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Network densification with Small Cells (SCs) has emerged as a key technique to increase the 5G network capacity. However, in a densified network, fast mobile nodes will experience frequent handovers with a high signaling load, handover latency, and packet loss, due to the short cell radius. Indeed, Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) protocols aim to solve the shortcomings of centralized mobility management solutions such as poor scalability and non-optimal routing. However, when the cell residence time is short, DMM protocols might suffer from increased costs and limited performance. This paper proposes a localized mobility management protocol in 5G dense SCs, based on the locator identifier separation protocol, local mobility anchoring, and fast handovers concepts. The proposed scheme divides a local domain into several location service areas, each controlled by a local anchor. We provide the analytical models of several handover metrics, namely the average total signaling cost, the data delivery cost, the handover latency, and the packet loss. Numerical and simulation results show significant cost savings, up to 30 percent in signaling overhead, up to 53 percent of packet loss, and up to 90 percent of processing load reduction at the core of the network compared to the existing lisp mobile node protocol.

This paper surveys two popular protocols, namely, LISP and HIP, which are used in decoupling the IP namespace into distinct locator and identifier namespaces, with the aim of addressing the challenges associated with the anticipated exponential growth of Internet-connected devices. One such challenge pertains to how the design of the Internet infrastructure can be re-engineered to support fast host mobility across distinct networks while maintaining session connectivity and minimising packet loss. The paper lays emphasis on the update mechanisms employed by these protocols, which are used to inform administrative servers of location changes of mobile nodes. The update mechanisms of these protocols are applied to an IP paging architecture and their performances are evaluated. The use of an IP paging mechanism shifts the focus of these protocols onto the optimisation of the end networks and how well they cope with update messages. Indeed, such an architecture lays emphasis on fast inter-paging area mobility, which is occurring in a restricted hierarchical IP paging network topology. Therefore, this paper evaluates the performance of update messages on different levels of network traffic and IPsec cryptography at the end networks.

The increased use of mobile devices has prompted the need for efficient mobility management protocols to ensure continuity of communication sessions as users switch connection between available wireless access networks. Locator Identifier Separation Protocol Mobile Node (LISP-MN) was designed to enable such efficient mobility of nodes on the Internet. The protocol enables mobility by ensuring that the IP address used for creating data session is maintained throughout the lifetime of the communication session and the location of the mobile node (MN) is updated as the device moves. While session continuity is achieved during handover, we observed that LISP-MN records loss of packets in transit, long service disruption time, throughput degradation and increased rate of TCP retransmission as an MN conducts a handover from one access link to another. To mitigate the poor handover performance, we introduced a novel network node into the LISP-MN architecture, a loc-server that buffers the packets sent to an MN during handover and forwards to the device upon completion of the movement process. We analysed both qualitative features and quantitative measurements of vanilla LISP-MN against LISP-MN with loc-server support. Results show that the improved architecture significantly improved the performance of LISP-MN in all the investigated parameters.

The Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP) is a new routing architecture that implements a new semantic for IP addressing. It enables the separation of IP addresses into two new numbering spaces: Endpoint Identifiers (EIDs) and Routing Locators (RLOCs). This approach will solve the issue of rapid growth of the Internet’s DFZ (default-free zone). In this paper, we propose an algorithm called the Propagated-Mode Mapping System to improve the map request process of LISP-DDT.

International audience; The Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP) separates classical IP addresses into two categories: one for identifying terminals, the other for routing. To associate identifiers and locators LISP needs a specific mechanism, called mapping system. This technology is still at an early stage but two experimental platforms have already been deployed in the Internet: LISP Beta Network and LISP-Lab. However, only the LISP Beta Network is monitored with LISPmon that partially monitors the mapping system once a day. To accompany the growth of LISP, a dynamic and complete monitoring system is required. Therefore, we propose LISP-Views, a dynamic versatile large scale LISP monitoring architecture. LISP-Views allows to automatically conduct comprehensive and objective measurements. After running LISP-Views in the wild for several months and comparing the monitoring results with LISPmon, we confirm that LISP-Views provides more detailed and accurate information. We observe the different behaviours between every network entity within mapping system, and also explore the current LISP performance for further improvements.

The Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP) has been proposed to tackle the BGP scalability issue encountered in legacy Internet architecture, while introducing additional benefits. The key idea of LISP is to split the conventional IP addressing space into two categories: Identifier and Locator. Identifier is used for identification and Locator is used for routing. It is currently under standardization in IETF and is deployed in the wild at the same time, thanks to two testbeds: the LISP Beta Network and the LISP-Lab project. The interworking mechanism is proposed to ensure the communication between LISP-speaking sites and legacy Internet. The performance of LISP interworking with legacy Internet is of paramount importance to promote the adoption of LISP in future Internet. The existing research efforts to evaluate LISP interworking lack of large scale experimental results. The objective of this paper is to fill this gap by providing a latency evaluation and routing path measurement about LISP interworking mechanism in real networks. The work is based on a 2 weeks measurement campaign by using RIPE Atlas, which is the largest existing Internet measurement infrastructure for both IPv4 and IPv6. Experimental results show that LISP introduces additional latency, especially for close destinations, but negligible for intercontinental long-distance destinations. The additional latency highly depends on the position of the new network element being in charge of the communication between LISP-sites and the legacy Internet. Although LISP introduces some stretch, its performance is generally stable and its latency is not very high compared to natively forwarding without using LISP.

Summary As the current Internet architecture is suffering from scalability issues, the network research community has proposed alternative designs for the Internet architecture. Among those solutions that adopt the idea of locator/identifier split paradigm, the locator/identifier separation protocol (LISP) has been considered as the most promising solution because of its incrementally deployable feature. Despite various advantages provided by LISP, many ISPs are still conservative to adopt LISP into their production network because the standard LISP does not fully satisfy ISP's requirements on LISP-enabled services. In this paper, we define ISP's requirements on LISP-enabled commercial services and describe limitations of the standard LISP from an ISP's perspective. Also, we propose LISP controller, a centralized LISP management system. By using LISP controller, we evaluate three ISP's representative LISP use cases: traffic engineering, virtual machine live migration, and vertical handover. The results show that the proposed LISP controller provides centralized management, controllability, and fast map entry update, without any modifications on the standard LISP. LISP controller allows an ISP to control and manage its LISP-enabled services while satisfying ISP's requirements. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The identifier/locator separation has been shown to be critical for the design of future Internet. A key aspect of the identifier/locator separation is to design an identifier-to-locator mapping service to map identifiers onto locators. Although several mapping services have been presented in previous works, they either are designed based on aggregable identifiers, or suffer from high resolution latency. That is, they hardly meet the demands of the future Internet, which is desired to support fast mapping and self-certifying flat identifiers. In this paper, we propose LMChord, a fast mapping service that is based on the idea of locality-aware and hierarchical Distributed Hash Table (DHT). To address the mismatch problem between overlay and physical network, we present the LMChord construction model, which models the LMChord construction process as a Markov decision process (MDP). Moreover, we present a Markov decision construction algorithm, which improves reinforcement learning to get the global optimal or near-optimal construction strategy. To further improve routing efficiency, we also modify the finger table to optimize the LMChord's routing hops. We show that, besides the capability to support incremental deployment and flat identifiers, the mapping scheme is more scalable and has lower resolution latency. The evaluation also demonstrates the performance of our approach.

At present, the well-known LISP-MN protocol for LISP mobility can only support end-host IP mobility, and need to implement lightweight version of LISP's ITR/ETR functionality on mobile nodes. Because of this, the LISP-MN protocol is hard for deployment, and lack of the support for network mobility. In this paper, we present LISP-HNM, a network-based end-host and network mobility support protocol in LISP networks. With LISP-HNM, end-hosts and networks mobility are controlled through the same access register protocol, while the core network provides the fast mobility support with a extensional mapping push operation. All end-hosts and hosts in mobile networks are assigning unchangeable IP addresses regardless of their network attachment points. This paper describes the protocol and presents a modelling performance comparison between LISP-HNM and LISP-MN.

Mobility, redundancy, and bandwidth requirements are transforming the communication models used for IoT, mainly in case of Critical Communications and multimedia streaming (“IoMT, Internet of Multimedia Things”), as wireless video traffic is expected to be 60–75% of the global mobile traffic by 2020. One of the characteristics of 5G networks will be the proliferation of different/heterogeneous radio networks (virtualized radio access networks, RAN, new energy-efficient radios, femtocells, and offloading capabilities) and the possibility for IoT objects to connect and load-balance between dual and multiple RANs. This paper focuses on the possibility of using LISP (Locator Identifier Separation Protocol) for multihoming and load-balancing purposes and presents an illustrative scenario for the case of mobile IoT (e.g., the “things” part of vehicular or public transportation systems, PTS) that are also intensive bandwidth consumers, like the case of connected multimedia “things.” We have implemented and tested a demonstrator of a mobile LISP IoT gateway that is also integrated with Cloud-based video analytics.

