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Purpose: Reflecting the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda and responding to the WHO World Report on Vision, IAPB and partners have developed 2030 IN SIGHT as new eye health sector strategy. An Integrated People Centered Eye-Care approach has been identified as central for success, with IAPB calling [for full text, please go to the a.m. URL]

The NGDO Coordination Group for the Control of Onchocerciasis was launched in 1992, and with the paradigm shift from control of disease to elimination of onchocerciasis transmission, the Group shifted its orientation to that new paradigm in 2013. It also changed its name, replacing 'control' with 'elimination.' In doing so, the Group has repositioned itself to build on the successes of the past to finish the job it began over 25 years ago.

Background The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum is an emerging insect model organism representing the largest insect order, Coleoptera, which encompasses several serious agricultural and forest pests. Despite the ecological and economic importance of beetles, most insect olfaction studies have so far focused on dipteran, lepidopteran, or hymenopteran systems. Results Here, we present the first detailed morphological description of a coleopteran olfactory pathway in combination with genome-wide expression analysis of the relevant gene families involved in chemoreception. Our study revealed that besides the antennae, also the mouthparts are highly involved in olfaction and that their respective contribution is processed separately. In this beetle, olfactory sensory neurons from the mouthparts project to the lobus glomerulatus, a structure so far only characterized in hemimetabolous insects, as well as to a so far non-described unpaired glomerularly organized olfactory neuropil in the gnathal ganglion, which we term the gnathal olfactory center. The high number of functional odorant receptor genes expressed in the mouthparts also supports the importance of the maxillary and labial palps in olfaction of this beetle. Moreover, gustatory perception seems equally distributed between antenna and mouthparts, since the number of expressed gustatory receptors is similar for both organs. Conclusions Our analysis of the T. castaneum chemosensory system confirms that olfactory and gustatory perception are not organotopically separated to the antennae and mouthparts, respectively. The identification of additional olfactory processing centers, the lobus glomerulatus and the gnathal olfactory center, is in contrast to the current picture that in holometabolous insects all olfactory inputs allegedly converge in the antennal lobe. These findings indicate that Holometabola have evolved a wider variety of solutions to chemoreception than previously assumed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0304-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

OR gene tissue expression and their chromosomal localization. a Venn diagram showing the number of ORs expressed (RPKM ≥ 0.5) in the different body parts: antennae, legs, mouthparts (as piece of the head capsule anterior of the antennae), heads (the whole head capsule including mouthparts but excluding the antennae), and bodies (excluding head and legs). b Venn diagram comparing our results (yellow, green) with data from Engsontia et al. [115] (blue, red). Number of expressed ORs, defined by RPKM ≥ 0.5 (yellow), by RT-PCR (blue), not expressed RPKM

IR gene tissue expression and chromosomal localization of IR and SNMP genes. a Venn diagram showing the number of IRs expressed (RPKMâ â Ľâ 0.5) in the different body parts: antennae, legs, mouthparts (as a piece of the head capsule anterior of the antennae), heads (the whole head capsule including mouthparts but excluding the antennae), and bodies (excluding head and legs). b Based on Georgia GA-2 strain genome assembly 3 [81], only chromosomal linkage groups containing an IR or SNMP are depicted. Gene clusters are indicated by a number referring to the chromosome and a letter conveys the relative position on the chromosome. The number of genes within this cluster is indicated in square brackets. (PDF 66 kb)

Sequences of primers and template plasmid used to generate pSLfa1180[2.5kbOrcoUp_GAL4delta]. (PDF 111 kb)

Primary and secondary antibodies and dyes used with additional information such as source and specificity. n/a not available. (PDF 118 kb)

Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Univ., Diplomarbeit, 2016

Insekten sind die erfolgreichsten Tiere auf der Erde und sie haben einen großen Einfluss auf alle terrestrischen Ökosysteme. Sie haben ebenfalls einen großen Einfluss auf die Menschheit, sei es durch Bestäubung von Agrarpflanzen, Zerstörung von Ernten durch Fraßschäden oder durch Übertragung von Krankheiten auf Menschen und Nutztiere. Die meisten Insekten nutzen ihr Geruchssystem zur Bewältigung wichtiger Aufgaben wie z. B. dem Finden von Nahrung oder Geschlechtspartnern. Obwohl Käfer zu der diversesten und größten Insektenordnung gehören, wurde bei Käfern dieses wichtige Geruchsystem noch nie im Detail untersucht. Um das Geruchssystem der Käfer zu erforschen, wurde 1) ein Organismus – der Rotbraune Reismehlkäfer Tribolim castaneum – im Detail untersucht und 2) bestimmte neuronale Merkmale des Geruchssystems von zahlreichen Käfern und Insekten untersucht und miteinander verglichen, um dadurch ein breiteres Bild des Geruchssystems der Käfer zu erhalten. 1: Vom Gehirn von T. castaneum wurden sowohl von Larven als auch von adulten Tieren 3D-Rekonstruktionen angefertigt. Das Geruchssystem des adulten Tieres wurde umfangreich untersucht. Dies beinhaltete unter anderem A) die Morphologie der Antennen und deren chemorezeptiver Sensillen sowie die Neuroarchitektur der Gehirnareale, welche an der Verarbeitung der Geruchsinformationen beteiligt sind, als auch B) molekulare Daten über das Geruchssystem wie z. B. der Identifikation und Verteilung von olfaktorischen und gustatorischen Rezeptoren. Zusätzlich untersuchten wir die Verteilung von Neuropeptiden im primären olfaktorischen Integrationszentrum – dem Antennallobus (AL) – und einem höheren olfaktorischen Intergrationszentrum – dem Pilzkörper (engl. mushroom body: MB). 2: Der zweite Fokus dieser Doktorarbeit lag auf der Untersuchung bestimmter Merkmale des Geruchssystems in unterschiedlichen Arten. Hierzu wurde A) die Verteilung von acht Neuropeptidfamilien in den MB von insgesamt 24 unterschiedlichen Insektenarten untersucht und miteinander verglichen. Weiterhin wurde B) der AL von insgesamt 63 verschiedenen Käferarten erforscht und miteinander verglichen. Hierbei fiel auf, dass bei vielen der untersuchten Arten die olfaktorischen Glomeruli ungewöhnliche Substrukturierungen aufwiesen, wie sie so noch nie in Insekten oder anderen Tieren beobachtet wurden. In einem weiteren Projekt wurde die Verteilung dieser Substrukturierungen in einer Art genauer untersucht und beobachtet, dass die Zahl der Substrukturierungen linear mit der Größe der Glomeruli korreliert. Diese Doktorarbeit hat erstmalig detailliert das Geruchssystem von Käfern erforscht und dabei mehrere Charakteristika entdeckt, die so noch nie bei Insekten, bzw. Käfern, beobachtet wurden. Diese Arbeit ist ein fundamentaler Schritt zur Etablierung von T. castaneum als ersten Käfer-Modellorganismus in der Neurobiologie, speziell für die Erforschung der Olfaktorik., Insects are the most successful animals on earth. They have a great impact on almost all terrestrial ecosystems, affecting mankind by beneficial and harmful ways like facilitating vast amounts of human food production via pollination or by being a devastating pest to agricultural products and food stocks as well as spreading diseases. Among insects, Coleoptera are the most divers and species richest order, containing vast quantities of pest species. The majority of insects depends heavily on their olfactory system to master most tasks they encounter during their lifespan, like finding food sources, hosts, native populations, and mates, or to avoid predators. Despite the diversity and species richness of beetles, as well as their impact as pest, not much is known about the olfactory system of these animals. To investigate the olfactory system of Coleoptera, we analyzed 1) the olfactory pathway of one model organism in highly detail and 2) we examined particular brain regions of the olfactory system of many beetles and insects and compared them with each other. 1: For the highly detailed analysis of the olfactory pathway of one species we worked with the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, an already established model organism in some fields of biology like in development and evolution. Experiments requiring genetic methods had been performed in cooperation with the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. Based on immunohistochemical stainings we created 3D-reconstructions of adult and larval brains, helping us to identifying the most prominent brain structures, as a starting point for following projects. On this basis, we decrypted the olfactory pathway of the adult T. castaneum. This includes A) morphological data of the antenna with its olfactory sensilla and neuroanatomical data of the brain structures involved in olfaction, as well as B) molecular data from antennal structures involved in olfaction (like olfactory respectively gustatory receptors or olfactory binding proteins). Furthermore, we identified neuropeptide families within the primary and one higher integration center for olfaction - namely the antennal lobe (AL) and mushroom body (MB) - of T castaneum. Additionally, we investigated one neuropeptide family and its respective receptor within the brain of T. castaneum in detail. We compared this neuropeptide family and its receptor with two structurally similar and closely related neuropeptide families and their receptors. 2: The second focus of this thesis was the investigation of single features of the olfactory pathway and their comparison between different coleopteran-, respectively insect species. In one project we studied the distribution of eight neuropeptide families within the MB of 24 different insect species and compared them with each other, looking for potential evolutionary correlations. Furthermore, we analyzed the AL of 63 different Coleoptera and found an unusual architecture of the AL in some species. In a related project we investigated such an unusual architectured AL of one species (the small hive beetle Aethina tumida) highly detailed. In this thesis, the brain architecture and especially the olfactory system of Coleoptera had been investigated for the first time in high detail. We revealed new insights regarding the olfactory (respectively chemoreceptive) pathway of these animals. The findings will help to establish T. castaneum as the fist coleopteran model organism for insect neuroscience and in particular for insect olfaction. The single projects of this thesis will be described in-depth in the following eight chapters.