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8. Endemic and invasive Coccinellidae associated with maize (Zea mays L.) fields, in Manabi province, Ecuador

Author

Bailon Alvaro Gregorio, Mendoza Fernando Leonel, Solis Leonardo, Velasquez José, Montes Karime, Perla Gutierrez Diego R., Kondo Takumasa, and Chirinos Dorys T.

Subjects
biological control, diversity, lady beetles, natural enemies, predators, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.), which is considered an important cereal everywhere, is widely cultivated in different agroecological conditions. Throughout their phenological stages, maize crops are attacked by pests and diseases, and in Ecuador these phytosanitary problems are usually counteracted with applications of pesticides. However, knowledge of beneficial entomofauna is fundamental to guide pest management programs. As part of this objective, the Coccinellidae species present in maize fields in localities (Santa Ana, Colon, and Danzarin) in Manabí province were identified. In each zone, maize plants were sampled from 2018–2019. A total of 2,654 specimens belonging to 14 taxa were collected in this study, of which Cheilomenes sexmaculata, Cycloneda sanguinea, Hippodamia convergens, Hyperaspis arida, and Psyllobora confluens were found in all the studied areas. Hyperaspis arida and Diomus apollonia are reported for the first time in Ecuador.

Published
2022
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11. Actualización tecnológica y buenas prácticas agrícolas (BPA) en el cultivo de aguacate

Author

Díaz Diez, Cipriano Arturo, primary, Bernal Estrada, Jorge Alonso, additional, Builes Gaitán, Silvana, additional, Caicedo, Ana Milena, additional, Carabalí Muñoz, Arturo, additional, Casamitjana Causa, María, additional, Córdoba Gaona, Óscar de Jesús, additional, Duque Ríos, Marcela, additional, Forero Longas, Freddy, additional, Londoño Bonilla, Mauricio, additional, Londoño Zuluaga, Martha Eugenia, additional, García Lozano, Jairo, additional, Kondo, Takumasa, additional, Osorio Vega, Nelson Walter, additional, Rodríguez Yzquierdo, Gustavo Adolfo, additional, Rodríguez-León, Adriana Katerine, additional, Rondón Salas, Tatiana Mallanín, additional, Ruiz, Daniel, additional, Sandoval Aldana, Angélica, additional, Tamayo Molano, Pablo Julián, additional, Tamayo Vélez, Álvaro de Jesús, additional, Varón Devia, Édgar Herney, additional, Vásquez Gallo, Luz Adriana, additional, and Vega Marín, Cristian Alexander, additional

Published
2020
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14. Taxonomic review of the genus Xenolecanium Takahashi and description of the new genus Takahashilecanium Kondo (Hemiptera : Coccidae; Coccinae, Paralecaniini)

Author

Kondo, Takumasa, Dr., Williams, M L, and Gullan, P J

Subjects
ant association, Coccoidea, scale insect, taxonomic key
Abstract

The genus Xenolecanium Takahashi is reviewed and transferred from the subfamily Myzolecaniinae to the Coccinae (tribe Paralecaniini). The type species Xenolecanium mangiferae Takahashi is redescribed, and Xenolecanium takabashii Kondo sp. nov. from Indonesia is described based on the adult female and first instar nymph. A taxonomic key is provided to separate adult females of the two species of Xenolecanium. Xenolecanium rotundum Takahashi is transferred to become the type species of a new monotypic genus, Takahashilecanium Kondo, which is also placed in the Paralecaniini. The morphological justification for placing Xenolecanium and Takahashilecanium in the Paralecaniini is discussed, and we provide a taxonomic key for separating both genera from all other members of the Paralecaniini.

