97 results on '"Kminek G"'
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2. Definition and use of functional analogues in planetary exploration
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Foucher, F., Hickman-Lewis, K., Hutzler, A., Joy, K.H., Folco, L., Bridges, J.C., Wozniakiewicz, P., Martínez-Frías, J., Debaille, V., Zolensky, M., Yano, H., Bost, N., Ferrière, L., Lee, M., Michalski, J., Schroeven-Deceuninck, H., Kminek, G., Viso, M., Russell, S., Smith, C., Zipfel, J., and Westall, F.
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- 2021
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3. Environment and Sustainability
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Persson, E., Martínez-Frías, J., Milligan, T., Arnould, J., Kminek, G., Ratcliffe, Martin, Series Editor, Hillebrandt, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Inglis, Michael, Series Editor, Weintraub, David, Series Editor, Capova, Klara Anna, editor, Persson, Erik, editor, Milligan, Tony, editor, and Dunér, David, editor
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- 2018
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4. Report of the workshop for life detection in samples from Mars
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Kminek, G, Conley, C, Allen, CC, Bartlett, DH, Beaty, DW, Benning, LG, Bhartia, R, Boston, PJ, Duchaine, C, Farmer, JD, Flynn, GJ, Glavin, DP, Gorby, Y, Hallsworth, JE, Mogul, R, Moser, D, Buford Price, P, Pukall, R, Fernandez-Remolar, D, Smith, CL, Stedman, K, Steele, A, Stepanauskas, R, Sun, H, Vago, JL, Voytek, MA, Weiss, PS, and Westall, F
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The question of whether there is or was life on Mars has been one of the most pivotal since Schiaparellis' telescopic observations of the red planet. With the advent of the space age, this question can be addressed directly by exploring the surface of Mars and by bringing samples to Earth for analysis. The latter, however, is not free of problems. Life can be found virtually everywhere on Earth. Hence the potential for contaminating the Mars samples and compromising their scientific integrity is not negligible. Conversely, if life is present in samples from Mars, this may represent a potential source of extraterrestrial biological contamination for Earth. A range of measures and policies, collectively termed 'planetary protection', are employed to minimise risks and thereby prevent undesirable consequences for the terrestrial biosphere. This report documents discussions and conclusions from a workshop held in 2012, which followed a public conference focused on current capabilities for performing life-detection studies on Mars samples. The workshop focused on the evaluation of Mars samples that would maximise scientific productivity and inform decision making in the context of planetary protection. Workshop participants developed a strong consensus that the same measurements could be employed to effectively inform both science and planetary protection, when applied in the context of two competing hypotheses: 1) that there is no detectable life in the samples; or 2) that there is martian life in the samples. Participants then outlined a sequence for sample processing and defined analytical methods that would test these hypotheses. They also identified critical developments to enable the analysis of samples from Mars. © 2014 The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR).
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- 2014
5. Environment and Sustainability
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Persson, E., primary, Martínez-Frías, J., additional, Milligan, T., additional, Arnould, J., additional, and Kminek, G., additional
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- 2018
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6. Time-Sensitive Aspects of Mars Sample Return (MSR) Science
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Tosca, N. J., Agee, Carl, Cockell, C., Glavin, D P, Hutzler, Aurore, Marty, B., McCubbin, F. M., Regberg, Aaron, Velbel, Michael, Kminek, G., Meyer, M., Beaty, D.W., Carrier, B. L., Haltigin, T., Hays, Lindsay, Busemann, H., Cavalazzi, Barbara, Debaille, V, Grady, M., Hauber, Ernst, Pratt, Lisa, Smith, Alvin, Smith, C., Summons, R E, Swindle, T. D., Tait, Kimberly, Udry, Arya, Usui, Tomohiro, Wadhwa, M., Westall, F., Zorzano, M.-P., Tosca N. J., Beaty D. W., Carrier B. L., Agee C. B., Cockell C. S., Glavin D. P., Hutzler A., Marty B., McCubbin F. M., Regberg A. B., Velbel M. A., Kminek G., Meyer M. A., Haltigin T., Busemann H., Cavalazzi B., Debaille V., Grady M. M., Hauber E., Hays L. E., Pratt L. M., Smith A. L., Smith C. L., Summons R. E., Swindle T. D., Tait K. T., Udry A., Usui T., Wadhwa M., Westall F., Zorzano M. -P., University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], University of Edinburgh, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), European Space Agency (ESA), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), NASA, Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System, Smithsonian Institution, NASA Headquarters, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Canadian Space Agency (CSA), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Bologna, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Indiana University [Bloomington], Indiana University System, The Natural History Museum [London] (NHM), University of Glasgow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of Arizona, Royal Ontario Museum, University of Nevada [Las Vegas] (WGU Nevada), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [Sagamihara] (JAXA), Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), University of Aberdeen, Tosca, Nicholas [0000-0003-4415-4231], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
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Minerals ,geology ,Extraterrestrial Environment ,laboratory experiments ,Sulfates ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,astrobiology ,Mars ,Space Flight ,Mars Sample Return (MSR) Science ,sample return ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Space and Planetary Science ,Exobiology ,Clay ,Gases - Abstract
Samples returned from Mars would be placed under quarantine at a Sample Receiving Facility (SRF) until they are considered safe to release to other laboratories for further study. The process of determining whether samples are safe for release, which may involve detailed analysis and/or sterilization, is expected to take several months. However, the process of breaking the sample tube seal and extracting the headspace gas will perturb local equilibrium conditions between gas and rock and set in motion irreversible processes that proceed as a function of time. Unless these time-sensitive processes are understood, planned for, and/or monitored during the quarantine period, scientific information expected from further analysis may be lost forever. At least four processes underpin the time-sensitivity of Mars returned sample science: (1) degradation of organic material of potential biological origin, (2) modification of sample headspace gas composition, (3) mineral-volatile exchange, and (4) oxidation/reduction of redox-sensitive materials. Available constraints on the timescales associated with these processes supports the conclusion that an SRF must have the capability to characterize attributes such as sample tube headspace gas composition, organic material of potential biological origin, as well as volatiles and their solid-phase hosts. Because most time-sensitive investigations are also sensitive to sterilization, these must be completed inside the SRF and on timescales of several months or less. To that end, we detail recommendations for how sample preparation and analysis could complete these investigations as efficiently as possible within an SRF. Finally, because constraints on characteristic timescales that define time-sensitivity for some processes are uncertain, future work should focus on: (1) quantifying the timescales of volatile exchange for core material physically and mineralogically similar to samples expected to be returned from Mars, and (2) identifying and developing stabilization or temporary storage strategies that mitigate volatile exchange until analysis can be completed. Executive Summary Any samples returned from Mars would be placed under quarantine at a Sample Receiving Facility (SRF) until it can be determined that they are safe to release to other laboratories for further study. The process of determining whether samples are safe for release, which may involve detailed analysis and/or sterilization, is expected to take several months. However, the process of breaking the sample tube seal and extracting the headspace gas would perturb local equilibrium conditions between gas and rock and set in motion irreversible processes that proceed as a function of time. Unless these processes are understood, planned for, and/or monitored during the quarantine period, scientific information expected from further analysis may be lost forever. Specialist members of the Mars Sample Return Planning Group Phase 2 (MSPG-2), referred to here as the Time-Sensitive Focus Group, have identified four processes that underpin the time-sensitivity of Mars returned sample science: (1) degradation of organic material of potential biological origin, (2) modification of sample headspace gas composition, (3) mineral-volatile exchange, and (4) oxidation/reduction of redox-sensitive materials (Figure 2). Consideration of the timescales and the degree to which these processes jeopardize scientific investigations of returned samples supports the conclusion that an SRF must have the capability to characterize: (1) sample tube headspace gas composition, (2) organic material of potential biological origin, (3) volatiles bound to or within minerals, and (4) minerals or other solids that host volatiles (Table 4). Most of the investigations classified as time-sensitive in this report are also sensitive to sterilization by either heat treatment and/or gamma irradiation (Velbel et al., 2022). Therefore, these investigations must be completed inside biocontainment and on timescales that minimize the irrecoverable loss of scientific information (i.e., several months or less; Section 5). To that end, the Time-Sensitive Focus Group has outlined a number of specific recommendations for sample preparation and instrumentation in order to complete these investigations as efficiently as possible within an SRF (Table 5). Constraints on the characteristic timescales that define time-sensitivity for different processes can range from relatively coarse to uncertain (Section 4). Thus, future work should focus on: (1) quantifying the timescales of volatile exchange for variably lithified core material physically and mineralogically similar to samples expected to be returned from Mars, and (2) identifying and developing stabilization strategies or temporary storage strategies that mitigate volatile exchange until analysis can be completed. List of Findings FINDING T-1: Aqueous phases, and oxidants liberated by exposure of the sample to aqueous phases, mediate and accelerate the degradation