49 results on '"Kimmo Rasa"'
Search Results
2. Improving coarse-textured mineral soils with pulp and paper mill sludges: Functional considerations at laboratory scale
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Mari Räty, Maarit Termonen, Helena Soinne, Johanna Nikama, Kimmo Rasa, Mikko Järvinen, Reijo Lappalainen, Harri Auvinen, and Riikka Keskinen
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Fertility ,Nitrogen immobilisation ,Soil respiration ,Water retention ,Science - Abstract
Building up the organic matter content of coarse-textured soils with organic amendments seeks to ameliorate the productivity of these soils, which is limited by plant available water and nutrient supply. Wood fibre-based sludges from the pulp and paper industry have potential for soil conditioning. In this study, the effects of three different pulp and paper mill sludges at application rates of 10 and 20 vol-% on water retention, respiration, and nitrogen (N) dynamics were examined in a series of laboratory studies using coarse field soils. Water retention curves comprising 13 matric potentials revealed that the amendments increased total soil porosity and volumetric water content at matric potentials corresponding to macro- and mesopores size range with pore diameters of >30 μm and 30–0.2 μm, respectively. Volumetric water content at field capacity increased by c. 10–30%, depending on the type (fresh, lime-stabilised and fibre sludge) and application rate of the amendment, with no marked change in the water content at the permanent wilting point. This was reflected as a mean increase of 1.9–3.3 mm in the plant available water content relative to the non-amended soils (17 mm), which corresponds to 19–33 m3 per hectare. At most, an increase of 5.5 mm (55 m3 ha−1) in plant available water was achieved by the fibre sludge amendment at an application rate of 20 vol-%. During a 60-day laboratory incubation, c. 30–40% of the carbon (C) added to soil in the sludge materials was respired as carbon dioxide. Additional N accelerated decomposition without increasing total respired C. Decomposition of the amendments in the soil led to a net N immobilisation of roughly 5–10 mg min-N g−1 added C, which occurred mainly during the first two weeks after soil incorporation. Overall, pulp and paper mill sludge amendments may serve to alleviate water shortages during drought in coarse-textured soils, but may generate a transient plant-microbe competition in N uptake.
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Potential of Biochar to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Increase Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Boreal Arable Soils in the Long-Term
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Subin Kalu, Liisa Kulmala, Jure Zrim, Kenneth Peltokangas, Priit Tammeorg, Kimmo Rasa, Barbara Kitzler, Mari Pihlatie, and Kristiina Karhu
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biochar ,greenhouse gas emissions ,nitrate ,nitrous oxide ,nitrogen leaching ,nitrogen uptake ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Biochars have potential to provide agricultural and environmental benefits such as increasing soil carbon sequestration, crop yield, and soil fertility while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and nitrogen leaching. However, whether these effects will sustain for the long-term is still unknown. Moreover, these effects were observed mostly in highly weathered (sub-) tropical soils with low pH and soil organic carbon (SOC). The soils in northern colder boreal regions have typically higher SOC and undergo continuous freeze-thaw cycles. Therefore, effects of biochars in these regions may be different from those observed in other climates. However, only a few biochar studies have been conducted in boreal regions. We aimed to assess the long-term effects of biochars on GHG emissions, yield-normalized non-CO2 GHG emissions (GHGI), and N dynamics in boreal soils. For this, we collected data from four existing Finnish biochar field experiments during 2018 growing season. The experiments were Jokioinen (Stagnosol), Qvidja (Cambisol), Viikki-1 (Stagnosol), and Viikki-2 (Umbrisol), where biochars were applied, 2, 2, 8, and 7 years before, respectively. The GHG emissions, crop yield, soil mineral N, and microbial biomass were measured from all fields, whereas, additional measurements of plant N contents and N leaching were conducted in Qvidja. Biochars increased CO2 efflux in Qvidja and Viikki-2, whereas, there were no statistically significant effects of biochars on the fluxes of N2O or CH4, but in Qvidja, biochars tended to reduce N2O fluxes at the peak emission points. The tendency of biochars to reduce N2O emissions seemed higher in soils with higher silt content and lower initial soil carbon. We demonstrated the long-term effects of biochar on increased crop yield by 65% and reduced GHGI by 43% in Viikki-2. In Qvidja, the significant increment of plant biomass, plant N uptake, nitrogen use efficiency, and crop yield, and reduction of NO3−–N leaching by the spruce biochar is attributed to its ability to retain NO3−–N, which could be linked to its significantly higher specific surface area. The ability of the spruce biochar to retain soil NO3−–N and hence to reduce N losses, has implications for sustainable management of N fertilization.
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Pyroligneous Acids of Differently Pretreated Hybrid Aspen Biomass: Herbicide and Fungicide Performance
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Pasi Korkalo, Marleena Hagner, Janne Jänis, Marko Mäkinen, Janne Kaseva, Ulla Lassi, Kimmo Rasa, and Tuula Jyske
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pyroligneous acid ,hybrid aspen ,biomass ,torrefaction ,biopesticide ,herbicide ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The pyroligneous acids (PAs) of woody biomass produced by torrefaction have pesticidal properties. Thus, PAs are potential alternatives to synthetic plant protection chemicals. Although woody biomass is a renewable feedstock, its use must be efficient. The efficiency of biomass utilization can be improved by applying a cascading use principle. This study is novel because we evaluate for the first time the pesticidal potential of PAs derived from the bark of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × Populus tremuloides Michx.) and examine simultaneously how the production of the PAs can be interlinked with the cascade processing of hybrid aspen biomass. Hybrid aspen bark contains valuable extractives that can be separated before the hemicellulose is thermochemically converted into plant protection chemicals. We developed a cascade processing scheme, where these extractives were first extracted from the bark with hot water (HWE) or with hot water and alkaline alcohol (HWE+AAE) prior to their conversion into PAs by torrefaction. The herbicidal performance of PAs was tested using Brassica rapa as the test species, and the fungicidal performance was proven using Fusarium culmorum. The pesticidal activities were compared to those of the PAs of debarked wood and of commercial pesticides. According to the results, extractives can be separated from the bark without overtly diminishing the weed and fungal growth inhibitor performance of the produced PAs. The HWE of the bark before its conversion into PAs appeared to have an enhancing effect on the herbicidal activity. In contrast, HWE+AAE lowered the growth inhibition performance of PAs against both the weeds and fungi. This study shows that hybrid aspen is a viable feedstock for the production of herbicidal and fungicidal active chemicals, and it is possible to utilize biomass according to the cascading use principle.