Published
2005

16. Los insectos escama (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) benéficos: Alimentos, colorantes, control de malezas, miel, cera y resinas

Author

Kondo, Takumasa and Kondo, Takumasa

Abstract

Scale insects are sucking insects belonging to 55 families of the infraorder Coccomorpha (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha). Of the 8,468 species described, only 640 have been considered as agricultural pests. These insects, as well as others, are an integral part of the ecosystem. From that point of view, all insects should be treated as beneficial. That is why it is important to make it clear that the term "pest" is completely anthropocentric, defined as any organism that has a harmful impact on human beings, their diet, or their living conditions, including organisms that act as vectors of diseases. Scale insects can be classified as beneficial or as "pests", depending on the circumstances. An insect that feeds on a weed or provides a valuable resource is considered beneficial, but when it attacks a cultivated plant, it is immediately classified as a "pest." In this work the other side of the spectrum is presented, i.e., the beneficial scale insects, which are used as sources of food, wax, dyes, resins, and weed control agents. Very few know that the varnish that gives shine to guitars and violins is extracted from lac insects of the genus Kerria (Kerriidae); that carminic acid, the raw material for the red colorant in lipsticks and many foods, is extracted from the cochineal insect Dactylopius coccus Costa (Dactylopiidae); and that the biblical manna are the flakes made from the dried honeydew of two species of mealybugs, Trabutina mannipara (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Trabutina serpentina (Green) (Pseudococcidae)., Los insectos escama son insectos chupadores pertenecientes a 55 familias del infraorden Coccomorpha (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha). De las 8468 especies descritas, solo 640 se han considerado como plagas de la agricultura. Estos insectos, así como los demás, son parte integral del ecosistema. Desde ese punto de vista, todos los insectos deberían tratarse como benéficos. Es por eso por lo que es importante dejar claro que el término “plaga” es completamente antropocéntrico, definiéndose como cualquier organismo que tenga un impacto nocivo sobre el ser humano, su alimentación o sus condiciones de vida, incluidos los organismos que actúan como vectores de enfermedades. Los insectos escama pueden calificarse como benéficos o como "plagas", según las circunstancias. Un insecto que se alimenta de una mala hierba o proporciona un recurso valioso se considera benéfico, pero cuando ataca una planta cultivada, inmediatamente se clasifica como una "plaga". En este trabajo se presenta el otro lado del espectro, los insectos escama benéficos, que se utilizan como fuentes de alimento, cera, colorantes, resinas, agentes de control de malezas. Muy pocos saben que el barniz que da brillo a las guitarras y violines se extrae de los insectos laca del género Kerria (Kerriidae); que el ácido carmínico, materia prima del colorante rojo de los lápices labiales y de muchos alimentos se extrae de la cochinilla del carmín Dactylopius coccus Costa (Dactylopiidae); y que el maná bíblico son las hojuelas que se producen cuando se seca la miel de rocío de dos especies de cochinillas harinosas, Trabutina mannipara (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) y Trabutina serpentina (Green) (Pseudococcidae).

Published
2023

17. Control biológico de fitopatógenos, insectos y ácaros: Aplicaciones y perspectivas (volumen 2)

Author

Cotes Prado, Alba Marina, primary, Fargetton, Xavier, additional, Köhl, Jürgen, additional, Díaz García, Andrés, additional, Gómez Álvarez, Martha Isabel, additional, Grijalba Bernal, Erika Paola, additional, Santos Diaz, Adriana Marcela, additional, Cruz Barrera, Fredy Mauricio, additional, León Moreno, Diana Marcela, additional, Alarcón Torres, Erika Andrea, additional, Uribe, Liz Alejandra, additional, Torres Torres, Lissette, additional, Moreno, Fabiola, additional, Betancourt, Ruth Análida, additional, Aragón Rodríguez, Sandra Milena, additional, Martínez Vargas, Yohana Alexandra, additional, Sabogal, Alexander Escobar, additional, Rodríguez, Martha Liliana, additional, Borrero Echeverry, Felipe, additional, Oehlschlager, Cam, additional, Solórzano, Leonardo, additional, Elad, Yigal, additional, Rincón, Diego Fernando, additional, Espitia Malagón, Eduardo María, additional, Hoy, Casey W., additional, Beltrán-Acosta, Camilo, additional, Mosher, Stephen, additional, Barrera, Gloria Patricia, additional, Kobayashi, Sadao, additional, Espinel Correal, Carlos, additional, Gómez Valderrama, Juliana Andrea, additional, Cuartas Otalora, Paola Emilia, additional, Villamizar Rivero, Laura Fernanda, additional, Ghiringhelli, Pablo Daniel, additional, Caro-Quintero, Alejandro, additional, Massart, Sebastien, additional, Belaich, Mariano Nicolás, additional, de Clerck, Caroline, additional, Hernández Nopsa, John Fredy, additional, León Martínez, Guillermo Adolfo, additional, Arcila Cardona, Ángela María, additional, Pulido, Luz Astrid, additional, and Kondo, Takumasa, additional