International audience; Nowadays, the rapid growth of Cloud computing services is stressing the network communication infrastructure in terms of resiliency and programmability. This evolution reveals missing blocks of the current Internet Protocol architecture, in particular in terms of virtual machine mobility management for addressing and locator-identifier mapping. In this paper, we propose some changes to the Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP) to cope with this gap. We define novel controlplane functions and evaluate them exhaustively in the worldwide public LISP testbed, involving five LISP sites distant from a few hundred kilometers to many thousands kilometers. Our results show that we can guarantee service downtime upon livevirtual machine migration lower than a second across American, Asian and European LISP sites, and down to 300 ms within Europe, outperforming standard LISP and legacy triangular routing approaches in terms of service downtime, as a function of datacenter-datacenter and client-datacenter distances.

Of several approaches for future Internet, separating two properties of IP address into locator and identifier, is being considered as a highly likely solution. IETF’s LISP (Locator ID Separation Protocol) is proposed for this architecture. In particular, the LISP model easily allows for device mobility through simple update of information at MS (Mapping Server) without a separate protocol. In recent years, some of the models supporting device mobility using such LISP attributes have emerged; however, most of them have the limitation for seamless mobility support due to the frequent MS information updates and the time required for the updates. In this paper, PMIPv6 (Proxy Mobile IPv6) model is applied for mobility support in LISP model. PMIPv6 is a method that can support mobility based on network without the help of device; thus, this we define anew the behavior of functional modules (LMA, MAG and MS) to fit this model to the LISP environment and present specifically procedures of device registration, data transfer, route optimization and handover. In addition, our approach improves the communication performance using three tunnels identified with locators between mobile node and corresponding node and using a route optimized tunnel between MN’s MAG and CN’s MAG. Finally, it allows for seamless mobility by designing a sophisticated handover procedure.

Internet of Things is an evolution from computer networks to a network of interconnected objects such as books, cars, sensors, etc… In recent years, interest in the applications of Wireless Body Area Networks (BANs), have grown significantly and this opens up an important number of challenges such as mobility management. Locator/Id Split Protocol (LISP) deals with the traditional IP problems like support of device mobility. This work outlines LISP and its properties for high-availability environments. This paper also suggests LISP use for mobility support in BANs. We propose a new architecture based on LISP Protocol coupled with NEMO protocol facilitating mobility management and communication with the nodes on movement.

Identifier/locator separation is a promising solution to the current Internet scaling problems. In this article, we argue that identifier/location separation can also help prevent distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. We discuss an identifier-to-locator mapping approach and explain how the approach makes it difficult for attackers to control botnets. We also present numerical results based on data from a real DDoS attack to demonstrate that, even if many zombies attack a victim, identifier/locator separation helps detect DDoS attacks.

New broadband mobile IP bearing network technologies based on ID/Locator separation solve the four questions security, mobility, routing scalability and network integration. As the main direction of mobile Internet and telecom broadband network integration, the research of the overall architecture and key evaluation methods of the mobile Internet and broadband network integration is used to guide other research directions. This article reviews the related studies of the integration and evolution, as well as the related key technologies and new equipment/system, to development the application platform and construction to complete scientific research achievements of the ground and presentation.

Aiming to efficiently support the Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP), in this paper, we present an enhanced pointer-based DHT mapping system: LISP-PCHORD. The system creates a pointer space to build on top of standard DHTs. Mappings within the pointer space are (Endpoint Identifiers (EID), pointers) where the pointer is the address of the root node (the physical node that stores the mappings) of the corresponding (EID, Routing Locators (RLOCs)) mappings. In addition to enabling architectural qualities such as scalability and reliability, the proposed LISP-PCHORD can copy with flat EIDs such as self-certifying EIDs. The performance of the mapping system plays a key role in LISP; however, DHT-based approaches for LISP seldom consider the mismatch problem that heavily damages the system performance in terms of lookup latency. In order to mitigate the mismatch problem and achieve optimal performance, we propose an optimization design method that seeks an optimal matching relationship between P-nodes (nodes within the pointer space) and the physical nodes on the basis of the given lookup traffic matrix. In order to find the optimal matching relationship, we provide two solutions: a linear programming method and a genetic algorithm. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme and compare it with that of LISP-DHT.

