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The Development of reliable and field-compatible detection methods is essential to monitoring and controlling the spread of any global pandemic. We herein report a novel anti-RNA:DNA hybrid (anti-RDH) antibody-based biosensor for visual, colorimetric lateral flow assay, using gold nanoparticles, coupled with transcription-mediated-isothermal-RNA-amplification (TMIRA) for specific and sensitive detection of viral RNA. We have demonstrated its utility for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection. This technique, which we have named RDH-LFA (anti-RNA:DNA hybrid antibody-based lateral flow assay), exploits anti-RDH antibody for immunocapture of viral RNA hybridized with specific DNA probes in lateral flow assay. This method uses biotinylated-oligonucleotides (DNAB) specific to SARS-CoV-2 RNA (vRNA) to generate a vRNA-DNAB hybrid. The biotin-tagged vRNA-DNAB hybrid molecules bind to streptavidin conjugated with gold nanoparticles. This hybrid complex is trapped by the anti-RDH antibody immobilized on the nitrocellulose membrane resulting in pink color signal leading to visual naked-eye detection in 1 minute. Combining RDH-LFA with isothermal RNA amplification (TMIRA) significantly improves the sensitivity (LOD:10 copies/µl) with a total turnaround time of an hour. More importantly, RDH-LFA coupled with the TMIRA method showed 96.6% sensitivity and 100% specificity for clinical samples when compared to a commercial gold standard reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction assay. Thus, the present study reports a rapid, sensitive, specific, and simple method for visual detection of viral RNA, which can be used at the point-of-care without requiring sophisticated instrumentation.

The effect of different reaction parameters helped in understanding the structure–property relationship in B-doped CNTs. A plausible reaction kinetic model and a reaction mechanism were proposed for the FCCVD synthesis of BCNTs.

Boron-doped carbon nanotubes (BCNTs) with varying B content (0–8 at%) were prepared by thermo-catalytic decomposition of ethanol in presence of boric acid at 1073 K. It was observed that hydrogen adsorption capacity improved to a critical B content of 3.86 at% and then decreased. Maximum hydrogen adsorption was found to be 0.497 wt% at 273 K and 16 bar with 3.86 at% of boron doping in CNTs. With the help of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, it was found that in addition to dopant concentration, dopant bonding with carbon structures, crystallinity and defects play pivotal roles in determining the extent of hydrogen adsorption by BCNTs. The thermogravimetric studies revealed the oxidation stability of the BCNTs. The hydrogen adsorption kinetics was found to follow the pseudo-second-order model. The rate constant value was minimum for the BCNT with the highest hydrogen storage capacity.

This paper illustrates the electrochemical exfoliation of graphite for the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) with few layers. Innovative design and arrangement of electrodes were adopted, which allowed simultaneous exfoliation and re-exfoliation of graphite anode. Electrolyte having different molar concentrations of an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and pH offered successful exfoliation of graphite anode with a varying yield of GO. The addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the solution affected the exfoliation rate and the morphology of the GO sheets. The transition of GO sheets from clumping–scrolling–flat sheet edge rolling to nanoribbons was observed by the change of composition and pH of the electrolyte. GO sheets showed lateral dimensions ranging from 500 nm to 24 μm, and ribbons and scrolls were found to have dimensions up to 50 μm. With the help of transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, a mechanism of exfoliation has been proposed. In situ functionalization of graphene helped in imparting stability to the GO in solvents such as ethanol and water for more than 11 months. This study elaborates on the significance of solvated sulfate ions and provides a window of sulfate and hydroxyl ion combination for tuning of structural morphologies of GO.