Published
2018
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18. Control biológico de fitopatógenos, insectos y ácaros: Agentes de control biológico (Volumen 1)

Author

Cotes Prado, Alba Marina, primary, Moreno-Velandia, Carlos Andrés, additional, Zapata, Yimmy, additional, Beltrán-Acosta, Camilo, additional, Kobayashi, Sadao, additional, Uribe Gutiérrez, Liz Alejandra, additional, Elad, Yigal, additional, Bettiol, Wagner, additional, Jijakli, Haissam, additional, Wisniewski, Michael, additional, Caro-Quintero, Alejandro, additional, González Almario, Carolina, additional, Balbín-Suárez, Alicia, additional, Berg, Gabriele, additional, Smalla, Kornelia, additional, Grijalba, Erika, additional, Hurst, Mark, additional, Ibarra, Jorge, additional, Jurat-Fuentes, Juan Luis, additional, Jackson, Trevor, additional, Espinel Correal, Carlos, additional, Torres Torres, Lissette Aracelly, additional, Villamizar Rivero, Laura Fernanda, additional, Bustillo Pardey, Alex Enrique, additional, Zuluaga Mogollón, María Victoria, additional, Cuartas, Paola, additional, Gómez Valderrama, Juliana Andrea, additional, Barrera Cubillos, Gloria Patricia, additional, López-Ferber, Miguel, additional, Borrero-Echeverry, Felipe, additional, Barreto-Triana, Nancy, additional, Aragón-Rodríguez, Sandra Milena, additional, Rivera-Trujillo, Hugo Fernando, additional, Oehlschlager, Cam, additional, Kondo, Takumasa, additional, Rincón, Diego Fernando, additional, Pérez Álvarez, Ricardo, additional, Vásquez Ordóñez, Aymer Andrés, additional, and González, Guillermo, additional

Published
2018
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19. New insights on the rare blind blister beetle genus Meloetyphlus (Coleoptera: Meloidae): occurrence in Colombia, SEM larval description, and molecular phylogenetic placement.

Author

Giulio, Andrea Di, Kondo, Takumasa, Bologna, Marco A., and Riccieri, Alessandra

Subjects
*BEETLES, *BEES, *HYMENOPTERA, *APIDAE, *SOUND recordings, *SCANNING electron microscopes
Abstract

Meloetyphlus Waterhouse is a monotypic genus of Meloidae ascribed to the tribe Tetraonycini, subfamily Meloinae. As for most blister beetles, its first-instar larvae (or triungulins) are parasites of bees, but M. fuscatus Waterhouse is the only species known to parasitize members of the tribe Euglossini (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apinae). Despite being widely distributed in Central and South America, its presence in Colombia has never been confirmed. In this article, we document the occurrence of this genus in Colombia providing the first certain record for this country. In addition, some aspects of its parasitization of Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier are reported and illustrated with macrophotographs and a video. By the means of drawings and SEM micrographs, we provide the most detailed description of the first-instar larva of M. fuscatus to date and a comparison with the triungulin of the closely related Tetraonyx fulvus (LeConte). Finally, we investigated the phylogenetic position of Meloetyphlus using molecular data, to support its attribution to the tribe Tetraonycini. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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24. Cryptostigma cecropiaphilum Kondo & Roubik 2022, sp. nov

Author

Kondo, Takumasa and Roubik, David W.

Subjects
Hemiptera, Cryptostigma, Insecta, Arthropoda, Coccidae, Cryptostigma cecropiaphilum, Animalia, Biodiversity, Taxonomy
Abstract