The locator/ID separation protocol (LISP) proposed for addressing the scalability issue of the current Internet has gained much interest. LISP separates the identifier and locator roles of IP addresses by end point identifiers (EIDs) and locators, respectively. In particular, while EIDs are used in the application and transport layers for identifying nodes, locators are used in the network layer for locating nodes in the network topology. In LISP, packets are tunneled from ingress tunnel routers (ITRs) to egress tunnel routers in a map-and-encapsulation manner. For this purpose, an ITR caches on demand some mappings between EIDs and locators. Since hosts roam from place to place, however, their EID-to-locator mappings change accordingly. Thus, an ITR cannot store a mapping permanently but maintains for every mapping a timer whose default value is set to a given cache timeout. If the cache timeout for a mapping is too short, an ITR frequently queries the mapping system (control plane), resulting in a high traffic load on the control plane. On the other hand, if the cache timeout for a mapping is too long, the mapping could be outdated, resulting in packet loss and associated overheads. Therefore, it is desirable to set appropriate cache timeout for mapping items. In this paper, we analytically determine the optimal cache timeout for EID-to-locator mappings cached at ITRs to minimize the control plane load while remaining efficient for mobility. The results presented here provide valuable insights and guidelines for deploying LISP.

The locator identifier separation protocol (LISP) has been made as an identifier-locator separation scheme for scalable Internet routing. However, the LISP was originally designed for fixed network environment, rather than for mobile network environment. In particular, the existing LISP mobility control schemes use a centralized map server to process all the control traffics, and thus they are intrinsically subject to some limitations in mobile environment, such as large overhead of mapping control traffics at central map server and degradation of handover performance. To overcome these problems, we propose a distributed mobility control scheme in LISP networks. In the proposed scheme, we assume that a mobile host has a hierarchical endpoint identifier which contains the information of its home network domain. Each domain has a distributed map server (DMS) for distributed mapping management of Endpoint Identifiers (EIDs) and Locators (LOCs). For roaming support, each DMS maintains a home EID register and a visiting EID register which are used to keep the EID-LOC mappings for mobile hosts in the distributed manner. For performance analysis, we compare the control traffic overhead (CTO) at map servers, the signaling delay required for EID-LOC mapping management, and the handover delay for the existing and proposed schemes. From numerical results, it is shown that the proposed distributed scheme can give better performance than the existing centralized schemes in terms of CTO, total signaling delay for EID-LOC mapping management, and handover delay.

The Locator Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP) has been proposed as an identifier-locator separation scheme for scalable Internet routing. However, LISP was originally designed in the fixed network environment rather than in the mobile network environment. In particular, the existing LISP mobility schemes are based on a centralized map server that is used as an anchor point for mobile nodes, and thus intrinsically subject to some limitations in mobile environment. In this paper, we propose a distributed mapping management of Endpoint Identifiers (EIDs) and Locators (LOCs) in mobile LISP networks. We use Routing LOC (RLOC) and Local LOC (LLOC) as locators for mobile hosts. RLOC represents the IP address of the domain gateway, and LLOC is the IP address of the access router that a host is currently attached to. For EID-LOC mapping management, each network domain has a Distributed Map Server (DMS) over its gateway. Each DMS keeps track of the EID-LOC mapping information for mobile hosts in the distributed way. The proposed scheme is also a network-based approach, in which each access router, instead of a host, performs the mapping management operations. From the performance analysis, we can see that the proposed distributed scheme can give better performance than the existing schemes in terms of the signaling delays required for EID-LOC mapping update and query operations.

The locator/identifier split is a core principle of many recently proposed routing architectures for a scalable future Internet. It splits the function of today's IP addresses into two separate pieces. End-hosts are addressed using identifiers which are not globally routable while network attachment points have globally routable locators assigned. In most architectures, either the sending host or an intermediate node has to query a mapping system to obtain locators for identifiers. Such a mapping system must be fast, reliable, secure, and may be able to relay data packets. In this paper, we propose requirements and a general taxonomy for mapping systems and use it to provide a survey on recent proposals. We address general aspects of mapping systems and point out remaining research opportunities.

One of the major issues in current internet architecture in that it was not designed to support the user mobility. In order to overcome this restriction, in this paper, we propose an identifier/locator separation architecture which contain the overlay mapping system to store the identifier-to-locator mapping record. In addition, we design the mobility management scheme base on Identifier/Locator separation above for Furture Internet architecture. We then devise the analysis model to evaluate the signaling cost of our scheme. By conduction the simulation. We show that our scheme can operate with lower signaling cost than other schemes.

