock with yield and quality of produced fruits. In recent years the semi dwarf clonal rootstocks of pear including OH×F, Pyro and FOX series have received more attention. However the performance of these rootstocks varies depending on scion cultivar, climatic condition, soil type, and planting system. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted to assay the growth characters and fruit yield of Dargazi and Louise Bonne (Beyrouti) grafted onto PyroDwarf and OH×F69 rootstocks at the Orchard of Astan Quds Razavi, Mashhad, Iran (36°17' N, 59°36' E; altitude. 985 m) during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The experiment in both consecutive years was done as a factorial in the base of randomized complete blocks with four replications. The studied cultivars were grafted onto PyroDwarf and OH×F69 rootstocks in late spring 2016. The used water was pit water with 695 µSiemens/cm EC and pH 7.17. Evaluation of plant growth was carried out at the end of the season. The studied traits were included tree height, internode length, vertical and horizontal growth of shoots in the current season, trunk diameter above, below and in the grafting line, leaf area, shoots angel and the number of sucker per tree. These characters were assayed in three trees per each replication. The trunk diameter at the below and above the grafting line was calculated according to trunk circumference that was measured at 10 cm above and below the grafting point. Leaf area in each tree was assayed with area measuring device. Flowering characteristics (start blooming and end of bloom) were determined. Fruit ripening season was also recorded. Yield of trees was assayed by weighting of produced fruits in each tree with a digital scale. The combined analysis of obtain data was conducted by SPSS and differences among means of data were determined by Duncan's multiple ranges test at P≤0.05. The reported data was the mean of two studied years.Results and Discussion The obtained results showed the variation in growth and bearing properties of different combinations of Beyrouti and Dargazi cultivars with PyroDwarf and OH×F69 rootstocks throughout the studied years. The analysis variance showed the significant effect of year, cultivar and rootstock on growth characteristics of pear tree. Also the interaction effects of cultivar and rootstock were significant on tree growth response with exception of internode length. The most studied parameters showed a significant increasing during the two consecutive years. During the studied years the height and width of pear trees were increased up to 10.44 and 14.54%, respectively and the trunk diameter was increased by 10%. According to obtained results the growth of Dargazi cultivar was higher than the Beyrouti cultivar. The effect of OH×F69 rootstock on growth increasing of studied cultivars was prominent than PyroDwarf regards to tree height, shoot length and internode length. However the highest trunk diameter and leaf area density of both cultivars was found in PyroDwarf rootstock. Although the time of blooming and fruit ripening of each cultivar was not influenced by the rootstock but the bearing characters were varied between the Dargazi and Beyrouti cultivars. The highest yield of pear fruit was obtained in Dargazi cultivar and grafting onto PyroDwarf rootstock significantly enhanced the fruit yield in both cultivars.Conclusion The rootstocks have a key role on growth and yield of pear trees as well as their responses to abiotic stress. Rootstocks through influencing the physiological characteristics of grafted scions regulate the quantity and quality of produced fruits. The results of present study showed the variation in growth and bearing properties of different combinations of Beyrouti and Dargazi cultivars with PyroDwarf and OH×F69 rootstocks throughout the studied years. The PyroDwarf rootstock greatly reduced the tree growth and enhanced fruit yield of both Dargazi and Beyrouti cultivars. According to the obtained results the PyroDwarf rootstock is recommended for Dargazi cultivar to reach the highest pear fruit yield under similar environmental condition of present study.

Background and Objectives: Farhangian University, by changing the attitude of student-teachers to the issue of education as well as raising the level of specialized knowledge and professional skills of student-teachers, including the use of technology in all areas can make fundamental improvements in educational approaches, curricula and methods of better education for students. In the meantime, since mathematics is one of the main courses for students in all levels of education, so special attention should be paid to the teachers who are responsible for teaching this course in both elementary and high school. On the other hand, one of the basic skills for the success of a math teacher in all areas of education, training, administration and professional development is the skill of familiarity with and application of technology. The integration of information and communication technology in the curriculum, especially in mathematics, and evaluating its effectiveness has always been one of the common concerns of those involved in the educational system; Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of graduates of mathematics education at Farhangian University in terms of technology application from the perspective of managers based on the model of John Wales and Joseph Bundy.Materials and Methods: The research method, based on the applied purpose and data collection , was a descriptive survey type and the statistical population included 57 graduates of mathematics education at Farhangian University who had started teaching in schools of North Khorasan province in the academic year of 2017 to 2019. Due to the limited statistical population, all 57 people were evaluated in this study. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the evaluation axes of John Wales and Joseph Bundy models and was collected and completed by school principals. After confirming the validity of the questionaire, its reliability was found to be 0.95, using Cronbach's alpha. In inferential statistics section, the t-test was used to analyze the data and generalize the results using SPSS - V23 software.Findings: The findings of the study showed that graduates of the field of mathematics education at Farhangian University had a good performance in terms of using technology from the perspective of school principals in five of the six components of the model of John Wales and Joseph Bundy (that is, improvement and training, professional growth, human relations, administrative affairs, curriculum planning) and their performance score in these five components was higher than the average, but in another component (that is, assessment), they did not have a good performance and their performance score in this component was lower than the average..Conclusion: It can be concluded that the quality of performance of the graduates of mathematics education from Farhangian University of North Khorasan has been favorable on average in terms of technology application from the perspective of school principals based on the model of John Wales and Joseph Bundy in a total of six components of improvement and training, professional growth, human relations, assessment, administrative affairs, and curriculum planning. . On the other hand, due to the low score obtained in the evaluation component, it seems that more attention is paid to providing the course of "assessment and evaluation of learning mathematics " based on the skills of applying new technologies. Moreover, holding workshops on technology application in the field of assessment will help the graduates in the field of mathematics to achieve more familiarity and better performance in this area.