Delamination and fiber pull-out remain significant problems with carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites due to the brittle nature of epoxy and weak fiber–matrix interface. The present study approaches overcome these problems by fabricating a multiscale carbon fiber-epoxy composites laminated composite with graphene nanoplatelets reinforced matrix, using a vacuum-assisted resin infusion method. Incorporation of 0.2 wt.% graphene nanoplatelets in carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites enhances fracture toughness by ~ 35% and ultimate tensile strength by ~ 22%, owing to significant adhesion between fiber and matrix. Thorough fiber–matrix interfacial characterization revealed improved modulus gradient across the interface, ~ 38% more energy absorption during delamination, and ~ 42% higher fiber pull-out strength from the matrix.

Background: Synthesis of nano composite materials is very important topic in recent times for its wide application as a catalyst in various chemical processes. Among various nano composite platinum-mutliwall Carbone Nano Tubes is of particular interest in recent past due to its unique application in methanol fuel cell as a catalyst. Now the challenge is to make a chemical process for definite size and shape selective platinum-mutliwall Carbone Nano Tubes catalyst/composite with well distribution and easy scale up. Methods: The aim of the present work is to develop a chemical process for synthesis of platinum- Mutliwall Carbone Nano Tubes nano catalyst/composite with very low size (1-3nm) using reduction of Pt4+ and subsequently deposition to the Mutliwall Carbone Nano Tubes surface using ultrasound technique. Results: The platinum nano materials synthesized in trioctylmethyl ammonium hydrogen phthalate is characterized using TEM technique. The results show that the particle size of platinum nano are in the range of 1-3 nm. The platinum-mutliwall Carbone Nano Tubes catalyst/composite prepared using ultrasound technique does not change the particle size of the platinum nano particles. The distribution of platinum nano on Functionalized Mutliwall Carbone Nano Tubes surface is uniform compared to Non-functionalized Mutliwall Carbone Nano Tubes. Conclusion: The preparation of platinum-mutliwall Carbone Nano Tubes nano composite with very low size of platinum (1-3nm) is achieved in trioctylmethyl ammonium hydrogen phthalate as functionalized ionic liquid in presence of ultrasound.

Kinetics of formation of carbon nanotube aerogel (CNT-a) by floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FC–CVD) has been studied for the first time by thermocatalytic decomposition of ethanol usin...

In this research work, Carbon-carbon composites (CCCs) were fabricated via carbonization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-coated carbon textile (CNT-CF) reinforced polymer matrix composites (PMCs) preforms at 600, 900, 1200, and 1500 °C in a tubular furnace. To obtain CNT-CF, MWCNTs were produced radially on the surface of the nano-nickel particles plated carbon textile at 700°C using catalytic chemical vapor deposition method and C2H2 gas as a carbon source. The effects of CNT coating on carbon textiles were evaluated using FESEM, HR-TEM, XRD, Raman, TGA, and BET analysis. The effects of heat treatment temperatures on CNTs coated and uncoated PMCs manufactured using simple hand-layup method subsequently hot compressing were evaluated through XRD, FESEM, density, electrical conductivity measurement, tensile and flexural test, and viscoelastic properties using DMTA. The CNT coated CCCs obtained at 1500°C exhibited ∼ 66, 62, 83, 27, 44, 30, and 36% enhancement in electrical conductivity, storage modulus, loss modulus, tensile strength, Young’s modulus, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of CNT coated CCCs, respectively compare to uncoated CCCs. Moreover, substantial enhancement in thermal stability of PMCs and CCCs make CNT-CF as one of the competent alternate reinforcement for the fabrication of structural parts used in high-performance applications.

The generation IV nuclear reactors Tri-structural isotropic (TRISO) fuel suffer failure due to internal pressure generation, corrosion by fission products and kernel migration under temperature gradient. An innovative fuel particle design was conceptualized and realized for the first time in literature by embedding multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) into porous buffer pyrolytic carbon layer (B.PyC) of TRISO particle to address above issues. MWCNT embedded in B.PyC was obtained by sequential coating using novel chemical vapor deposition reactor. Scanning electron microscopy shows ~15 μm uniformly dispersed MWCNT into B.PyC layer. Transmission electron microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy analysis of the deposited CNT revealed to be multi walled with good crystalline. Results of small angle scattering technique of the composite layer using X-ray and neutrons (SAXS/SANS) reveal better pore structure and could pave new vistas for TRISO fuel development. Intrinsic MWCNT features offer immense potential to mitigate various shortcoming of TRISO particle during actual Generation IV nuclear reactor operation.