International audience; Future Internet has been a hot topic for the last decade. One of the approaches put forward in order to revise the Internet architecture is LISP - Locator/ID Separation Protocol, which leverages the separation of the identifier and the locator roles of IP addresses. Contrary to the classical push model used by the BGP-based routing architecture, LISP relies on a pull model. In particular, routing information is pulled from a new network element, the Mapping System, to provide the association between the identifier (i.e., the address used to identify a host inside a domain) and a list of locators (i.e., the addresses to locate an attachment point) upon an explicit query. In this paper, we evaluate a LISP Mapping System deployment in the public LISP Beta Network from two standpoints: Stability and Consistency. Our measurements show that the mapping information is stable over time and consistent between the different mapping entities and the vantage points. Our analysis shows that there are cases where the Mapping System is unstable and/or inconsistent, hence, beside proposing a taxonomy in order to classify them, we carry out an in-depth investigation of such cases so to provide hints on how to improve the performance of LISP.

International audience; The Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP) was specified a few years ago by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to enhance the Internet architecture with novel inbound control capabilities. Such capabilities are particularly needed for multihomed networks that dispose of multiple public IP routing locators for their IP networks, and that are willing to exploit them in a better way than what possible with the legacy Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) [8]. In this work, we specify how to enhance the LISP routing system to perform egress control too. Our goal is to give the highest possible routing optimization degree to LISP networks, so that ingress and egress traffic engineering strategies can be jointly performed, without requiring coordination between LISP and BGP. We design the enhancement to the LISP router system, specify the required protocol extensions, open sourcing the code and proving the overhead and the achievable gains by experimentation.

LISP is a standardized overlay protocol implementing the locator/identifier split for the Internet. Multiple extensions exist, e.g., for NAT traversal, traffic engineering, etc. Existing LISP implementations are mostly platform-specific, hard to extend or they are closed source. In this work we present a Java-based implementation for LISP which is open source, modular, and features a plugin mechanism that enables simple integration of new functionality. It provides behavior for LISP nodes, infrastructure nodes, and various extensions, it is easily portable, can be run on various operating systems and platforms, in particular on Android smartphones. The demo illustrates LISP-based communication including the extensions mentioned above. In addition, the extensibility is demonstrated by a plugin for a statistics application.

The \emph{Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol} (LISP) introduces several benefits to the Internet architecture, yet, since it is just in the initial deployment stage, comprehensive understanding of its integration performance with legacy Internet becomes essential. We leverage on RIPE Atlas, the largest Internet measurement infrastructure, to conduct large scale measurements analysis to provide the feedback to improve LISP technology. The preliminary evaluations show that LISP generally has a reliable performance, compared with the existing Internet. From our vantage point, we observe that LISP introduces a non-negligible latency for the European and North American destinations, occasionally some extremely large delay, however, it shows a faster connection for the Asian intercontinental transmission.

Software Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging paradigm to address the demands for flexible and agile network controllability. The fundamental idea of SDN is the physical separation of the network control plane from the data (forwarding) plane. This migration of control into programmable computing devices enables the underlying network infrastructures to be abstracted for applications and services. It brings many beneficial features such as programmability, agility, elasticity. Currently, OpenFlow is widely used as interfacing protocol between data and control planes. However, to practically deploy the SDN paradigm, OpenFlow is insufficient in terms of scalability, performance, heterogeneity, inter-operability with legacy networks and protocols. To overcome those limitations, we need to consider multiple protocols as South Bound Interface for SDN controllers. In this paper, we describe our experience to design and implement Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP) in ONOS, which is an open source SDN OS for service providers. LISP is a tunneling based protocol to solve Internet scalability issue, and several recent studies show that LISP can be applied to various use cases to improve efficiency such as virtual machine live migration, multi-homing, and traffic engineering. Therefore, LISP is a good candidate to extend SDN's South Bound Interface. Furthermore, several use cases to effectively use LISP within SDN environments are introduced.

As the Internet of Things technologies evolve, billions of smart devices will be connected to the Internet. Therefore, the accelerated growth of users, applications and devices pose a great demand on the scalability of the Internet. In this paper, we develop a new Internet architecture -- Multiple-inherited Locators (MiL) -- to meet the future demand on addressing. MiL is based on Locator/ID addressing and hierarchical address allocation. The benefit of this new addressing scheme is the improved scalability of Internet routing by enhancing the prefix aggregation of locators. The number of locators which are needed grows with the Internet scale. In order to represent each locator as a unique binary representation by as few bits as possible, we develop a distributed encoding method to efficiently encode locators. As the Internet topology evolves, the distributed encoding method renumbering locators' codeword for the optimal encoding performance, and meanwhile endeavors to keep their codewords unchanged as much as possible. Because, we want to represent locators by fewer bits as well as keep addressing stable. We adopt an Encoding Table Adjustment algorithm to find a "sweet spot" that balances these two goals. According to our experiment, within a 2% increase on the expected locator length, our algorithm reduces the cost of renumbering locator by 99.9%.