of critically important but sensitive organic compounds such as DNA. FINDING T-2: Warming samples increases reaction rates and destroys compounds making biological studies much more time-sensitive. MAJOR FINDING T-3: Given the potential for rapid degradation of biomolecules, (especially in the presence of aqueous phases and/or reactive O-containing compounds) Sample Safety Assessment Protocol (SSAP) and parallel biological analysis are time sensitive and must be carried out as soon as possible. FINDING T-4: If molecules or whole cells from either extant or extinct organisms have persisted under present-day martian conditions in the samples, then it follows that preserving sample aliquots under those same conditions (i.e., 6 mbar total pressure in a dominantly CO2 atmosphere and at an average temperature of -80°C) in a small isolation chamber is likely to allow for their continued persistence. FINDING T-5: Volatile compounds (e.g., HCN and formaldehyde) have been lost from Solar System materials stored under standard curation conditions. FINDING T-6: Reactive O-containing species have been identified in situ at the martian surface and so may be present in rock or regolith samples returned from Mars. These species rapidly degrade organic molecules and react more rapidly as temperature and humidity increase. FINDING T-7: Because the sample tubes would not be closed with perfect seals and because, after arrival on Earth, there will be a large pressure gradient across that seal such that the probability of contamination of the tube interiors by terrestrial gases increases with time, the as-received sample tubes are considered a poor choice for long-term gas sample storage. This is an important element of time sensitivity. MAJOR FINDING T-8: To determine how volatiles may have been exchanged with headspace gas during transit to Earth, the composition of martian atmosphere (in a separately sealed reservoir and/or extracted from the witness tubes), sample headspace gas composition, temperature/time history of the samples, and mineral composition (including mineral-bound volatiles) must all be quantified. When the sample tube seal is breached, mineral-bound volatile loss to the curation atmosphere jeopardizes robust determination of volatile exchange history between mineral and headspace. FINDING T-9: Previous experiments with mineral powders show that sulfate minerals are susceptible to H2O loss over timescales of hours to days. In addition to volatile loss, these processes are accompanied by mineralogical transformation. Thus, investigations targeting these minerals should be considered time-sensitive. FINDING T-10: Sulfate minerals may be stabilized by storage under fixed relative-humidity conditions, but only if the identity of the sulfate phase(s) is known a priori. In addition, other methods such as freezing may also stabilize these minerals against volatile loss. FINDING T-11: Hydrous perchlorate salts are likely to undergo phase transitions and volatile exchange with ambient surroundings in hours to days under temperature and relative humidity ranges typical of laboratory environments. However, the exact timescale over which these processes occur is likely a function of grain size, lithification, and/or cementation. FINDING T-12: Nanocrystalline or X-ray amorphous materials are typically stabilized by high proportions of surface adsorbed H2O. Because this surface adsorbed H2O is weakly bound compared to bulk materials, nanocrystalline materials are likely to undergo irreversible ripening reactions in response to volatile loss, which in turn results in decreases in specific surface area and increases in crystallinity. These reactions are expected to occur over the timescale of weeks to months under curation conditions. Therefore, the crystallinity and specific surface area of nanocrystalline materials should be characterized and monitored within a few months of opening the sample tubes. These are considered time-sensitive measurements that must be made as soon as possible. FINDING T-13: Volcanic and impact glasses, as well as opal-CT, are metastable in air and susceptible to alteration and volatile exchange with other solid phases and ambient headspace. However, available constraints indicate that these reactions are expected to proceed slowly under typical laboratory conditions (i.e., several years) and so analyses targeting these materials are not considered time sensitive. FINDING T-14: Surface adsorbed and interlayer-bound H2O in clay minerals is susceptible to exchange with ambient surroundings at timescales of hours to days, although the timescale may be modified depending on the degree of lithification or cementation. Even though structural properties of clay minerals remain unaffected during this process (with the exception of the interlayer spacing), investigations targeting H2O or other volatiles bound on or within clay minerals should be considered time sensitive upon opening the sample tube. FINDING T-15: Hydrated Mg-carbonates are susceptible to volatile loss and recrystallization and transformation over timespans of months or longer, though this timescale may be modified by the degree of lithification and cementation. Investigations targeting hydrated carbonate minerals (either the volatiles they host or their bulk mineralogical properties) should be considered time sensitive upon opening the sample tube. MAJOR FINDING T-16: Current understanding of mineral-volatile exchange rates and processes is largely derived from monomineralic experiments and systems with high surface area; lithified sedimentary rocks (accounting for some, but not all, of the samples in the cache) will behave differently in this regard and are likely to be associated with longer time constants controlled in part by grain boundary diffusion. Although insufficient information is available to quantify this at the present time, the timescale of mineral-volatile exchange in lithified samples is likely to overlap with the sample processing and curation workflow (i.e., 1-10 months; Table 4). This underscores the need to prioritize measurements targeting mineral-hosted volatiles within biocontainment. FINDING T-17: The liberation of reactive O-species through sample treatment or processing involving H2O (e.g., rinsing, solvent extraction, particle size separation in aqueous solution, or other chemical extraction or preparation protocols) is likely to result in oxidation of some component of redox-sensitive materials in a matter of hours. The presence of reactive O-species should be examined before sample processing steps that seek to preserve or target redox-sensitive minerals. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) is one example of an effective analytical method capable of detecting and characterizing the presence of reactive O-species. FINDING T-18: Environments that maintain anoxia under inert gas containing <
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- 2022
7. Report of the Science Community Workshop on the proposed First Sample Depot for the Mars Sample Return Campaign.
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Czaja, A. D., Zorzano, M.‐P., Kminek, G., Meyer, M. A., Beaty, D. W., Sefton‐Nash, E., Carrier, B. L., Thiessen, F., Haltigin, T., Bouvier, A., Dauphas, N., French, K. L., Hallis, L. J., Harris, R. L., Hauber, E., Rodriguez, L. E., Schwenzer, S. P., Steele, A., Tait, K. T., and Thorpe, M. T.
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SCIENCE journalism ,COMMUNITIES ,MARS (Planet) ,REGOLITH ,COMMUNITY support ,RESEARCH teams ,MARTIAN exploration - Abstract
The Mars 2020/Mars Sample Return (MSR) Sample Depot Science Community Workshop was held on September 28 and 30, 2022, to assess the Scientifically‐Return Worthy (SRW) value of the full collection of samples acquired by the rover Perseverance at Jezero Crater, and of a proposed subset of samples to be left as a First Depot at a location within Jezero Crater called Three Forks. The primary outcome of the workshop was that the community is in consensus on the following statement: The proposed set of ten sample tubes that includes seven rock samples, one regolith sample, one atmospheric sample, and one witness tube constitutes a SRW collection that: (1) represents the diversity of the explored region around the landing site, (2) covers partially or fully, in a balanced way, all of the International MSR Objectives and Samples Team scientific objectives that are applicable to Jezero Crater, and (3) the analyses of samples in this First Depot on Earth would be of fundamental importance, providing a substantial improvement in our understanding of Mars. At the conclusion of the meeting, there was overall community support for forming the First Depot as described at the workshop and placing it at the Three Forks site. The community also recognized that the diversity of the Rover Cache (the sample collection that remains on the rover after placing the First Depot) will significantly improve with the samples that are planned to be obtained in the future by the Perseverance rover and that the Rover Cache is the primary target for MSR to return to Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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8. Science and Curation Considerations for the Design of a Mars Sample Return (MSR) Sample Receiving Facility
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Carrier, B. L., Beaty, D., Hutzler, Aurore, Smith, Alvin, Kminek, G., Meyer, M., Haltigin, T., Hays, Lindsay, Agee, Carl, Busemann, H., Cavalazzi, B., Cockell, C., Debaille, V, Glavin, D P, Grady, M., Hauber, Ernst, Marty, B., McCubbin, F. M., Pratt, Lisa, Regberg, Aaron, Smith, C., Summons, R E, Swindle, T. D., Tait, Kimberly, Tosca, N. J., Udry, Arya, Usui, Tomohiro, Velbel, Michael, Wadhwa, M., Westall, F., Zorzano, M.-P., California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), European Space Agency (ESA), NASA Headquarters, Canadian Space Agency (CSA), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Bologna, University of Edinburgh, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), NASA, Indiana University [Bloomington], Indiana University System, The Natural History Museum [London] (NHM), University of Glasgow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of Arizona, Royal Ontario Museum, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), University of Nevada [Las Vegas] (WGU Nevada), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [Tokyo] (JAXA), Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System, Smithsonian Institution, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), University of Aberdeen, Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), University of Bologna/Università di Bologna, Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Frapart, Isabelle, Carrier B. L., Beaty D. W., Hutzler A., Smith A. L., Kminek G., Meyer M. A., Haltigin T., Hays L. E., Agee C. B., Busemann H., Cavalazzi B., Cockell C. S., Debaille V., Glavin D. P., Grady M. M., and Hauber E., Marty B., McCubbin F. M., Pratt L. M., Regberg A. B., Smith C. L., Summons R. E., Swindle T. D., Tait K. T., Tosca N. J., Udry A., Usui T., Velbel M. A., Wadhwa M., Westall F., Zorzano M. -P.