Boron and nitrogen codoped carbon nanotubes (B,N-CNTs) were synthesized by floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FCCVD) using ethanol, ferrocene, boric acid and imidazole as carbon source, catalyst, boron and nitrogen precursors, respectively. The samples were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. 1.5 at% B and 1.34 at% N could be doped in the resultant structure, which has higher length (few μm) with higher thermal stability (621 °C). At pressure 16 bar, hydrogen adsorption for B,N-CNTs was found to be 1.96 and 0.35 wt% at 77 K and 303 K, respectively. Hydrogen storage as function of time was also reported for both the cases. The adsorption process follow pseudo second order kinetics. The present study reveals that the codoping of CNTs aid in tuning properties of CNTs for hydrogen storage application.

Composite armor panels with boron carbide ceramic as striking face, backed with carbon nanotube-ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (CNT-UHMWPE), have been fabricated as lightweight body armors. The armor panels were tested against actual ammunitions through self-loading rifle (SLR) and AK-47. Slip lines were observed in boron carbide with high energy bullets. CNT-UHMWPE composite backing resulted in a low back face signature (BFS) due to the formation of a strong bond between CNT and UHMWPE and high energy dissipation through this composite. The role of CNT in the ballistic protection of this composite armor has been explained with the help of necessary characterization by electron microscopy, X-ray radiography, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry.

Boron doped carbon nanotubes were synthesized using chemical vapour deposition using acetylene as carbon source, boric acid as boron source and Ferrocene/MgO as catalyst/support. Boric acid was directly used as a solid precursor for doping boron in the CNT lattice. A kinetic model was established by varying the temperature of the reactor, partial pressure of reactants, flow rates and catalyst concentration. The rate controlling steps were studied and the optimal reaction conditions were established so as to synthesize the desired quantity and quality of boron doped carbon nanotubes. Boron doping of 6.31–6.71 at.% was obtained. Two different mechanisms were found to control the rate of reaction at different range of temperatures. The activation energy for the two mechanisms was found to be 18.21 kJ/mol and 6.73 kJ/mol respectively. A mechanism was proposed and validated using the experimental data so as to understand the growth of B-CNTs. The synthesized B-CNTs were purified using concentrated hydrochloric acid and characterized by using SEM, TEM to understand the surface characteristics; FTIR and XPS to detect and quantify the boron present in the sample, Raman spectroscopy and TGA analysis to determine the purity of the product.

Over the last few years, $\mathrm{Re}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ has generated a myriad of unattended queries regarding its structure, the concomitant thickness-dependent electronic properties, and its apparently contrasting experimental optical response. In this paper, with elaborate first-principles investigations, using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT, we identify the structure of $\mathrm{Re}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, which is capable of reproducing and analyzing the layer-dependent optical response. The theoretical results are further validated by an in-depth structural, chemical, optical, and optoelectronic analysis of the large-area $\mathrm{Re}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ thin films, grown by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Micro-Raman, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis have enabled the optimization of the uniform growth of the CVD films. The correlation between the optical and electronic properties was established by static photoluminescence and excited state transient absorption measurements. Sulfur vacancy-induced localized mid-gap states render a significantly long lifetime of the excitons in these films. The ionic gel top-gated photodetectors, fabricated from the as-prepared CVD films, exhibit a large photo-response of $\ensuremath{\sim}5$ A/W and a remarkable detectivity of $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{11}$ Jones. The outcome of this paper will be useful in promoting the application of vertically grown large-area films in the field of optics and opto-electronics.