Cryptostigma cecropiaphilum Kondo & Roubik, sp. nov. Material examined (Coccidae). Holotype. Adult ♀. Left label: Cryptostigma / cecropiaphilum Kondo & / Roubik, Ecuador, Orellana / Prov., Yasuní Biosphere / Reserve, ca 14km North of / PUCE Scientific Field / Station, March 2018 / Coll. David W. Roubik. Right label: ex inside hollow stem of / Cecropia ficifolia Warb. / ex Snethl (Urticaceae) / inside nest of Plebeia sp. / Acid Fuchsin Stain / Canada Balsam, 1(1) (CTNI: No. 7109) . Paratypes. Same data as holotype, 54(58 specimens: 17 adult ♀♀ + 10 third-instar nymphs + 24 second-instar nymphs + 7 first-instar nymphs) (CTNI: No. 7109); same data as holotype except date is May 2019, coll. D. Roubik and A. Argoti, 14(15 specimens: 12 adult females + 3 third-instar nymphs) (CTNI: No. 7109); Francisco Orellana Province, Yasuni Biosphere Reserve, PUCE Scientific Field Station, 21.xi.2017, coll. David W. Roubik, inside hollow stem of Cecropia ficifolia Warb. Ex Snethl (Urticaceae), tended by Azteca sp. ants, 2(4 first-instar nymphs) (CTNI: No. 7109); Francisco Orellana Province, Yasuni Biosphere Reserve, PUCE Scientific Field Station, 10.xii.2019, coll. David W. Roubik, inside hollow stem of Cecropia sciadophylla Mart. (Urticaceae), 4(6 specimens: 1 adult female + 5 first-instar nymphs) (QCAZ)., Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Roubik, David W., 2022, Description of a new ant- and stingless-bee-loving species of Cryptostigma Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) from Ecuador living inside internodes of Cecropia (Urticaceae), with an updated key to the adult females and first-instar nymphs of the genus, pp. 543-554 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on page 546, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7138503

Published
2022
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25. Cryptostigma Ferris 1922

Author

Kondo, Takumasa and Roubik, David W.

Subjects
Hemiptera, Cryptostigma, Insecta, Arthropoda, Coccidae, Animalia, Biodiversity, Taxonomy
Abstract

