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Die morbide Adipositas stellt ein erhebliches medizinisches und gesellschaftliches Problem dar. Die chirurgische Behandlung ist heutzutage die einzige effiziente Therapieform zur dauerhaften, nachhaltigen Gewichtsreduktion bei Patienten mit einem Body Mass Index über 40 kg/m². Die bariatrischen Operationen werden unterschieden in restriktive, malabsorptive oder Kombinationsverfahren. Alle gängigen Operationsverfahren haben sich grundsätzlich als effizient erwiesen mit einer Reduktion des Übergewichtes zwischen 50–80%. Komorbiditäten und Lebensqualität werden signifikant verbessert. Die Operations-Mortalität ist gering (0–1%). Der minimal-invasive Zugang mittels Laparoskopie stellt den Standard dar. Verfahren mit einer vornehmlich restriktiven Komponente zeigen insgesamt weniger Komplikationen sowohl im Kurz- als auch Langzeitverlauf. Unter den restriktiven Verfahren hat sich die Magenbypass-Operation als Standardmethode weltweit etabliert. Die bariatrische Chirurgie stellt letzten Endes nur ein Modul einer multimodalen und interdisziplinären Therapie dar. Dazu gehören auch Änderungen des Lebensstils, psychologische Betreuung, Ernährungsberatung und metabolische Kontrolle.

The production of MIM superalloys is one of the few remaining secretive areas of our technology, with information on applications in the aerospace sector, and the necessary properties achieved, kept confidential in order to protect decades of privately funded research and a competitive advantage. There remains, however, a significant volume of data available on what can be achieved via MIM processing. In this extensive review, Burghardt Klöden, Thomas Weissgärber, Bernd Kieback and Ingolf Langer present a detailed analysis of published work to-date and consider the potential for this area of MIM technology. - See more at: http://www.pim-international.com/pdfstore/The_processing_and_properties_of_MIM_Superalloys#sthash.SJpZOZKR.dpuf

Einleitung: Auf der Basis der bisher publizierten Studien ist der optimale Operationszeitpunkt für die Sigmadivertikulitis in Relation zum akuten Krankheitsbeginn unklar. Hintergrund unserer Studie war der Vergleich zwischen frühelektiver und spätelektiver Resektion nach dem akuten [for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 128. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Chirurgie

Einleitung: Kolonkarzinompatienten weisen auch nach kurativer Resektion des Karzinoms ein nicht unerhebliches Risiko für Rezidive oder metachrone Fernmetastasen auf. Solche Sekundärmanifestationen des Karzinoms, welche dank Tumornachsorge frühzeitig entdeckt werden, können heutzutage[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 126. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Chirurgie

Root exudates from sorghum, a Striga and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) host plant, and a number of Striga non-host plants which are AM host or AM non-host plants were collected and their effect on seed germination of Striga hermonthica was tested. Striga seeds germinate exclusively in presence of strigolactones, thus, Striga seeds germination is an indicator for the presence of strigolactones. Strigolactones are also thought to be essential signals (branching of AMF) for a successful root colonization by AMF. Root exudates of AM host plants stimulated Striga seed germination or showed no effect, whereas root exudates of AM non-host plants never showed an effect on Striga seed germination. This means that Striga seed germination stimulation by compounds in root exudates can not necessarily be linked with the host and nonhost status of plants to AMF. This absence of an effect on Striga seed germination of root exudates of AM host plants can be linked i) either with different levels of strigolactones in the root exudates of different AM host plants or ii) with the fact that not the same compounds are involved in Striga seed germination and in signaling during the establishment of the AM symbiosis

Increase of VPAC receptor s binding to the (16)gamma-glutamyl diaminopropane vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP-DAP) agonist, a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) structural analogue containing a positive charge at position 16, has confirmed the importance of a positive charge at this site. By investigating the effect of distance from the peptide backbone Calpha of a positive charge in position 16, data are reported here concerning: (i) a novel chemical method used for the synthesis of a new family of (16)gamma-glutamyl diamine VIP derivatives differing among them for single carbon atoms and including diaminoethane (VIP-DAE2), diaminopropane (VIP-DAP3), diaminobutane (VIP-DAB4), diaminopentane (VIP-DAP5), and diaminohexane (VIP-DAH6); (ii) functional characterization of these compounds on human VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors. In more detail, the EC50 and IC50 values, when measured as a function of the alkylic chain length, show in more detail, that the use of VIP-DAB4 derivative changes the IC50 but not the EC50, thus indicating on hVPAC2 receptor an unexpected relationship between binding and activity that differs from that obtained on hVPAC1.

1. We investigated the role of two conserved basic residues in the second transmembrane helix arginine 172 (R172) and lysine 179 (K179) of the VPAC(2) receptor. 2. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) activated VPAC(2) receptors with an EC(50) value of 7 nM, as compared to 150, 190 and 4000 nM at R172L, R172Q and K179Q-VPAC(2) receptors, respectively. It was inactive at K179I mutated VPAC(2) receptors. These results suggested that both basic residues were probably implicated in receptor recognition and activation. 3. The VPAC(2)-selective VIP analogue, [hexanoyl-His(1)]-VIP (C(6)-VIP), had a higher affinity and efficacy as compared to VIP at the mutated receptors. 4. VIP, Asn(3)-VIP and Gln(3)-VIP activated adenylate cyclase through R172Q receptors with EC(50) values of 190, 2 and 2 nM, respectively, and through R172L receptors with EC(50) values of 150, 12 and 8 nM, respectively. Asn(3)-VIP and Gln(3)-VIP behaved as partial agonists at the wild type receptor, with E(max) values (in per cent of VIP) of 75 and 52%, respectively. In contrast, they were more efficient than VIP (E(max) values of 150 and 150% at the R172Q VPAC(2) receptors, and of 400 and 360% at the R172L receptors, respectively). These results suggested that the receptor's R172 and the ligand's aspartate 3 are brought in close proximity in the active ligand-receptor complex. 5. The K179I and K179Q mutated receptors had a lower affinity than the wild-type receptors for all the agonists tested in this work: we were unable to identify the VIP amino acid(s) that interact with K179.