The present study has taken an initiative to understand the distribution of nanophase reinforcement in polymer matrix and their behaviour during loading, using 2D modulus mapping. The composite system, being studied here, is a nanodiamond reinforced epoxy resin matrix. Modulus Mapping gives an idea of distribution of nanodiamond in matrix, in terms of spatial distribution of micron level higher modulus regions in epoxy matrix. The modulus mapping studies, carried out on composites with and without application of uniaxial tensile stresses, reveals the active role being played by nanodiamond in modulating the mechanical behaviour of the epoxy matrix and the evolution of distribution of the former with application of stress. Hardness and elastic modulus of epoxy is improved by ∼470% and ∼94% with 1 wt% nanodiamond. The stiffening effect of nanodiamond dispersed in epoxy matrix, evaluated through experiment is also in concurrence with results simulated using finite element method (FEM) of the representative volume element (RVE). Tensile strength and fracture toughness also showed an improvement of ∼56% and ∼85%, respectively, with 0.3 wt% ND. Interestingly, % strain (at break) also increased by ∼66%. TEM showed good dispersion and strong interaction of NDs with epoxy matrix. SEM analysis validates crack pinning and crack deflection as dominant toughening mechanism, while, efficient load sharing between ND and epoxy is found as main strengthening mechanism. As a whole, this study develops 2D modulus mapping technique as a generalized tool for evaluating the quality of dispersion of the nanoscale reinforcement phases and their role in mechanical behaviour of the macro-scale composite structures.

Floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition method was used for the synthesis of boron doped carbon nanotubes (BCNTs) using ethanol, triethyl borate and ferrocene as carbon source, boron source and catalyst precursor, respectively. The synthesized BCNTs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The hydrogen adsorption activity was studied for BCNTs along with undoped single walled and multi walled carbon nanotubes. Significant enhancement in the hydrogen storage value was found in doped CNTs as compared to the other undoped CNTs. Hydrogen storage for BCNTs was found to be 2.5 wt% at 10 bar and 77 K. In-situ doped BCNTs gives higher hydrogen adsorption as compared to ex-situ doped BCNTs. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was found to be suitable for describing the adsorption isotherm as compared with Freundlich isotherm. Maximum adsorption capacity was about 9.8 wt% at 77 K. Pseudo second order kinetics was followed by BCNTs for hydrogen adsorption.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have found wide-spread applications as antibacterial agents, catalysts and in chemical detection via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). To avoid agglomeration and unwanted release to the environment, Ag NPs are usually loaded onto various substrates. However, simple procedures for large-scale synthesis of this important material are still lacking. Here, we demonstrate a facile, green and scalable synthesis of Ag NPs loaded to ceramic substrates. Environment-friendly biopolymer (gum arabic) and ceramic (silica) nanoparticles were spray-dried to obtain surface-functionalized mesoporous silica substrate. Thereafter, the silver precursor was reduced in situ to obtain Ag NPs attached to the silica substrate. Gum arabic played a crucial role in reducing and attaching Ag NPs to the substrate. The resulting composite material was characterized using X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The antimicrobial efficacy of the synthesized composite was evaluated against a gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli and a gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus. Complete bactericidal effect was observed for composite harboring silver concentration as low as 19 µg ml−1 and 76 µg ml−1 for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Furthermore, the composite was used as a catalyst in the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol and rhodamine B by sodium borohydride. The rate constant for 4-nitrophenol reduction was found to be 1750 s−1 g−1. The composite demonstrated its applicability as a substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) wherein very dilute concentration (10−9 M) of crystal violet and rhodamine 6G could be easily detected.

Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been synthesized from thermocatalytic decomposition of methane by using ferrocene as the catalyst at atmospheric pressure. Floating catalyst chemical vapour deposition using a horizontal two zone reactor was employed to investigate the kinetics. The effects of temperature of synthesis (800–1000 °C), partial pressure (2–40 kPa) of reactant gas and catalyst concentration (0.2–4.6 mol m−3) on the rate of formation of SWCNTs have been studied. The rate is proportional to the partial pressure of methane indicating that the surface reaction of methane on the active site is the rate controlling step. The activation energy was found to be 80.16 kJ mol−1. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, BET, UV–Vis-NIR and thermogravimetry have been used for the characterization of products. UV–Vis-NIR spectroscopy data reveals presence of 78–82% metallic SWCNTs (m-SWCNTs) in the synthesized samples. The BET surface area of purified SWCNTs were found to be 871 m2 g−1 with pore volume of 0.35 cc g−1 and electrical conductivity of 856–746 S cm−1.

Single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes have been synthesized by floating catalyst chemical vapour deposition technique. Methane, argon, ferrocene and sulphur were used as carbon source, inert gas, catalyst and promoter, respectively. The types of carbon nanotubes (single or multi-walled) were governed by a variety of experimental factors: the ferrocene flow rate, methane flow rate, sulfur flow rate, argon flow rate and reaction temperature. The optimization of the process parameters was carried out to find the parameter 'islands' for the selective formation of single or multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The characterization was carried out by transmission electron microscopy, thermo gravimetric analysis and Raman spectroscopy. A high hydrogen flow rate, low methane flow rate and high sulfur flow rate were crucial factors for selective synthesis of single walled carbon nanotubes. This work provides methodology for optimization of processing parameters for synthesizing high purity single or multi walled carbon nanotubes

Hot pressed boron carbide–carbon nanotube (B4C–CNT) composites have been fabricated as potential materials for armour application. The effect of CNT addition (with 2, 5 and 10 vol%) on the hardness, fracture toughness and flexural strength of the composites has been evaluated. 5 vol% addition of CNT was found to be optimum with superior mechanical properties to that of monolithic B4C. The fracture toughness was improved from 2.56 to 5.65 MPa√m that was attributed to crack branching, crack bridging and crack deflection by CNT as was evident from scanning electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy could bring out the clear and continuous interface between B4C and CNT. However, at very high CNT vol% (10 vol %) the mechanical properties slightly deteriorated due to agglomeration. The experimentally obtained data were fitted with suitable mathematical models.

Simultaneous synthesis and densification of boron carbide and boron carbide- graphene nano platelets (GNP) were carried out by reactive spark plasma sintering of amorphous boron and graphene nano platelets at temperature ranging from 1200 to 1600 °C, pressure of 50 MPa and heating rate of 50 °C/min and 100 °C/min. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of required phases. Electron microscopic images revealed the formation of sub-micron and nano sized grains of plate like morphology. Sintered product with high relative density of 96%TD was achieved at a temperature of 1600 °C and heating rate of 50 °C/min for B4C stoichiometric composition and also exhibited maximum hardness of 21.10 GPa.

One-step evaporative jamming of colloidal silica particles in contact-free spray droplets resulted in well-defined powder micro-granules with interstitial nanopores. This paper reports the anomalous freezing behaviour of confined water in the microspheres synthesized using spray drying. It has been revealed that the freezing point of water in these microspheres gets significantly lowered (∼-45 °C) owing to the confinement effect. Thermoporometry results are corroborated with the structural details obtained using complementary techniques of gas adsorption measurements and small-angle x-ray scattering.