Key to adult females of species of Cryptostigma Ferris (modified from Kondo 2010) 1 Ventral tubular ducts present............................................................................ 2 - Ventral tubular ducts absent............................................................................. 3 2(1) With multilocular disc-pores just posterior to antennae. Dorsum with 60 or more orbicular pores. Associated with ants......................................................................................... C. saundersi Laing - Without multilocular disc-pores around antennae. Dorsum with fewer than 35 orbicular pores. Associated with stingless bees................................................................................... C. chacoense Kondo 3(1) Margin of dorsal stigmatic sclerotization dentate (similar to the chain of a chainsaw)................ C. serratum Kondo - Margin of dorsal stigmatic sclerotization smooth, not dentate.................................................. 4 4(3) Dorsum with orbicular pores............................................................................ 5 - Dorsum without orbicular pores........................................................................ 11 5(4) Dorsum with 2 orbicular pores. Multilocular disc-pores present on each side of mouthparts....... C. biorbiculus Morrison - Dorsum with 3 or more orbicular pores. Multilocular disc-pores absent from around mouthparts...................... 6 6(5) Dorsum with a small group of many setae present next to each stigmatic sclerotization. Dorsal derm becoming tessellate in mature specimens. Orbicular pores totaling 3‒8.............................................. C. philwardi Kondo - Dorsal setae absent. Dorsal derm not tessellated in mature specimens. Orbicular pores totaling 3 or 5.................. 7 7(6) Dorsum with 5 orbicular pores.......................................................................... 8 - Dorsum with 3 orbicular pores.......................................................................... 9 8(7) Multilocular pores abundant around vulva and median areas of abdominal segments, and often a few on last thoracic segments too; also present in a submarginal band extending from vulvar area alongside anal cleft to posterior spiracular pore band on each side of body. Cribriform platelets present, each square, round or irregularly shaped and each with 2‒10 pores. Dorsum without clusters of small simple pores (apart from those in the platelets). Some antennal fleshy setae with apices not knobbed. Derm around body margin rugose............................................................. C. urichi (Cockerell) - Multilocular pores abundant around vulva and posterior abdominal segments, but not distributed as above. Cribriform platelets absent. Dorsum with clusters of 4‒10 small simple pores. Antennal fleshy setae with apices always knobbed. Derm around body margin smooth................................................................... C. inquilinum (Newstead) 9(7) Body margin heavily papillate. With very few or no multilocular pores near margin of abdominal apex.. C. gullanae Kondo - Body margin not papillate, although may be somewhat rugose. Numerous multilocular pores present around submargin of abdomen.......................................................................................... 10 10(9) Body about 2x longer than wide. Each stigmatic cleft with 1 stigmatic seta. Associated with ants...... C. jonmartini Kondo - Body about as long as wide. Each stigmatic cleft with 3 stigmatic setae. Associated with stingless bees.................................................................................................. C. melissophilum Kondo 11(4) Dorsum without sclerotic pores. Legs greatly reduced, but each with about 4 segments, each segment mostly quadrate........................................................................................ C. mexicanum Kondo - Dorsum with sclerotic pores. Legs greatly reduced, usually each represented by a rudimentary claw or small sclerotized disc with associated pores and setae......................................................................... 12 12(11) Sclerotic pores arranged in square- to rectangular-shaped groups. Dorsal microducts each with outer ductule long and heavily sclerotized, swollen near duct opening.............................................. C. reticulolaminae Morrison - Sclerotic pores not arranged as above. Dorsal microducts each with outer ductule long or short; if long, neither swollen near duct opening nor heavily sclerotized..................................................................... 13 13(12) Stigmatic sclerotization cone-shaped. Each anal plate with 10–16 dorsal setae............... C. guadua Kondo & Gullan - Stigmatic sclerotization not cone-shaped. Each anal plate usually with 5 or fewer dorsal setae....................... 14 14(13) Preopercular pores present............................................................................. 15 - Preopercular pores absent............................................................................. 16 15(14) Preopercular pores tubercle like. Multilocular pores restricted to perivulvar region and abdominal segments. Associated Hymenoptera unknown.............................................................. C. tuberculosum Kondo - Preopercular pores not tubercle like. Multilocular pores present on perivulvar region and mid areas of thoracic and abdominal segments, also with several pores around prothoracic legs. Associated with stingless bees or Azteca sp. ants.............................................................................. C. cecropiaphilum Kondo & Roubik sp. nov. 16(14) Dorsum next to each stigmatic cleft with small subcircular group of large simple pores.... Cryptostigma rhizophilum Kondo - Dorsum next to each stigmatic cleft without small group of large simple pores................................... 17 17(16) Venter with simple pores present on thorax. Habit arboreal...................................... C. longinoi Kondo - Venter without simple pores. Habit hypogeic............................................... C. silveirai (Hempel), Published as part of Kondo, Takumasa & Roubik, David W., 2022, Description of a new ant- and stingless-bee-loving species of Cryptostigma Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) from Ecuador living inside internodes of Cecropia (Urticaceae), with an updated key to the adult females and first-instar nymphs of the genus, pp. 543-554 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on pages 551-552, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7138503, {"references":["Kondo, T. (2010) Taxonomic revision of the myrmecophilous, meliponiphilous and rhizophilous soft scale genus Cryptostigma Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Zootaxa, 2709 (1), 1 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2709.1.1"]}

Published
2022
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31. First report of Pseudococcus viburni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Colombia: Morphometric and molecular analysis, with notes on morphological variation in specimens from Brazil and Colombia.

Author

Caballero, Alejandro, Pacheco da Silva, Vitor Cezar, Kaydan, Mehmet Bora, Rueda‐Ramirez, Diana, Kondo, Takumasa, Ramos‐Portilla, Andrea Amalia, and Duarte Gómez, William

Subjects
MEALYBUGS, HEMIPTERA, BIOLOGICAL classification, FIG, HOST plants, OPUNTIA ficus-indica, MORACEAE
Abstract

The obscure mealybug Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is recorded for the first time from Colombia based on specimens collected on Opuntia cylindrica (Lam.) DC., Mammillaria sp. (Cactaceae), Escallonia paniculata (Ruiz & Pav.), Roem. & Schult. (Escalloniaceae), Ficus carica L. (Moraceae), Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae), Citrus sp. (Rutaceae), Cestrum nocturnum L. and Solanum betaceum Cavanilles (Solanaceae). Multiple methods were used to identify P. viburni because it belongs to the "Pseudococcus maritimus" complex, a group composed of more than 60 species with high variation in morphological characteristics. The specimens were identified based on the morphology and morphometric analysis of third‐instar nymphs and adult females. This morphological identification was corroborated by data on geographical distribution, plant hosts and a molecular identification using two different loci, CO1 (mtDNA) and the 28S ribosomal gene (nuclear genome). An updated list of species of Pseudococcus Westwood recorded from Colombia and information on morphological variation found in the studied specimens from Brazil and Colombia are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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34. First report in Colombia and diagnosis of Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid wasp of Diaphorina citri(Hemiptera: Liviidae)