Nowadays, the explosion of cloud-based applications is leading to a much higher demand on both computing and network infrastructure resources than only a few years ago. Enhancing the user experience, by reducing the latency and increasing network stability, becomes an important challenge for cloud operators. In this paper, we propose a unified protocol architecture, based on the Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP) and the Transparent Interconnection of a Lots of Links (TRILL) protocol, to enhance the access performance and to minimize the retrieval latency for services hosted in a distributed data center (DC) fabric. LISP is used as a cloud access overlay protocol, while TRILL is used as a geo-distributed DC virtual network overlay protocol. We specify and design a cross-layer protocol agent able to map virtual network embedding information from TRILL (layer 2) to LISP (layer 3) in order to allow cloud providers to let the client access the cloud by the best DC entry point, assuming that the inter-DC site latency dominates over the DC access latency. We tested our architecture in a real testbed. We compared the proposed solution to the legacy situation, highlighting the achievable gains in cloud access latency.

The development and deployment of the Locator/ Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP), a paradigm introducing several benefits to the Internet architecture, is becoming widespread thanks to initiatives like the LISP-Lab project. Yet, LISP remains a relatively recent technology, hence, its actual performance when integrated with the current Internet remains still to be assessed. To tackle this issue we leverage on RIPE Atlas, the largest existing Internet measurement infrastructure, in order to provide a thorough analysis of the obtained performance as well as guidelines on where there is still margin for improvement. The preliminary experimental results show that LISP has quite a stable performance, compared with the existing Internet. Nevertheless, from our vantage point we observe that performance strongly depends on geographical position. For instance, when using LISP, we observe a non-negligible latency increase for destinations not far away, while for destinations at intercontinental distance, there is a slight decrease in the observed latency.

One of the most important problems of today’s Internet is scalable routing. Proposed solutions for this issue are centered on the idea of splitting the network node’s identifier (ID) from its topological location. In this paper we present the basic design of a clean-slate ID/locator split architecture (CILSA) for future network. Our design separates ID architecture from locator architecture. A new hierarchical locator based on port is first introduced and the ID/locator splitting happened in network layer, which is distributed realized by the architecture not depend on additional equipment. In order to show benefits of proposed scheme, we analyze solutions in our CILSA under connection setup scenario. Some evaluations are also invested for the proposed CILSA.

Mobility mechanisms are key elements of “always connected” smart environments. Since the first mobile IPv4 protocols, the IP mobility solutions have evolved from host mobility to network mobility and migration to IPv6, but there are still use-cases to be covered, especially for redundant multihomed scenarios. Also mobility does not refer only to hosts or individuals, but also to code/applications and to virtual machines. LISP (Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol) can contribute to new solutions for both host mobility and virtual machine mobility (e.g., inside enterprise data centers) by the separation of the identifier and location of a network endpoint. The aim of this paper is to propose a LISP based multihome and load-balanced network architecture for urban environments. Validation is done in an emulated environment for the case of an enterprise with distributed locations, but, furthermore, we extrapolate to other mobile urban scenarios, like the case of providing reliable load-balanced and secured Internet in Public Transportation Systems, with a proposal for an open-source implementation.

SUMMARY Many schemes have recently been proposed for the separation of identifier (ID) and locator (LOC), which include the Host Identity Protocol, the Identifier-Locator Network Protocol, and the Locator Identifier Separation Protocol. However, all of these schemes were originally designed in fixed network environment, rather than mobile network environment. In particular, these schemes are based on a centralized map server that is used as an anchor point for mobile nodes, and thus intrinsically subject to some limitations in a mobile environment. In this paper, we propose a distributed ID-LOC mapping management scheme in a mobile-oriented Internet environment. In the proposed scheme, we assume that a host has a globally unique and hierarchical Host ID (HID) that contains the information of its home network domain. Each network domain has a distributed map server for distributed management of ID-LOC mappings. For roaming support, each distributed map server maintains its own home HID register and visiting HID register, which are used to keep the mappings of HID and LOCs for mobile nodes in the distributed manner. By performance analysis, it is shown that the proposed distributed scheme can give better performance than the existing centralized schemes in terms of ID-LOC binding update and data delivery costs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The present-day Internet has no separate namespace for host IDs. It uses IP addresses as host IDs, which are in fact locators. This dual role is problematic for mobility, multihoming, security, and routing on the Internet. To solve these problems, research has recently begun on ID/locator split architectures. Some standardization activities based on this concept are also progressing in ITU-T Study Group 13 and in the IETF. We expect that introduction of the ID/locator split concept into the new generation network or future Internet architecture can bring about additional functions, such as heterogeneous network protocol support, multicast, QoS, resource or service discovery, and flexible human-network interaction. Toward realization of these functions, this article discusses some approaches to introducing multi-ID and multilocator support into the network architecture. This also lists items that have the potential to be investigated and standardized in ITU-T.