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geology ,Extraterrestrial Environment ,laboratory experiments ,Sample Safety Assessment Protocol (SSAP) ,Plant Extracts ,astrobiology ,Reproducibility of Results ,Mars ,intrumentation ,Space Flight ,sample return ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,containment ,contamination ,Space and Planetary Science ,[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,Sample Receiving Facility (SRF) ,Mars Sample Return (MSR) Campaign ,Spacecraft - Abstract
The most important single element of the "ground system" portion of a Mars Sample Return (MSR) Campaign is a facility referred to as the Sample Receiving Facility (SRF), which would need to be designed and equipped to receive the returned spacecraft, extract and open the sealed sample container, extract the samples from the sample tubes, and implement a set of evaluations and analyses of the samples. One of the main findings of the first MSR Sample Planning Group (MSPG, 2019a) states that "The scientific community, for reasons of scientific quality, cost, and timeliness, strongly prefers that as many sample-related investigations as possible be performed in PI-led laboratories outside containment." There are many scientific and technical reasons for this preference, including the ability to utilize advanced and customized instrumentation that may be difficult to reproduce inside in a biocontained facility, and the ability to allow multiple science investigators in different labs to perform similar or complementary analyses to confirm the reproducibility and accuracy of results. It is also reasonable to assume that there will be a desire for the SRF to be as efficient and economical as possible, while still enabling the objectives of MSR to be achieved. For these reasons, MSPG concluded, and MSPG2 agrees, that the SRF should be designed to accommodate only those analytical activities that could not reasonably be done in outside laboratories because they are time- or sterilization-sensitive, are necessary for the Sample Safety Assessment Protocol (SSAP), or are necessary parts of the initial sample characterization process that would allow subsamples to be effectively allocated for investigation. All of this must be accommodated in an SRF, while preserving the scientific value of the samples through maintenance of strict environmental and contamination control standards. Executive Summary The most important single element of the "ground system" portion of a Mars Sample Return (MSR) Campaign is a facility referred to as the Sample Receiving Facility (SRF), which would need to be designed and equipped to enable receipt of the returned spacecraft, extraction and opening of the sealed sample container, extraction of the samples from the sample tubes, and a set of evaluations and analyses of the samples-all under strict protocols of biocontainment and contamination control. Some of the important constraints in the areas of cost and required performance have not yet been set by the necessary governmental sponsors, but it is reasonable to assume there will be a desire for the SRF to be as efficient and economical as is possible, while still enabling the objectives of MSR science to be achieved. Additionally, one of the main findings of MSR Sample Planning Group (MSPG, 2019a) states "The scientific community, for reasons of scientific quality, cost, and timeliness, strongly prefers that as many sample-related investigations as possible be performed in PI-led laboratories outside containment." There are many scientific and technical reasons for this preference, including the ability to utilize advanced and customized instrumentation that may be difficult to reproduce inside a biocontained facility. Another benefit is the ability to enable similar or complementary analyses by multiple science investigators in different laboratories, which would confirm the reproducibility and accuracy of results. For these reasons, the MSPG concluded-and the MSR Science Planning Group Phase 2 (MSPG2) agrees-that the SRF should be designed to accommodate only those analytical activities inside biocontainment that could
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- 2021
9. Preliminary Planning for Mars Sample Return (MSR) Curation Activities in a Sample Receiving Facility
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Tait, Kimberly, McCubbin, F. M., Smith, C., Agee, Carl, Busemann, H., Cavalazzi, B., Debaille, V, Hutzler, Aurore, Usui, Tomohiro, Kminek, G., Meyer, M., Beaty, D., Carrier, B. L., Haltigin, T., Hays, Lindsay, Cockell, C., Glavin, D. P., Grady, M., Hauber, Ernst, Marty, B., Pratt, Lisa, Regberg, Aaron, Smith, Alvin, Summons, R E, Swindle, T. D., Tosca, N. J., Udry, Arya, Velbel, Michael, Wadhwa, M., Westall, F., Zorzano, M.-P., Royal Ontario Museum, NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), NASA, The Natural History Museum [London] (NHM), University of Glasgow, The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Bologna, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), European Space Agency (ESA), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [Sagamihara] (JAXA), NASA Headquarters, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Canadian Space Agency (CSA), University of Edinburgh, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Indiana University [Bloomington], Indiana University System, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of Arizona, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), University of Nevada [Las Vegas] (WGU Nevada), Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System, Smithsonian Institution, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), University of Aberdeen, Tait K. T., McCubbin F. M., Smith C. L., Agee C. B., Busemann H., Cavalazzi B., Debaille V., Hutzler A., Usui T., Kminek G., Meyer M. A., Beaty D. W., Carrier B. L., Haltigin T., Hays L. E., Cockell C. S., Glavin D. P., Grady M. M., Hauber E., Marty B., Pratt L. M., Regberg A. B., Smith A. L., Summons R. E., Swindle T. D., and Tosca N. J.
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geology ,laboratory experiments ,Extraterrestrial Environment ,Mars Sample Return Planning Group 2 (MSPG2) ,astrobiology ,Mars ,Dust ,curation ,sample return ,Space Flight ,exploration ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Space and Planetary Science ,[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,sample receiving facility ,Exobiology ,Gases - Abstract
The Mars Sample Return Planning Group 2 (MSPG2) was tasked with identifying the steps that encompass all the curation activities that would happen within the MSR Sample Receiving Facility (SRF) and any anticipated curation-related requirements. An area of specific interest is the necessary analytical instrumentation. The SRF would be a Biosafety Level-4 facility where the returned MSR flight hardware would be opened, the sample tubes accessed, and the martian sample material extracted from the tubes. Characterization of the essential attributes of each sample would be required to provide enough information to prepare a sample catalog used in guiding the preparation of sample-related proposals by the world's research community and informing decisions by the sample allocation committee. The sample catalog would be populated with data and information generated during all phases of activity, including data derived concurrent with Mars 2020 sample-collecting rover activity, sample transport to Earth, and initial sample characterization within the SRF. We conclude that initial sample characterization can best be planned as a set of three sequential phases, which we have called Pre-Basic Characterization (Pre-BC), Basic Characterization (BC), and Preliminary Examination (PE), each of which requires a certain amount of instrumentation. Data on specific samples and subsamples obtained during sample safety assessments and time-sensitive scientific investigations would also be added to the catalog. There are several areas where future work would be beneficial to prepare for the receipt of samples, which would include the design of a sample tube isolation chamber and a strategy for opening the sample tubes and removing dust from the tube exteriors. Executive Summary All material collected from Mars (gases, dust, rock, regolith) would need to be carefully handled, stored, and analyzed following Earth return to minimize the alteration or contamination that could occur on Earth and maximize the scientific information that can be attained from the samples now and into the future. A Sample Receiving Facility (SRF) is where the Earth Entry System (EES) would be opened and the sample tubes opened and processed after they land on Earth. Samples should be accessible for research in biocontainment for time-sensitive studies and eventually, when deemed safe for release after sterilization or biohazard assessment, should be transferred out of biocontainment for allocation to scientific investigators in outside laboratories. There are two main mechanisms for allocation of samples outside the SRF: 1) Wait until the implementation of the Sample Safety Assessment Protocol (Planetary Protection) results concludes that the samples are non-hazardous, 2) Render splits of the samples non-hazardous by means of sterilization. To make these samples accessible, a series of observations and analytical measurements need to be completed to produce a sample catalog for the scientific community. Specialist members of the Mars Sample Return Planning Group Phase 2 (MSPG2), referred to here as the Curation Focus Group, have identified four curation goals that encompass all of the activities within the SRF: 1.Documentation of the state of the sample tubes and their contents prior to opening, 2.Inventory and tracking of the mass of each sample, 3.Preliminary assessment of lithology and any macroscopic forms of heterogeneity (on all the samples, non-invasive, in pristine isolators), 4.Sufficient characterization of the essential attributes of each sample to prepare a sample catalog and respond to requests by the sample allocation committee (partial samples, invasive, outside of pristine isolators). The sample catalog will provide data for the scientific community to make informed requests for samples for scientific investigations and for the approval of allocations of appropriate samples to satisfy these requests. The sample catalog would be populated with data and information generated during all phases of activity, including data derived from the landed Mars 2020 mission, during sample collection and transport to Earth, and reception within the Sample Receiving Facility. Data on specific samples and subsamples would also be generated during curation activities carried out within the Sample Receiving Facility and during sample safety assessments, time-sensitive studies, and a series of initial sample characterization steps we refer to as Pre-Basic Characterization (Pre-BC), Basic Characterization (BC), and Preliminary Examination (PE) phases. A significant portion of the Curation Focus Group's efforts was to determine which instrumentation would be required to produce a sample catalog for the scientific community and how and when certain instrumentation should be used. The goal is to provide enough information for the PIs to request material for their studies but to avoid facilitating studies that target scientific research that is better left to peer-reviewed competitive processes. We reviewed the proposed scientific objectives of the International MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST) (Beaty
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- 2021
10. Planetary Protection: an international concern and responsibility
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Coustenis, A., Hedman, N., Kminek, G., Ammannito, E., Doran, P., Fujimoto, M., Grasset, O., Green, J., Hayes, A., Ilyin, V., Kumar, P., Mustin, C., Akiko Nakamura, Olsson-Francis, K., Peng, J., Ballesteros, O. P., Raulin, F., Rettberg, P., Xu, K., Zaitsev, M., and Mier, M. P. Z.