Author

Kondo, Takumasa, Woolley, James B., Arciniegas, Kelly Tatiana, Campos-Patiño, Yenifer, Kondo, Takumasa, Woolley, James B., Arciniegas, Kelly Tatiana, and Campos-Patiño, Yenifer

Abstract

Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is herein reported for the first time from Colombia based on specimens collected in the municipality of Palmira, department of Valle del Cauca. Adult male and female wasps of this endoparasitoid are diagnosed based on published literature and character states taken from specimens collected in the present study. The adult parasitoids were extracted from parasitized nymphs (mummies) of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). Information is provided on the differences in the morphology of parasitized nymphs of D. citri with exit holes made by the two main primary parasitoids, i.e., Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and D. aligarhensis. Rates of parasitization on D. citri ranged from 1.5 to 24.2 % for T. radiata and 0.3 to 1.0 % for D. aligarhensis. With the present study, the presence of D. aligarhensis in Colombia becomes the second confirmed report of the species in South America, after Ecuador., Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) se reporta por primera vez en Colombia con base en especímenes recolectados en el municipio de Palmira, departamento del Valle del Cauca. Los machos y hembras adultos del endoparasitoide D. aligarhensis se diagnostican con base en la literatura publicada y los estados de carácter tomados de las muestras recolectadas en el presente estudio. Los parasitoides adultos se extrajeron de ninfas parasitadas (momias) del psílido asiático de los cítricos, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). También se proporciona información sobre las diferencias en la morfología de las ninfas parasitadas de D. citri con orificios de salida de los dos principales parasitoides primarios, i.e., Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) y D. aligarhensis. Las tasas de parasitismo en D. citri variaron entre 1,5 y 24,2 % para T. radiata y entre 0,3 y 1,0 % para D. aligarhensis. Con el presente estudio, la presencia de D. aligarhensis en Colombia se convierte en el segundo reporte confirmado de la especie en América del Sur después de Ecuador.

Published
2022

39. Bases tecnológicas para la producción de material de siembra de alta calidad de las especies cítricas para Colombia

Author

Martínez, Mauricio Fernando, primary, Murcia Riaño, Nubia, additional, Barreto Rojas, Juliene Andrea, additional, Acosta Herrera, Gustavo, additional, Jaramillo Laverde, Alejandro, additional, Correa-Moreno, Diana Lucía, additional, López Galé, Yeison David, additional, Rodríguez Mora, Diana Milena, additional, Kondo, Takumasa, additional, Palacios Joya, Lizeth Paola, additional, and Beltrán López, Hover, additional

Published
2022
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46. Trophic networks associated with the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch, 1856) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in a cornfield, Manabí, Ecuador.

Author

Centeno-Parrales, Jesús A., Chirinos, Dorys T., and Kondo, Takumasa

Subjects
RHOPALOSIPHUM, HEMIPTERA, ASSASSIN bugs, LADYBUGS, APHIDS, HYMENOPTERA, DIPTERA
Abstract

The corn leaf aphid is considered an important pest associated with maize. This study aimed to discover the trophic associations around Rhopalosiphum maidis in Manabí, Ecuador. Maize leaves were sampled to determine the numbers of parasitized aphids, and the identities of predators and parasitoids. Nine taxa of natural enemies were detected: the primary parasitoid was Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson, 1880 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); the hyperparasitoid Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr, 1876) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae); the predatory hoverfly Ocyptamus dimidiatus (Fabricius, 1781) (Diptera: Syrphidae), four species of coccinellids, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1781), Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763), Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, 1842 and Paraneda pallidula guticollis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and an assassin bug, Zelus sp. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). A parasitoid, Pachyneuron formosum Walker, 1833 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) emerged from hoverfly pupae. This study reports the presence of the parasitoids S. aphidivorus and P. formosum in Ecuador for the first time. These results increase the knowledge of a four-trophic level relationship (host plant – pest – parasitoids, predators – hyperparasitoids) in a maize agroecosystem as a fundamental basis for biological control programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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