This paper proposes a network-based mobility control scheme in wireless/mobile networks, which is based on the Locator-Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP). Compared to the existing LISP mobility scheme, the proposed scheme is featured by the following two points: 1) each LISP Tunnel Router (TR) is implemented at the first-hop access router that mobile nodes are attached to, and 2) for handover support, the LISP Routing Locator (RLOC) update operation is performed between Ingress TR and Egress TR. By numerical analysis, it is shown that the proposed scheme can reduce the handover latency much more than the other candidate schemes.

In the traditional Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) stack, IP address represents not only the identifier but also the location of a node so that it can not provide global roaming seamless. To address this problem, MIP (Mobile IP) uses dynamical care-of-address to indicate the location of a mobile node (MN) and stable home address to indicate its identifier. However, such a separation of MIP can not support routing scalability, location privacy, and manageability. In this paper, we propose an identifier/locator split architecture which contains an overlay mapping system to store identifier-to-locator mappings and manage mobile nodes' behavior. In addition, we design a novel mobility management scheme based on the identifier/locator split architecture (MMILS) which can address the above issues of MIP. To reduce the amount of signaling and enhance the performance, we distinguish micro-mobility and macro-mobility by introducing an Agent Tunnel Router (ATR). For micro-mobility, the ATR keeps the MN's identifier-to-locator mapping invariable, so it avoids the mapping update in the mapping system and the Tunnel Route (TR) of each correspondent node. For macro-mobility, to support fast update and handover, we design a united mapping table in the ATR. And then, we estimate the number of entries and the required storage space to validate it feasible. To evaluate the efficiency of MMILS, we analyze the signaling cost by establishing an analytical model and implement it in our test-bed. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can effectively reduce signaling traffic and has a low handover delay compared to MIP and HMIP (Hierarchical Mobile IP).

During the last few years, the network research community and the industry have been working on the design of an alternate Internet Routing Architecture aiming at solving the issues arising in the current architecture. It is widely accepted that applying a Locator/ID Separation paradigm would result in a more scalable and flexible architecture. As the name suggests, in Locator/ID Separation the identification (ID) and the localization (locator) of end-points is separated, while the link between the ID and the Locator(s) is ensured by what is called the mapping system. In this paper, we present OpenLISP, an open source implementation of LISP (Locator/ID Separation Protocol). LISP is a Locator/Identifier separation solution based on the map-and-encap approach, which has the merit of being incrementally deployable, hence, falling in the category of dirty-slate approaches. OpenLISP is not a merely implementation of the LISP specifications; it also defines the mapping sockets, a socket-based abstraction making the Data Plane and the Control Plane implementations independent. The evaluation provided in this paper shows the limited impact on the protocol stack performance compared to traditional non-encapsulated traffic.

In order to address the scalability issue of the Internet routing architecture, there is a growing consensus that it is necessary to separate the locator role and the identifier role of IP addresses. When identifiers are separated from locators, a critical challenge is how to design an identifier-to-locator mapping service to map identifiers onto locators. While many mapping services have been proposed in the literature, they are designed based on either the structure or the hash of identifiers. That is, they are all designed based on identifiers. A result of such design choices is that users of identifiers do not have the freedom to choose where to store their identifier-to-locator mappings. In this paper, we argue that an identifier-to-locator mapping service should offer users of identifiers the freedom to choose where to store their mappings. For this purpose, we propose to decouple the design of identifier-to-locator mapping services from identifiers. In particular, our research results show that, by setting a set of identifier-to-locator mapping service providers (MSPs) and letting the users of identifiers choose their preferred/trusted MSPs, we can design an elegant mapping service to map identifiers onto locators.

Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) is an efficient proposal for solving the severe routing scalability problems existing in the current IPv4-based Internet and the future IPv6-based Internet. However, the basic LISP architecture does not specify how to support mobility in detail. As mobility is a fundamental issue faced by the future Internet, LISP mobility architecture (LISP-MN) was proposed recently to extend LISP to support mobility. Nevertheless, LISP-MN is a host-based mobility approach which requires software changes in end systems. To some extent, such a design breaks the primary design principles of LISP, which is a network-based protocol and requires no modification to the hosts. In addition, LISP-MN faces the same inherent problems as other host-based approaches (e.g., MIPv4, MIPv6), such as handover latency, packet loss, and signalling overhead. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes MobileID, which is a network-based localized mobility approach for LISP. In our design, a mobile node is not aware of its mobility and does not participate in handover signalling. Instead, the network takes the responsibility for managing mobility on behalf of the mobile node. We present a general overview of MobileID architecture, and introduce the detailed protocol operations in terms of the basic MobileID handover process and the route optimization procedures. Furthermore, we describe a MobileID analytic model, and compare MobileID handover performance with three representative mobility solutions, i.e., LISP-MN, MIPv6 and PMIPv6. Numerical results show the superior performance of MobileID. The handover latency of MobileID is much lower than those of LISP-MN and MIPv6, and it becomes lower than that of PMIPv6 in case of a long wireless link delay.

During the last years, some operators have expressed concerns about the continued growth of the BGP routing tables in the default-free zone. Several proposed solutions for this issue are centered around the idea of separating the network node's identifier from its topological location. Among the existing proposals, the Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) has seen important development and implementation effort. LISP relies on a mapping system to provide bindings between locators and identifiers. The mapping system is a critical protocol component, and its design is still an open issue. In this paper we present a new mapping system: LISP-TREE. It is based on DNS and has a similar hierarchical topology: blocks of identifiers are assigned to the levels of the hierarchy by following the current IP address allocation policies. We also present measurement-driven simulations of mapping systems' performance, assuming a deployment of LISP in the current Internet.

Internet users seek solutions for mobility, multi-homing, support for localised address management (i.e. via NATs), and end-to-end security. Existing mobility approaches are not well integrated into the rest of the Internet architecture, instead primarily being separate extensions that at present are not widely deployed. Because the current approaches to these issues were developed separately, such approaches often are not harmonious when used together. Meanwhile, the Internet has a number of namespaces, for example the IP address or the Domain Name. In recent years, some have postulated that the Internet's namespaces are not sufficiently rich and that the current concept of an address is too limiting. One proposal, the concept of separating an address into an Identifier and a separate Locator, has been controversial in the Internet community for years. It has been considered within the IETF and IRTF several times, but always was rejected as unworkable. This paper takes the position that evolving the naming in the Internet by splitting the address into separate Identifier and Locator names can provide an elegant integrated solution to the key issues listed above, without changing the core routing architecture, while offering incremental deployability through backwards compatibility with IPv6.

The characteristics of Latin American network infrastructures have global consequences, particularly in the area of interdomain traffic engineering. As an example, Latin America shows the largest de-aggregation factor of IP prefixes among all regional Internet registries, being proportionally the largest contributor to the growth and dynamics of the global BGP routing table. In this article we analyze the peculiarities of LA interdomain routing architecture, and provide up-to-date data about the combined effects of the multihoming and TE practices in the region. We observe that the Internet Research Task Force initiative on the separation of the address space into locators and identifiers can not only alleviate the growth and dynamics of the global routing table, but can also offer appealing TE opportunities for LA. We outline one of the solutions under discussion at the IRTF, the Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol, and examine its potential in terms of interdomain traffic management in the context of LA. The key advantage of LISP is its nondisruptive nature, but the existing proposals for its control plane have some problems that may hinder its possible deployment. In light of this, we introduce a promising control plane for LISP that can solve these issues, and at the same time has the potential to bridge the gap between intradomain and interdomain traffic management.

Multicasting is a way to deliver copies of single message to multiple recipients at different locations. On the traditional internet, group members join specific multicast address through membership management protocol and packets are delivered along the path tree built by multicast routing protocol. Now we consider how multicast-style communication can be designed in id/locator separation environment. In this environment a common id as a group name can be used and it is shared by all group members, or a specific id can be assigned to an anchor point and packets are distributed to the group members by the anchor point. Mixture of both mechanisms is also possible. In this paper we redefine groupcasting instead of traditional multicasting, and show how multicasting can be designed and implemented in id/locator separation network environment.