Background and Objectives: Readiness for learning, teaching and application of technology and awareness of its role in facilitating student learning, is one of the main skills of teachers, especially in the Corona period, the period that the use of information and communication technology has strengthened as needed and forced its place in the education system. Therefore, it is necessary to be include the use of information and communication technology as a fundamental principle in the educational and curriculum of schools. On the other hand, due to the weakness of IT acceptance models in properly predicting changes in IT acceptance in educational organizations, researchers found it necessary to test the acceptance of this technology using other theoretical models. Therefore, the aim of this research was to Testing unified theory of acceptance and use of technology for predicting teachers' computer technology use in classroom.Materials and Methods. The research method was correlational and structural modeling equation and the statistical population was including all secondary school teachers in district one of Urmia city, 570 people, of which 230 high school teachers of Urmia city was selected using stratified sampling method and answered to venkatesh's and et al (2003) questionnaires of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions and voluntariness in use of information technology. Data analysis was performed using PLS software and structural equation testing.Findings: Findings showed that performance and effort expectancy and social influence had significant effects on intention to use, and intention to use and facilitating conditions had significant effects on use. Also finding showed that gender, age and voluntariness in use had moderator role in effects of effort expectancy and social influence on intention to use. In general, the studied variables predict 31% of the decision to use technology and 16% of the amount of technology use. In this study, the variable of computer experience did not have a moderating role on the effects of the variables of expected effort and social influence on the decision to use and facilitating conditions on the rate of use.Conclusion: In short, the findings confirmed the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. The significance of the direct effect of the performance expectation variable on the decision to use technology means that the more information technology increases a person's work efficiency and is useful for the person, similarly, it will make more decisions to use this technology The significance of the direct effect of expecting effort on the decision to use technology also means that if one considers the computer system as an easy and easy-to-use tool and finds oneself capable of acquiring the skills to use it, one will be more inclined to make decisions about using it. Also, the significant effect of social influence on the decision to use indicates that the emphasis of important people in the life of the person on the use of information technology causes the person to decide on this technology. In addition, when a person uses information technology, this decision manifests itself in the form of actual use, which shows the significance of the effect of the decision to use technology on the use of technology. The low level of predictability indicates the existence of other variables that affect the use rate, and it is necessary for researchers to test other theoretical models to investigate these factors.

Abstract Background Hospital Elder Life Program (HELP) provides protocols based on factors for reducing delirium. Due to the lack of geriatric wards and aged care teams in Iran, it seems that some of the original HELP interventions need to be modified through a trial study. Hence, this study was conducted to determine whether the Iranian modified HELP could reduce delirium in geriatric hospitalized patients. Methods This double-blind randomized controlled trial was designed and conducted in a hospital at Kashan University of Medical Sciences in Iran. A total of 195 hospitalized patients aged ≥70 years, were 84 in the Intervention Group (IG) and 111 in the Control Group (CG). After assessing delirium risk factors, participants in the IG group received interventions based on the cognitive, vision/hearing, sleep, mobility, feeding, and hydration protocols by nursing students and the CG group received routine care. Delirium incidence was assessed by the Confusion Assessment Method. Delirium incidence, cognitive and functional abilities, frailty, fall, and length of stay were outcomes. Results The mean age of the patients was 78.53(Standard Deviation = 5.87) years. Delirium incidence was higher in the CG comparing to IG (14.71% vs 3.66%).Significant reduction observed in risk incidence of delirium because of interventions [Odds Ratio:0.124, Confidence Interval: 0.03–0.48]. Conclusion The modified HELP effectively reduced delirium rates in geriatric hospitalized patients. Trial registration This study was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20180910040995N1 .

This study investigated a three-dimensional flow analysis on a two-stage contra-rotating axial compressor using the Navier–Stokes, continuity, and energy equations with Ansys CFX commercial software. In order to validate the obtained results, the absolute and relative flow angles curves for each rotor in radial direction were extracted and compared with the other investigation results, indicating good agreement. The compressor efficiency curve also was extracted by varying the compressor pressure ratio and compressor efficiency against mass flow rate. The flow results revealed that further distortion of the flow structure in the second rotor imposed a greater increase in the amount of entropy, especially at near-stall conditions. The increase of entropy in the second rotor is due to the interference of the tip leakage flow with the main flow which consequently caused more drops in the second rotor, suggesting that more efficacy of flow control methods occurred in the second rotor than in the first rotor.

In this article, latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) is analyzed for nano phase change material enclosed in a hexagonal triplex-tube with solidification acceleration. Optimized curve shape fins are adjusted inside the tube. The shape of the structure is a hexagonal annular. Therefore, both inner hexagonal walls are cold. Corresponding to six vertices of the hexagonal shaped tube, parallel but symmetrically curved fins are adjusted to every corner. Nanoparticles Enhanced Phase Change Material (NEPCM) is filled inside the annulus, and the mathematical model is constructed based upon the system of nonlinear partial differential equations through the heat equation. Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and Copper driven through liquid phase and solid phase within the entire duct. Galerkin Finite Element Method (GFEM) is employed to model the solidification procedure. The smaller symmetric fins achieving an angle of 10o≤β1≤45o and the larger symmetric fins making an angle of 10o≤β2≤45o with the vertical rod. However, the length of rod is 10mm≤L≤20mm. It is found that the optimized curve shape fin penetrate the intensity of thermal storage into the Phase change materials (PCM) and the shape of the fin prevents the phase trade manner from final unsolidified PCM near the outer shell, in which the phase alternate front passes the top of the fins. It is further analyzed that at the mean position of the triplex tube, the solidification process is minimum due to the high thermal performance of nanoparticle volume fraction and time perfection.