- Subjects
Planetary Protection ,Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) - Published
- 2021
11. Report of the COSPAR mars special regions colloquium
- Author
-
Kminek, G., Rummel, J.D., Cockell, C.S., Atlas, R., Barlow, N., Beaty, D., Boynton, W., Carr, M., Clifford, S., Conley, C.A., Davila, A.F., Debus, A., Doran, P., Hecht, M., Heldmann, J., Helbert, J., Hipkin, V., Horneck, G., Kieft, T.L., Klingelhoefer, G., Meyer, M., Newsom, H., Ori, G.G., Parnell, J., Prieur, D., Raulin, F., Schulze-Makuch, D., Spry, J.A., Stabekis, P.E., Stackebrandt, E., Vago, J., Viso, M., Voytek, M., Wells, L., and Westall, F.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. The COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection: Recent Activities
- Author
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Coustenis, A., Hedman, N., Kminek, G., and The COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection, DLR Member Petra Rettberg
- Subjects
Strahlenbiologie ,Planetary Protection ,Panel on Planetary Protection ,COSPAR - Abstract
Planetary Protection is an international concern and responsibility. The international standard for planetary protection has been developed by the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) which provides a forum for international consultation and has formulated a Planetary Protection Policy with associated requirements that are put in place after examination of the most updated relevant scientific studies and recommendations made by the COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection. The COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy, and its associated requirements, is not legally binding under international law but it is the only internationally agreed planetary protection standard with implementation guidelines for reference in compliance with Article IX of the United Nations Outer Space Treaty of 1967. States Parties to the Outer Space Treaty are responsible for national space activities under Article VI, including the activities of governmental and non-governmental entities. It is the State that ultimately will be held responsible for wrongful acts committed by its jurisdictional subjects.
- Published
- 2021
13. THE COSPAR PANEL ON PLANETARY PROTECTION: RECENT ACTIVITIES
- Author
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Coustenis, Athena, Hedman, N, Kminek, G, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Agence Spatiale Européenne (ESA), and European Space Agency (ESA)
- Subjects
[SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP] ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2021
14. The Scientific Importance of Returning Airfall Dust as a Part of Mars Sample Return (MSR)
- Author
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Grady, M., Summons, R E, Swindle, T. D., Westall, F., Kminek, G., Meyer, M., Beaty, D., Carrier, B. L., Haltigin, T., Hays, Lindsay, Agee, Carl, Busemann, H., Cavalazzi, B., Cockell, C., Debaille, V, Glavin, D P, Hauber, Ernst, Hutzler, Aurore, Marty, B., McCubbin, F. M., Pratt, Lisa, Regberg, Aaron, Smith, Alvin, Smith, C., Tait, Kimberly, Tosca, N. J., Udry, Arya, Usui, Tomohiro, Velbel, Michael, Wadhwa, M., Zorzano, M.-P., The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of Arizona, Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), European Space Agency (ESA), NASA Headquarters, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Canadian Space Agency (CSA), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Bologna, University of Edinburgh, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science (ARES), NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), NASA-NASA, Indiana University [Bloomington], Indiana University System, NASA, The Natural History Museum [London] (NHM), University of Glasgow, Royal Ontario Museum, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), University of Nevada [Las Vegas] (WGU Nevada), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [Sagamihara] (JAXA), Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System, Smithsonian Institution, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), University of Aberdeen, and Grady Monica M., Summons Roger E., Swindle Timothy D., Westall Frances, Kminek Gerhard, Meyer Michael A., Beaty David W., Carrier Brandi L., Haltigin Timothy, Hays Lindsay E., Agee Carl B., Busemann Henner, Cavalazzi Barbara, Cockell Charles S., Vinciane Debaille, Glavin Daniel P., Hauber Ernst, Hutzler Aurore, Marty Bernard, McCubbin Francis M., Pratt Lisa M., Regberg Aaron B., Smith Alvin L., Smith Caroline L., Tait Kimberly T., Tosca Nicholas J., Udry Arya, Usui Tomohiro, Velbel Michael A., Wadhwa Meenakshi, Zorzano Maria-Paz
- Subjects
geology ,Extraterrestrial Environment ,MSR Sample Receiving Facility, MSR Campaign elements ,surface-atmosphere interaction ,Atmosphere ,Earth, Planet ,Mars ,Dust ,sample return ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,MSR Campaign ,Space and Planetary Science ,[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,Humans ,samples ,global circulation ,mineralogy ,surface processes ,laboratory analysis - Abstract
International audience; Dust transported in the martian atmosphere is of intrinsic scientific interest and has relevance for the planning of human missions in the future. The MSR Campaign, as currently designed, presents an important opportunity to return serendipitous, airfall dust. The tubes containing samples collected by the Perseverance rover would be placed in cache depots on the martian surface perhaps as early as 2023-24 for recovery by a subsequent mission no earlier than 2028-29, and possibly as late as 2030-31. Thus, the sample tube surfaces could passively collect dust for multiple years. This dust is deemed to be exceptionally valuable as it would inform our knowledge and understanding of Mars' global mineralogy, surface processes, surface-atmosphere interactions, and atmospheric circulation. Preliminary calculations suggest that the total mass of such dust on a full set of tubes could be as much as 100 mg and, therefore, sufficient for many types of laboratory analyses. Two planning steps would optimize our ability to take advantage of this opportunity: (1) the dust-covered sample tubes should be loaded into the Orbiting Sample container (OS) with minimal cleaning and (2) the capability to recover this dust early in the workflow within an MSR Sample Receiving Facility (SRF) would need to be established. A further opportunity to advance dust/atmospheric science using MSR, depending upon the design of the MSR Campaign elements, may lie with direct sampling and the return of airborne dust.
- Published
- 2021
15. Experimental investigation of the muon transfer reaction from deuterium to helium isotopes
- Author
-
Gartner, B., Ackerbauer, P., Breunlich, W. H., Cargnelli, M., Fischer, A., Kammel, P., King, R., Kminek, G., Lauss, B., Marton, J., Prymas, W., Steininger, E., Zmeskal, J., Petitjean, C., Chatellard, D., Egger, J. -P., Jeannet, E., Hartmann, F. J., Kosak, A., Mühlbauer, M., von Egidy, T., Piller, C., Schaller, L. A., Schellenberg, L., Schneuwly, H., Thalmann, Y. -A., Tresch, S., and Werthmüller, A.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. New precision measurements of dµd fusion
- Author
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Petitjean, C., Ackerbauer, P., Balin, D. V., Breunlich, W. H., Case, T., Crowe, K. M., Daniel, H., von Egidy, T., Gartner, B., Hartmann, F. J., Kammel, P., Kminek, G., Lauss, B., Maev, E. M., Markushin, V. E., Marton, J., Mühlbauer, M., Petrov, G. E., Prymas, W., Schott, W., Semenchuk, G. G., Smirenin, Yu. V., Vorobyov, A. A., Voropaev, N. I., and Zmeskal, J.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Muon transfer from protium to helium
- Author
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Tresch, S., Ackerbauer, P., Breunlich, W. H., Cargnelli, M., Chatellard, D., Egger, J. -P., von Egidy, T., Fischer, A., Gartner, B., Hartmann, F. J., Jacot-Guillarmod, R., Jeannet, E., Kammel, P., King, R., Kminek, G., Lauss, B., Marton, J., Mühlbauer, M., Mulhauser, F., Petitjean, C., Piller, C., Prymas, W., Schaller, L. A., Schellenberg, L., Schneuwly, H., Steininger, E., Thalmann, Y. A., Werthmüller, A., and Zmeskal, J.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Radiation Inactivation of Bacterial Spores on Mars
- Author
-
Bada, J. L and Kminek, G
- Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration - Abstract
The conditions on Mars are thought to have been more conducive for life during its early history, about 3 billion years ago. If life ever evolved on Mars, would it be possible to see the remnants of a long-extinct biosphere today? Or even more interesting, would it be possible to find Martian bacterial spores that survived for billions of years on Mars?
- Published
- 2004
19. Amino acids in the Tagish Lake Meteorite
- Author
-
Kminek, G, Botta, O, Glavin, D. P, and Bada, J. L
- Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration - Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) based amino acid analysis of a Tagish Lake meteorite sample recovered 3 months after the meteorite fell to Earth have revealed that the amino acid composition of Tagish Lake is strikingly different from that of the CM and CI carbonaceous chondrites. We found that the Tagish Lake meteorite contains only trace levels of amino acids (total abundance = 880 ppb), which is much lower than the total abundance of amino acids in the CI Orgueil (4100 ppb) and the CM Murchison (16 900 ppb). Because most of the same amino acids found in the Tagish Lake meteorite are also present in the Tagish Lake ice melt water, we conclude that the amino acids detected in the meteorite are terrestrial contamination. We found that the exposure of a sample of Murchison to cold water lead to a substantial reduction over a period of several weeks in the amount of amino acids that are not strongly bound to the meteorite matrix. However, strongly bound amino acids that are extracted by direct HCl hydrolysis are not affected by the leaching process. Thus even if there had been leaching of amino acids from our Tagish Lake meteorite sample during its 3 month residence in Tagish Lake ice and melt water, a Murchison type abundance of endogenous amino acids in the meteorite would have still been readily detectable. The low amino acid content of Tagish Lake indicates that this meteorite originated fiom a different type of parent body than the CM and CI chondrites. The parent body was apparently devoid of the reagents such as aldehyldes/ketones, HCN and ammonia needed for the effective abiotic synthesis of amino acids. Based on reflectance spectral measurements, Tagish Lake has been associated with P- or D-type asteroids. If the Tagish Lake meteorite was indeed derived fiom these types of parent bodies, our understanding of these primitive asteroids needs to be reevaluated with respect to their potential inventory of biologically important organic compounds.