Interface of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) and high-k dielectric transition metal oxides (TMO) had triggerred umpteen discourses due to the indubitable impact of TMO in reducing the contact resistances and restraining the Fermi-level pinning for the metal-TMDC contacts. In the present work, we focus on the unresolved tumults of large-area TMDC/TMO interfaces, grown by adopting different techniques. Here, on a pulsed laser deposited (PLD) MoS2 thin film, a layer of TiO2 is grown by using both atomic layer deposition (ALD) and PLD. These two different techniques emanate TiO2 layers with different crystalline properties, thicknesses and interfacial morphologies, subsequently influencing the electronic and optical properties of the interfaces. In addition, they manifest a boost in the extent of p-type doping with increasing thickness of TiO2, as emerged after analyzing the core-level shifts of the X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). Density functional analysis of the MoS2/Anatase-TiO2 interfaces, for pristine and in presence of a wide range of interfacial defects, could explain the interdependence of doping and the terminating atomic-surface of TiO2 on MoS2. The optical properties of the interface, encompassing the photoluminescence, transient absorption and z-scan two-photon absorption indicate the presence of defect-induced localized mid-gap levels in MoS2/TiO2 (PLD), resulting quenched exciton signals. On the contrary, the relatively defect-free interface in MoS2/TiO2 (ALD) demonstrates a clear presence of both A and B excitons of MoS2. From the investigation of optical properties, we indicate that MoS2/TiO2 (PLD) interface may act as a promising saturable absorber. Moreover, MoS2/TiO2 (PLD) interface had resulted a better photo-transport. A potential application of MoS2/TiO2 (PLD) is demonstrated by the fabrication of a p-type photo-transistor with the ionic-gel top gate.

The interface of transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and high

Conversion of diamond polishing powders into graphite nano-crystals and simultaneous densification to high-density graphite were achieved through spark plasma sintering at 2000 °C with 45 MPa pressure. The sintered graphite had a density of 1.84 g/cm3 and hardness of 12.1 ± 0.4 HV. The phase evolution was characterized by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the converted high-density graphite consisted of randomly oriented nano-crystalline grains. The formed graphite was also isotropic in nature.

Doping of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) effectively provides a route to tune their physicochemical properties towards specific applications. Heteroatoms, such as boron (B) and nitrogen (N) can be used as dopants to tune the properties of CNTs. Till now, B as a dopant is relatively less explored but it has a huge potential for applications in various fields. The objective of this review is to shed light on the effects of B doping on different properties of CNTs, on the potential applications of B doped CNTs (B-CNTs), and to draw the future roadmap for the research on B-CNTs. In this review paper, we have presented the chronological development on B doped CNTs. We have analyzed the published literature on the synthesis of B-CNTs using different techniques with more emphasis on the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. A methodology has been proposed to find out the reaction mechanism(s) and rate expression(s) for the CVD-based synthesis. The microscopic and spectroscopic analyses (like transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis) for B-CNTs have been extensively discussed. In addition, we have delineated the application of B-CNTs in the field of hydrogen storage, catalysis, electrocatalysis, and sensors in depth. In conclusion, based on the present knowledge base, we have identified the knowledge gaps, and therefore have made recommendations for future work.

Nickel particles were deposited on carbon fiber (CF) via a facile electroless coating method at various coating times intended for advanced structural application. Scanning electron microscopy demo...

In the present study, human hair derived carbon powder (HHC) synthesized in home laboratory is characterized via SEM, AFM, FT-IR, XRD, Raman, XPS, and TGA. Then HHC is used as a low cost reinforcing filler at 0–50 wt% with phenolic resin for fabricating carbon fabric reinforced polymer composites (CPCs) and its carbon-carbon composites (CCs). CPCs are fabricated via simple hand-lay techniques for resin-HHC slurry impregnation followed by hot pressing while CCs are obtained by carbonization of CPCs at 600 and 900 °C. Effects of HHC loading on CPCs and CCs are evaluated through static and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, density, electrical conductivity, morphology, and microstructure studies. Tensile and flexural properties (strength and modulus) of CPCs and CCs improve significantly (∼25 to 73%) at 30 wt% HHC loading. Storage modulus (E′) and loss modulus (E″) of CPCs increase up to 132 and 104%, respectively with addition of HHC up to 40 wt%. E′ and E″ of unfilled CCs increase with carbonization temperature, however they decrease with increasing HHC content. In addition to high specific properties, CCs also exhibit substantial increment (∼233%) in electrical conductivity and thermal stability, which make HHC one of the most suitable material for high temperature-structural applications.