- Published
- 2002
20. Integrated Micro-Chip Amino Acid Chirality Detector for MOD
- Author
-
Glavin, D. P, Bada, J. L, Botta, O, Kminek, G, Grunthaner, F, and Mathies, R
- Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration - Abstract
Integration of a micro-chip capillary electrophoresis analyzer with a sublimation-based extraction technique, as used in the Mars Organic Detector (MOD), for the in-situ detection of amino acids and their enantiomers on solar system bodies. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.
- Published
- 2001
21. ANALOGUE SAMPLES IN AN EUROPEAN SAMPLE CURATION FACILITY - THE EURO-CARES PROJECT
- Author
-
Foucher, F., Westall, F., Zipfel, J., Smith, C., Debaille, V., Folco, L., Bridges, J., Russell, S. and the EURO-CARES consortium, Michalski, J., Brucato, J. R., Palomba, E., Rotundi, A., Meneghin, A., Longobardo, A., Ferrière, L., Hutzler, A., Aléon, J., Gounelle, M., Marrocchi, Y., Berthoud, L., Vrublevskis, J., Guest, Mi., Matussi, S., Grady, M., Franchi, I., Dryer, B., Rettberg, Petra, Leuko, Stefan, Holt, J., Bennett, Al., Pottage, T., Joy, K., Lee, M., Martinez Frias, J., Wozniakiewicz, P., Bost, N., Zolensky, M., Yano, H., Schroeven-Deceuninck, H., Kminek, G., Ginneken, M. Van, and Viso, M.
- Subjects
Strahlenbiologie ,EURO-CARES project - Abstract
The objective of the H2020-funded EURO-CARES project (grant agreement n° 640190) was to create a roadmap for the implementation of a European Extraterrestrial Sample Curation Facility (ESCF) that would be suitable for the curation of samples from all possible return missions likely over the next few decades, i.e. from the Moon, asteroids and Mars. The return of extraterrestrial samples brought to Earth will require specific storage conditions and handling procedures, in particular for those coming from Mars. For practical reasons and sterility concerns it might be necessary for such a facility to have its own collection of analogue samples permitting the testing of storage conditions, and to develop protocols for sample prepartion and analyses. Within the framework of the EURO-CARES project, we havecreated a list of the different types of samples that would be relevant for such a curation facility. The facility will be used for receiving and opening of the returned sample canisters, as well as for handling and preparation of the returned samples. Furthermore, it will provide some analysis of the returned samples, i.e. early sample characterisation, and is expected to provide longterm storage of the returned samples. Each of these basic functions requires special equipment. Equipment, handling protocols and long-term storage conditions will strongly depend on the characteristics of the materials, and on whether returned samples are from the Moon, Mars or an asteroidal body. Therefore the different types and aspects of analogue samples one need to be considered, i.e. the nature of the materials, which analogues are needed for what purpose, what mass is needed, and how should the analogue samples be stored within the facility. We distinguished five different types of anologue samples: analogue (s.s.), witness plate, voucher specimen, reference sample, and standard. Analogues are materials that have one or more physical or chemical properties similar to Earth-returned extraterrestrial samples. Reference samples are well-characterised materials with known physical and chemical properties used for testing. They may not necessarily be the same materials as the analogues defined above. Standards are internationally recognised, homogeneous materials with known physical and chemical properties that are used for calibration. They can also be used as reference samples in certain circumstances. They may be made of natural materials but are often produced artificially. A voucher specimen is a duplicate of materials used at any stage during sample acquisition, storage, transport, treatment etc., e.g. spacecraft materials (including solar panels), lubricants, glues, gloves, saws, drills, and others. In addition, Earth landing site samples (from the touch down site) would be necessary in case of doubtful analysis, even if normally this type of contamination is not expected. Finally, a witness plate is defined as material left in an area where work is being done to detect any biological, particulate, chemical, and/or organic contamination. It is a spatial and temporal document of what happens in the work area. Analogue materials could be solids (including ices), liquids or gases. These could contain biological (extant and/or exinct) and/or organic components. They could be natural materials, e.g. rocks or minerals, or could be manufactured, such as mixtures of different components, which may be biologically and/or organically doped. Analogues with appropriate sample size and nature will be well-suited for testing and training of sample handling procedures, and for transport protocols. The training of science and curation teams also requires reference samples and standards. Long-term storage needs special witness plates and voucher specimes. Developing and testing sample preparation protocols needs all sample types.
- Published
- 2018
22. iMars Phase 2 : A Draft Mission Architecture and Science Management Plan for the Return of Samples from Mars
- Author
-
Haltigin, T., Lange, Christian, Mugnolo, R., Smith, C., Amundsen, H.E.F., Bousquet, P.-W., Conley, C.A., Debus, André, Dias, Jose Capela, Falkner, P., Gass, V., Harri, A.-M., Hauber, Ernst, Ivanov, Anton, Ivanov, Alexey, Kminek, G., Korablev, O., Koschny, Detlef, Larranaga, J.R., Marty, B., McLennan, S M, Meyer, M., Nilsen, E., Orleanski, P., Orosei, R., Rebuffat, D., Safa, F., Schmitz, Nicole, Siljeström, S., Thomas, N., Vago, J., Vandaele, A.-C., Voirin, Thomas, and Whetsel, C.
- Subjects
missions ,Mars ,planetary protection ,sample return - Published
- 2018
23. MOD: An In-Situ Organic Detector for the MSR 2003 Mission
- Author
-
Kminek, G, Bada, J. L, Botta, O, Glavin, D. P, Grunthaner, F. J, LaBaw, C. C, and Serviss, O. E
- Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration - Abstract
Looking for organic compounds that are essential for biochemistry or indicative of extraterrestrial organic influx is the primary goal of MOD (Mars Organic Detector). MOD can also quantify adsorbed and chemisorbed water and evolved carbon dioxide.
- Published
- 2000
24. A Cometary Origin of the Amino Acids in the Orgueil Meteorite?
- Author
-
Botta, O, Ehrenfreund, P, Glavin, D. P, Cooper, G. W, Kminek, G, and Bada, J. L
- Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration - Abstract
A reexamination of a piece of the Orgueil meteorite revealed that its amino acid composition is strikingly different to two other carbonaceous chondrites, suggesting different parent bodies. A cometary origin for Orgueil would be one possibility.
- Published
- 2000
25. MOD: An Organic Detector For The Future Robotic Exploration of Mars
- Author
-
McKay, C, Mathies, R, Webster, C, McDonald, G, Farouhar, S, Becker, L, Kminek, G, Glavin, D, Bada, J, and Grunthaner, F
- Abstract
UNKNOWN
- Published
- 1999
26. MOD: An Organic Detector For The Future Robotic Exploration of Mars
- Author
-
Grunthaner, F, Bada, J, Glavin, D, Kminek, G, Becker, L, Farouhar, S, McDonald, G, Webster, C, Mathies, R, and McKay, C
- Published
- 1999
27. MOD: An Organic Detector for the Future Exploration of Mars
- Author
-
Kminek, G, Bada, J. L, Botta, O, Grunthaner, F, and Glavin, D. P
- Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration - Abstract
The Mars Organic Detector (MOD) is designed to assess whether organic compounds, possibly associated with life, are present in Martian rock and soil samples. MOD has a detection limit that is at least two orders of magnitude more sensitive than the Viking GCMS. MOD is focused on detecting amino acids, amines and PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Amino acids play an essential role in biochemistry on Earth and PAH are widespread throughout the universe and can provide an indication of the delivery of meteoritic organic material to Mars. The advantage of MOD is the absence of wet chemistry and its simple and robust design. The sample will be extracted from the mineral matrix (0.1 - 1 g of rock-powder) using sublimation and analyzed with a fluorescence detector. The isolation method is based on the fact that amino acids and PAH are volatile at temperatures greater than 150C. The fluorescence detection scheme is based on UV excitation with LED's, optical filters, PrN diode photon detector and a sample calibration reservoir. Fluorescamine is used as a fluorescing reagent for amino acids and amines, while PAH are naturally fluorescent. There is no sample preparation required and the turnaround time for a single analysis is on the order of minutes.
- Published
- 1999
28. Punctuated Habitability and Scenarios for the Search for Life on Mars and the ExoMars Landing Site Working Group
- Author
-
Westall, F., Foucher, Frédéric, Loizeau, D., Vago, J., Bertrand, M., Bost, N., Kminek, G., Gaboyer, F., Hickman-Lewis, K., Campbell, K.A., Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Géosciences Paris Saclay (GEOPS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Spatiale Européenne (ESA), European Space Agency (ESA), and Frapart, Isabelle
- Subjects
[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2017
29. Planetary Protection of Outer Solar System Bodies
- Author
-
Olsson-Francis, K., Cabezas, P., Kminek, G., Rabbow, Elke, Walters, N., Antunes, A., Leuko, Stefan, Pearce, D., Saunders, M., Spry, A., and Rettberg, Petra
- Subjects
Strahlenbiologie ,Planetary Protection of the Outer Solar System (PPOSS) - Abstract
The presence of water is central to when, where, and under what conditions, past or present life may have existed. Increasing evidence suggests that liquid water is present on bodies in the outer Solar System, for example large aqueous brine oceans beneath the outer ice shells of the icy moons, Europa, Ganymede and Enceladus [1,2]. Measurements from fly-by missions and also from the ground based observations point to these oceans as promising targets for habitability, as they could contain liquid water, an energy source for metabolism and chemical elements that can be used as nutrients. Therefore, the icy moons are targets for several future missions, including, JUPiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE; funded by ESA), which will study the Galilean moons of Ganymede, Europa and Callisto, and the Europa Clipper (funded by NASA), which will perform detailed investigations of Europa. Due to their potential as habitable environments a major consideration is planetary protection, which has, to date, focused on the need for effective microbial reduction techniques to prevent contamination. These bioburden constraints? are not only limited to landers, as current concepts for orbital missions call for disposal onto the surface. In this context, the Planetary Protection of Outer Solar System (PPOSS) project is an initiative supported by the European Commission under the H2020 programme (grant agreement No 687373) that provides an international platform and forum where science, industry, and policy makers meet to catalyse discussions and produce policy recommendations regarding Planetary Protection of? the outer Solar System. One of the outcomes of this work is a Research White Book which outlines recommendations for future missions and identifies scientific knowledge gaps and challenges, which need to be addressed in order to prevent biological and organic contamination. Here we present the outputs of this work with a focus on the microbial contamination aspects and good practices that need to be implicated for future missions to the outer Solar System.
- Published
- 2017
30. CONSIDERING PLANETARY PROTECTION OF OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM BODIES – THE EUROPEAN PPOSS PROJECT
- Author
-
Walter, N., Cabezas, P., Fellous, J. L., Haddaji, A., Kminek, G., Rettberg, Petra, Rabbow, Elke, Treuet, J. C., Lawlor McKenna, S., Sephton, M., Royle, S., Brucato, J. R., and Meneghin, A.
- Subjects
Strahlenbiologie ,Planetary Protection ,European PPOSS Project - Abstract
Introduction: With the increasing evidences of the presence of liquid water in the outer solar system, the number of potential habitable environment increases, as a consequence, the issue of contaminating these en-vironments is more and more important and relevant. There are currently six ongoing missions to the outer solar system and small bodies and the main space agencies are currently planning several exploration missions to the outer solar system (in particular aster-oids and the Jovian system).
- Published
- 2017
31. MOD: an organic detector for the future robotic exploration of Mars
- Author
-
Kminek, G, Bada, J.L, Botta, O, Glavin, D.P, and Grunthaner, F
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. EURO-CARES WP5: Analogues and instrumentation
- Author
-
Westall, F., Zipfel, J., Foucher, Frédéric, Bridges, J., Debaille, V., Folco, L., Michalski, J., Woznikiewicz, P., Martines-Frias, J., Joy, K., Lee, M., Brucato, J.R., Viso, M., Bost, N., Hutzler, A., Kminek, G., Schroeven-Deceuninck, H., Zolensky, M.E., Smith, C., Bacon, O., Van Ginneken, M., Ferrière, L., Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Space Research Centre [Leicester], University of Leicester, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] (LPI), and Natural History Museum [Vienna] (NHM)
- Subjects
[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2016
33. Reflections on the definition of analogues and consequences for the EURO-CARES project
- Author
-
Westall, F., Zipfel, J., Foucher, F., Bridges, J., Debaille, V., Folco, L., Michalski, J., Woznikiewicz, P., Martines-Frias, J., Joy, K., Lee, M., Brucato, J.R., Viso, M., Bost, N., Hutzler, A., Kminek, G., Schroeven-Deceuninck, H., Zolensky M., E., Smith, C., Bacon, O., van Ginneken, M., Ferrière, L., Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Space Research Centre [Leicester], University of Leicester, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Universita degli studi di Pisa, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (OAA), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] (LPI), Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University (WLU), Natural History Museum [Vienna] (NHM), and Frapart, Isabelle
- Subjects
[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,Strahlenbiologie ,Euro-Cares ,[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
Most astrobiological investigations have been, and will be focused on solid materials, including rocks, soil, and ices. However, natural materials can be very complex in composition and the potential traces of life and/or molecules of astrobiological interest they could contain may be very subtle and challenging to detect. Hence, the importance of prior preparation of the missions using analogues. Analogues are terrestrial sites or samples having properties more or less similar than those expected on a given extraterrestrial body. There is a huge variety of analogues on Earth that can be used for many purposes: to test space craft landing and rover mobility, to test and calibrate instruments and sample preparation systems for in situ missions before launch, to help interpretation of data acquired during missions, and to carry out laboratory experiments. Analogue samples include minerals and rocks, as well as chemical, biological and material samples.
- Published
- 2016
34. Hydrothermal chemotrophic biosignatures on Mars
- Author
-
Westall, F., Campbell K., A., Gautret, P., Bréhéret, J., Foucher, Frédéric, Vago, J.-L., Kminek, G, Hickman Lewis, K., Cockell C., S., Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), and Frapart, Isabelle
- Subjects
[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2016
35. Hydrothermal chemotrophic biosignatures on Mars
- Author
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Westall, Frances, Campbell K., A., Gautret, P., Bréhéret, J., Foucher, Frédéric, Gaboyer, F., Vago J., L., Kminek, G., Hubert, A., Hickman-Lewis, K., Cockell C., S., Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Frapart, Isabelle, Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), and INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2016
36. COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection Colloquium, Bern, Switzerland, September 2015 (Meeting Reports)
- Author
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Kminek, G., Hipkin, V.J., Anesio, A.M., Barengoltz, J., Boston, P.J., Clark, B.C., Conley, C.A., Coustenis, A., Detsis, E., Doran, P., Grasset, O., Hand, K., Hajime, Y., Hauber, E., Kolmasová, I., Lindberg, R.E., Meyer, M., Raulin, F., Reitz, G., Rennó, N.O., Rettberg, P., Rummel, J.D., Saunders, M.P., Schwehm, G., Sherwood, B., Smith, D.H., Stabekis, P.E., and Vago, J.
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Planetengeologie ,Strahlenbiologie ,Panel on Planetary Protection Colloquium 2015 ,COSPAR - Abstract
The COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy describes requirements for different planetary protection categories depending on the type of mission, the target body and the type of scientific investigations [1]. Updating the COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy is an iterative process that involves the scientific community. This process is based on new scientific discoveries, new understanding of scientific observations, or, responds to needs identified to prepare future space missions. In consultation with the COSPAR Scientific Commissions B (Space Studies of the Earth-Moon System, Planets, and Small Bodies of the Solar System) and F (Life Sciences as Related to Space), the COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection organised a colloquium at the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland, in September 2015, to discuss two pertinent topics: - Icy moon sample return planetary protection requirements - Mars Special Regions planetary protection requirements These two topics were addressed in two separate sessions. The recommendations described in this report are based on discussions in the course of the colloquium and reflect a consensus of the colloquium attendees that participated in one or both separate sessions. Any opinions, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this report are those of the attendee(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organisations that provided support for their participation.
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- 2016
37. HAbitability from a microbial point of view
- Author
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Westal F, Loizeau D, Foucher F, Bost N, Bertrand M, Vago J, and Kminek, G
- Published
- 2014
38. Report of the 2018 Joint Mars Rover Mission Joint Science Working Group (JSWG)
- Author
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Beaty, D., Kminek, G., Allwood, A., Arvidson, R., Borg, L., Farmer, J., Goesmann, F., Grant, J., Hauber, E., Murchie, S., Ori, G., Ruff, S., Rull, F., Sephton, M., Sherwood Lollar, B., Smith, C., Westall, F., Pacros, A., Wilson, M., Meyer, M., Vago, J., Bass, D., Joudrier, L., Laubach, S., Feldman, S., Trautner, R., and Milkovich, S.
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MOMA [ExoMars] ,Planets and Comets - Published
- 2012
39. Microbial diversity in Calamita ferromagnetic sand
- Author
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Perfumo, A., Cockell, C., Elsaesser , A., Marchant, R., and Kminek, G.
- Published
- 2011
40. New precision measurements of d$\mu$d fusion in D$_{2}$ gas
- Author
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Petitjean, C, Ackerbauer, P, Balin, D V, Breunlich, W H, Case, T, Crowe, K M, Daniel, H, Von Egidy, T, Gartner, B, Hartmann, F J, Kammel, P, Kminek, G, Lauss, B, Maev, E M, Markushin, V E, Marton, J, Mühlbauer, M, Petrov, G E, Prymas, W, Schott, W, Semenchuk, G G, Smirenin, Yu V, Vorobyov, A A, Voropaev, N I, and Zmeskal, J
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Nuclear Physics - Published
- 1995
41. MARS SAMPLE RETURN: PLANNING FOR RETURNED SAMPLE SCIENCE.
- Author
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Carrier, B. L., Kminek, G., Meyer, M. A., Beaty, D. W., Wadhwa, M., Thiessen, F., and Hays, L. E.
- Subjects
- *
MARTIAN surface , *MARS (Planet) , *COMMUNITIES , *SCIENCE projects , *CONVENIENCE sampling (Statistics) , *MARTIAN atmosphere , *LOCAL transit access , *PLANETARY science , *SPACE vehicles - Abstract
Introduction: As the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover continues to augment its current suite of martian samples in Jezero Crater [1-4] and prepares to create the first sample depot, the Mars Sample Return (MSR) Program flight missions prepare to retrieve the samples and deliver them to Earth as early as 2033. There is much planning to do in preparation for the terrestrial "ground-based" portion of the MSR Campaign, currently described as the Sample Receiving Project (SRP) which would begin with arrival of the samples on Earth. The SRP will be a partnership between NASA and ESA, working together to deliver the samples from Mars, and is also intrinsically a partnership between science and curation to characterize and protect the samples and to maximize their scientific value. The SRP is currently in the planning/pre-project phase and has the following draft objectives: • Recover the returned spacecraft (including contained samples) at the Earth landing site, establish secondary containment, and transport to the Sample Receiving Facility (SRF). • Design, build, equip, and operate the SRF, such that it would protect the integrity of the samples and assure biological containment until the samples are deemed safe for release. • Extract samples, complete basic characterization/preliminary examination, and develop a sample catalog for sample allocation. • Support execution of the science for the sample safety assessment. • Conduct worldwide science investigations sufficient to achieve the MSR Campaign's primary scientific objectives (TBD), including both within and external to biological containment. • Provide curation services and enable long term curation. Guiding Principles for Scientific Participation: The Science Management Plan for MSR has several guiding principles (derived from [5]) that are meant to optimize sample science return and to ensure that the international science community remains engaged throughout the planning and analysis phase of MSR, including: • Transparency: Access to samples must be fair and processes must be as transparent as possible • Science Maximization: Management and sample-related processes must optimize the scientific productivity of the samples • Accessibility: International scientists must have multiple opportunities to participate throughout the MSR process • One Collection: The returned samples should be managed as a single collection even if housed in separate facilities • Return on Investment: Agencies providing the investments required to execute the MSR campaign should receive demonstrable benefits for enabling the samples' return MSR Campaign Science Group (MCSG): As of the time of writing, ESA and NASA are in the process of selecting the initial membership (i.e., Phase 1) of the MSR Campaign Science Group. This group will be comprised of applicants from the international science community, who will provide input on the scientific aspects of the SRP, including the scientific objectives of SRP, the R&D/R&A roadmap needed to optimize sample analyses, the science traceability matrix, and science-related requirements, among other topics. This group will be recompeted every two years and will eventually evolve to the MCSG Phase 2, which will consist of PIs who have been selected to perform the initial analyses on the samples when they arrive. The MCSG 1 and 2 will function similarly to a Project Science Group (PSG) for a flight mission. Science Community Workshops: In order to keep the sample science community engaged in ongoing planning for returned sample science, several community workshops are planned over the coming years. In the near-term we are planning for a science community workshop related to optimizing the initial depot of M2020 samples to be placed on the martian surface. This workshop is expected to take place in late September. Further details will be released shortly via the usual planetary science mailing lists. Proposal Opportunities: The desire of ESA and NASA science leadership for the MSR Campaign is that as many opportunities for engagement with the samples and sample planning are competed as is feasible. This could include opportunities to participate in an R&A analogue program, as well as other opportunities in the near future. Current planning also includes an initial Announcement of Opportunity (AO) to propose instrumention and investigations to take place inside the SRF as early as 2026. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
42. The effect of ionizing radiation on the preservation of amino acids on Mars
- Author
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KMINEK, G, primary and BADA, J, additional
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Biological contamination studies of lunar landing sites: implications for future planetary protection and life detection on the Moon and Mars
- Author
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Glavin, D.P., primary, Dworkin, J.P., additional, Lupisella, M., additional, Kminek, G., additional, and Rummel, J.D., additional
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Detecting pyrolysis products from bacteria on Mars
- Author
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Glavin, D. P., Schubert, M., Botta, O., Kminek, G., and Bada, J. L.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Final report of the MSR Science Planning Group 2 (MSPG2)
- Author
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Meyer, Michael A, Kminek, Gerhard, Beaty, David W, Carrier, Brandi Lee, Haltigin, Timothy, Hays, Lindsay E, Agee, Carl B., Busemann, Henner, Cavalazzi, Barbara, Cockell, Charles S., Debaille, Vinciane, Glavin, Daniel P., Grady, Monica M., Hauber, Ernst, Hutzler, Aurore, Marty, Bernard, McCubbin, Francis M., Pratt, Lisa M, Regberg, Aaron B., Smith, Alvin L, Smith, Caroline L, Summons, Roger E., Swindle, Timothy D, Tait, Kimberly T, Tosca, Nicholas J., Udry, Arya, Usui, Tomohiro, Velbel, Michael A., Wadhwa, Meenakshi, Westall, Frances, Zorzano, Maria-Paz, NASA Headquarters, European Space Agency (ESA), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Canadian Space Agency (CSA), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Bologna, University of Edinburgh, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), German Aerospace Center (DLR), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science (ARES), NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), NASA-NASA, Indiana University [Bloomington], Indiana University System, NASA, The Natural History Museum [London] (NHM), University of Glasgow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of Arizona, Royal Ontario Museum, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), University of Nevada [Las Vegas] (WGU Nevada), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency [Sagamihara] (JAXA), Michigan State University [East Lansing], Michigan State University System, Smithsonian Institution, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), University of Aberdeen, Meyer M. A., Kminek G., Beaty D. W., Carrier B. L., Haltigin T., Hays L. E., Agee C. B., Busemann H., Cavalazzi B., Cockell C. S., Debaille V., Glavin D. P., Grady M. M., Hauber E., Hutzler A., Marty B., McCubbin F. M., Pratt L. M., Regberg A. B., Smith A. L., Smith C. L., Summons R. E., Swindle T. D., Tait K. T., Tosca N. J., Udry A., Usui T., Velbel M. A., Wadhwa M., Westall F., and Zorzano M. -P.
- Subjects
[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,Mars Sample Return (MSR) Campaign - Abstract
International audience; The Mars Sample Return (MSR) Campaign must meet a series of scientific and technical achievements to be successful. While the respective engineering responsibilities to retrieve the samples have been formalized through a Memorandum of Understanding between ESA and NASA, the roles and responsibilities of the scientific elements have yet to be fully defined. In April 2020, ESA and NASA jointly chartered the MSR Science Planning Group 2 (MSPG2) to build upon previous planning efforts in defining 1) an end-to-end MSR Science Program and 2) needed functionalities and design requirements for an MSR Sample Receiving Facility (SRF). The challenges for the first samples brought from another planet include not only maintaining and providing samples in pristine condition for study, but also maintaining biological containment until the samples meet sample safety criteria for distribution outside of biocontainment. The MSPG2 produced six reports outlining 66 findings. Abbreviated versions of the five additional high-level MSPG2 summary findings are: Summary-1. A long-term NASA/ESA MSR Science Program, along with the necessary funding and human resources, will be required to accomplish the end-to-end scientific objectives of MSR. Summary-2. MSR curation will need to be done concurrently with Biosafety Level-4 containment. This would lead to complex first-of-a-kind curation implementations and require further technology development. Summary-3. Most aspects of MSR sample science can, and should, be performed on samples deemed safe in laboratories outside of the SRF. However, other aspects of MSR sample science are both time-sensitive and sterilization-sensitive and would need to be carried out in the SRF. Summary-4. To meet the unique science, curation, and planetary protection needs of MSR, substantial analytical and sample management capabilities would be required in an SRF. Summary-5. Because of the long lead-time for SRF design, construction, and certification, it is important that preparations begin immediately, even if there is delay in the return of samples.
- Published
- 2022
46. Planning Implications Related to Sterilization-Sensitive Science Investigations Associated with Mars Sample Return (MSR)
- Author
-
Michael A. Velbel, Charles S. Cockell, Daniel P. Glavin, Bernard Marty, Aaron B. Regberg, Alvin L. Smith, Nicholas J. Tosca, Meenakshi Wadhwa, Gerhard Kminek, Michael A. Meyer, David W. Beaty, Brandi Lee Carrier, Timothy Haltigin, Lindsay E. Hays, Carl B. Agee, Henner Busemann, Barbara Cavalazzi, Vinciane Debaille, Monica M. Grady, Ernst Hauber, Aurore Hutzler, Francis M. McCubbin, Lisa M. Pratt, Caroline L. Smith, Roger E. Summons, Timothy D. Swindle, Kimberly T. Tait, Arya Udry, Tomohiro Usui, Frances Westall, Maria-Paz Zorzano, and Velbel M.A., Beaty D.W., CarrierB.L., Cockell C.S., Glavin D.P., Marty B., Regberg A.B., Smith A.l., Tosca N.J., Wadhwa M., Kminek G., Meyer M.A., Haltigin T., Hays L.E., Agee C.B., Busemann H., Cavalazzi B., Debaille V., Grady M.M., Hauber E., Hutzler A., McCubbin F.M., Pratt L.M., Smith C.L., Summons R.E., Swindle T.D., Tait K.T., Udry A., Usui T., Westall F., Zorzano M.-P.
- Subjects
geology ,Extraterrestrial Environment ,Nitrogen ,Polymers ,astrobiology ,Mars ,sample return ,Hazardous Substances ,Nucleic Acids ,Exobiology ,Minerals ,Fatty Acids ,Sterilization ,Water ,Phosphorus ,DNA ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Carbon ,Oxygen ,Sterols ,Space and Planetary Science ,RNA ,Gases ,NASA/ESA Mars Sample Return (MSR) ,laboratory analysis ,Hydrogen - Abstract
The NASA/ESA Mars Sample Return (MSR) Campaign seeks to establish whether life on Mars existed where and when environmental conditions allowed. Laboratory measurements on the returned samples are useful if what is measured is evidence of phenomena on Mars rather than of the effects of sterilization conditions. This report establishes that there are categories of measurements that can be fruitful despite sample sterilization and other categories that cannot. Sterilization kills living microorganisms and inactivates complex biological structures by breaking chemical bonds. Sterilization has similar effects on chemical bonds in non-biological compounds, including abiotic or pre-biotic reduced carbon compounds, hydrous minerals, and hydrous amorphous solids. We considered the sterilization effects of applying dry heat under two specific temperature-time regimes and the effects of γ-irradiation. Many measurements of volatile-rich materials are sterilization sensitive—they will be compromised by either dehydration or radiolysis upon sterilization. Dry-heat sterilization and γ-irradiation differ somewhat in their effects but affect the same chemical elements. Sterilization-sensitive measurements include the abundances and oxidation-reduction (redox) states of redox-sensitive elements, and isotope abundances and ratios of most of them. All organic molecules, and most minerals and naturally occurring amorphous materials that formed under habitable conditions, contain at least one redox-sensitive element. Thus, sterilization-sensitive evidence about ancient life on Mars and its relationship to its ancient environment will be severely compromised if the samples collected by Mars 2020 rover Perseverance cannot be analyzed in an unsterilized condition. To ensure that sterilization-sensitive measurements can be made even on samples deemed unsafe for unsterilized release from containment, contingency instruments in addition to those required for curation, time-sensitive science, and the Sample Safety Assessment Protocol would need to be added to the Sample Receiving Facility (SRF). Targeted investigations using analogs of MSR Campaign-relevant returned-sample types should be undertaken to fill knowledge gaps about sterilization effects on important scientific measurements, especially if the sterilization regimens eventually chosen are different from those considered in this report., Astrobiology, 22 (S1), ISSN:1531-1074, ISSN:1557-8070
- Published
- 2021
47. Determination of the microbial diversity of spacecraft assembly, testing and launch facilities: First results of the ESA project MiDiv
- Author
-
Rettberg, P., Fritze, D., Verbarg, S., Nellen, J., Horneck, G., Stackebrandt, E., and Kminek, G.
- Subjects
- *
MICROBIAL diversity , *MICROORGANISMS , *SPACE environment , *HYDROGEN-ion concentration - Abstract
Abstract: In the near future, an increasing number of in situ life detection and sample return missions to planets and other solar system bodies will be launched. The demand to control spacecraft-carried microbial contamination becomes obvious. COSPAR (Committee of Space Research) has defined guidelines and bioburden limits for different types of missions and target bodies. The first step in the implementation of these planetary protection guidelines encompasses a qualitative and quantitative inventory of the bioburden of spacecraft assembly facilities. With information about the composition of these microbial communities the development and/or optimization of adequate cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization procedures for spacecraft preparation before launch will be possible. In the ESA project MiDiv, we started to investigate the diversity of cultivable microorganisms found on spacecraft and spacecraft assembly halls using the satellites SMART-1 and ROSETTA as test objects. The analyses to date include cultivation of microorganisms by varying pH, temperature, oxygen, and pasteurization. A culture collection of bacterial isolates and a database of 16S RNA gene sequences have been established. The results of our preliminary work, including the numbers of colony forming units, differentiated as aerobes and facultative anaerobes as well as their phylogenetic classification, give a first overview of the breadth of physiological potential of the identified microorganisms and their capability to withstand various cleaning and sterilizing procedures currently used for the planetary protection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Report of the 6th (Virtual) Meeting on the Planetary Protection Knowledge Gaps for Human Missions to Mars on June 1-2, 2022.
- Author
-
Spry JA, Siegel B, Kminek G, Baker A, Beltran E, Courtney M, Doran P, Heldmann J, Regberg A, and Rettberg P
- Subjects
- Humans, Astronauts, Exobiology methods, Extraterrestrial Environment, Mars, Space Flight
- Abstract
This paper reports the sixth in a series of meetings held under the auspices of COSPAR (with space agencies support) to identify, refine and prioritize the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed for planetary protection for crewed missions to Mars, as well as to describe where and how needed data can be obtained. This approach is consistent with current scientific understanding and COSPAR policy, that the presence of a biological hazard in Martian material cannot be ruled out, and appropriate mitigations need to be in place. The workshops in the series were intentionally organized to obtain a diverse set of inputs from subject matter experts across a range of expertise on conduct of a potential future crewed Mars exploration mission, identifying and leveraging precursor ground, cis-lunar crewed and Mars robotic activities that can be used to close knowledge gaps. The knowledge gaps addressed by this meeting series fall into three major themes: 1. Microbial and human health monitoring; 2. Technology and operations for biological contamination control, and; 3. Natural transport of biological contamination on Mars. This report describes the findings of the 2022 meeting, which focused on measures needed to protect the crew and the returning Mars samples during the mission, both on the Martian surface and during the return to Earth. Much of this approach to crewed exploration is well aligned with the Principles and Guidelines for Human Missions to Mars described in section 9.3 of the current (2021) COSPAR policy, in terms of goals and intent. There were three specific recommendations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. The COSPAR planetary protection requirements for space missions to Venus.
- Author
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Zorzano MP, Olsson-Francis K, Doran PT, Rettberg P, Coustenis A, Ilyin V, Raulin F, Shehhi OA, Groen F, Grasset O, Nakamura A, Ballesteros OP, Sinibaldi S, Suzuki Y, Kumar P, Kminek G, Hedman N, Fujimoto M, Zaitsev M, Hayes A, Peng J, Ammannito E, Mustin C, and Xu K
- Subjects
- Planets, Extraterrestrial Environment, Containment of Biohazards, Exobiology, Space Flight, Venus, Mars
- Abstract
The Committee on Space Research's (COSPAR) Planetary Protection Policy states that all types of missions to Venus are classified as Category II, as the planet has significant research interest relative to the processes of chemical evolution and the origin of life, but there is only a remote chance that terrestrial contamination can proliferate and compromise future investigations. "Remote chance" essentially implies the absence of environments where terrestrial organisms could survive and replicate. Hence, Category II missions only require simplified planetary protection documentation, including a planetary protection plan that outlines the intended or potential impact targets, brief Pre- and Post-launch analyses detailing impact strategies, and a Post-encounter and End-of-Mission Report. These requirements were applied in previous missions and are foreseen for the numerous new international missions planned for the exploration of Venus, which include NASA's VERITAS and DAVINCI missions, and ESA's EnVision mission. There are also several proposed missions including India's Shukrayaan-1, and Russia's Venera-D. These multiple plans for spacecraft coincide with a recent interest within the scientific community regarding the cloud layers of Venus, which have been suggested by some to be habitable environments. The proposed, privately funded, MIT/Rocket Lab Venus Life Finder mission is specifically designed to assess the habitability of the Venusian clouds and to search for signs of life. It includes up to three atmospheric probes, the first one targeting a launch in 2023. The COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection evaluated scientific data that underpins the planetary protection requirements for Venus and the implications of this on the current policy. The Panel has done a thorough review of the current knowledge of the planet's conditions prevailing in the clouds. Based on the existing literature, we conclude that the environmental conditions within the Venusian clouds are orders of magnitude drier and more acidic than the tolerated survival limits of any known terrestrial extremophile organism. Because of this future orbital, landed or entry probe missions to Venus do not require extra planetary protection measures. This recommendation may be revised in the future if new observations or reanalysis of past data show any significant increment, of orders of magnitude, in the water content and the pH of the cloud layer., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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50. The COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy for robotic missions to Mars: A review of current scientific knowledge and future perspectives.
- Author
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Olsson-Francis K, Doran PT, Ilyin V, Raulin F, Rettberg P, Kminek G, Mier MZ, Coustenis A, Hedman N, Shehhi OA, Ammannito E, Bernardini J, Fujimoto M, Grasset O, Groen F, Hayes A, Gallagher S, Kumar K P, Mustin C, Nakamura A, Seasly E, Suzuki Y, Peng J, Prieto-Ballesteros O, Sinibaldi S, Xu K, and Zaitsev M
- Subjects
- Humans, Planets, Extraterrestrial Environment, Spacecraft, Exobiology methods, Containment of Biohazards, Public Policy, Space Flight, Robotic Surgical Procedures, Mars
- Abstract
Planetary protection guidance for martian exploration has become a notable point of discussion over the last decade. This is due to increased scientific interest in the habitability of the red planet with updated techniques, missions becoming more attainable by smaller space agencies, and both the private sector and governments engaging in activities to facilitate commercial opportunities and human-crewed missions. The international standards for planetary protection have been developed through consultation with the scientific community and the space agencies by the Committee on Space Research's (COSPAR) Panel on Planetary Protection, which provides guidance for compliance with the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. In 2021, the Panel evaluated recent scientific data and literature regarding the planetary protection requirements for Mars and the implications of this on the guidelines. In this paper, we discuss the COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy for Mars, review the new scientific findings and discuss the next steps required to enable the next generation of robotic missions to Mars., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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