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The effects of gypsum on the transfer of phosphorus and other nutrients through clay soil monoliths
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Risto Uusitalo, Kari Ylivainio, Jari Hyväluoma, Kimmo Rasa, Janne Kaseva, Pauliina Nylund, Liisa Pietola, and Eila Turtola
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Agriculture ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
We applied gypsum (CaSO4×2 H2O) amendments to 100 m2 plots within two clay-textured fields, one under shallow cultivation to 10 cm depth and the other ploughed to 20 cm depth. Unamended plots and plots subjected to a CaCO3 (finely ground limestone) application served as controls. Separate soil monoliths (30 cm in diameter, 40 cm in depth) were collected for laboratory rainfall simulations from all plots 7, 19 and 31 months after the initial application of the amendments. Water passed through the monoliths during these simulations was analysed for turbidity, dissolved and particulate phosphorus (DRP and PP), nitrogen species, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), as well as dissolved Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and S, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC). Over the three-year monitoring period, gypsum amended soils exhibited substantial decreases in turbidity (45%), PP (70%), DRP (50%) and DOC (35%) relative to control samples. The effects gradually decreased with time, and after 31 months gypsum effects on P species were detectible, but no longer statistically significant. We consider gypsum amendments as a potential tool for slowing P loss from agricultural areas with high P loss potential.
- Published
- 2012
6. Structural and chemical changes in pyrogenic organic matter aged in a boreal forest soil
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Jari HYVÄLUOMA, Arttu MIETTINEN, Riikka KESKINEN, Kimmo RASA, and Henrik LINDBERG
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Soil Science - Published
- 2023
7. How clonal differences and within-tree heterogeneity affect pore properties of hybrid aspen wood and biochar?
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Fernando Urbano-Tenorio, Heikki Suhonen, Janne Kaseva, Peetu Rytkönen, Tuula Jyske, Kimmo Rasa, Egbert Beuker, Mika Turunen, Jari Hyväluoma, Department of Physics, and Helsinki In Vivo Animal Imaging Platform (HAIP)
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Pore size ,0303 health sciences ,Materials science ,Wall thickness ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,020209 energy ,116 Chemical sciences ,Amendment ,02 engineering and technology ,Raw material ,Wood tissue ,3D X-ray imaging ,114 Physical sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Chemical engineering ,Homogeneous ,Microtomography ,Biochar ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Porosity ,Pyrolysis ,Poplar ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
Production of applicable and homogeneous biochar for soil amendment purposes would benefit from knowledge on how feedstock heterogeneity impacts key biochar pore properties and how the properties are transformed due to pyrolysis. This study aimed (1) to quantify how clonal differences and within-tree heterogeneity of a hybrid aspen feedstock (wood) impact biochar pore properties and (2) to estimate how pore properties of non-pyrolysed wood materials are transformed when pyrolysed into biochar. The study was conducted by collecting samples from a hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × Populus tremuloides Michx.) clonal field trial. Key pore properties of non-pyrolysed and pyrolysed wood samples were quantified with 3D X-ray imaging and quantitative image analyses. The results demonstrated how pyrolysis shifted distinctively bi-modal pore size distributions of the wood samples towards smaller pore size regions. The bi-modal wood tissue structure controlled the pore structure also in the biochars. Due to decreasing cell wall thicknesses, the pyrolysis increased the porosity of the materials. While the thermal process homogenized differences in the wall thicknesses, the thicknesses of the feedstock were also shown to control the resulting thicknesses in the biochars. Mechanisms of biochar pore property formation can be considered important when designing applicable biochars for a chosen purpose. Clonal differences and within-tree heterogeneity had a direct impact only on the wall thicknesses and the pore diameters of vessels. These impacts can be of interest when planning feedstock utilization in biochar production. However, the results suggest that relatively homogeneous biochar can be produced from hybrid aspen feedstocks.
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- 2023
8. Feasibility of Nitrogen-Enriched Chars as Circular Fertilizers
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Johanna Nikama, Janne Kaseva, Riikka Keskinen, and Kimmo Rasa
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Environmental Engineering ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Portable water purification ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,010501 environmental sciences ,engineering.material ,01 natural sciences ,Nitrogen ,Manure ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Environmental chemistry ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,engineering ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Ammonium ,Fertilizer ,Char ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Pyrolysis ,Sludge ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Purpose Charred materials are low in bioavailable nitrogen (N) due to gaseous losses and the formation of recalcitrant structures during pyrolysis. Enriching chars with N from wastewaters offers a possibility to upgrade the agronomic value of the chars and manage the liquids. For assessing the practical feasibility of the approach, more information on the extent of the retention and release of the loaded N is needed. Methods The ammonium-N (NH4-N) retention capacity of chars derived from sewage sludge (SS_A-C), Salix wood (SA), broiler manure (BR) and coal (LG85) was determined via equilibrations in solutions containing 400, 1500 and 5000 mg NH4-N L−1. Plant availability of the loaded N in SS_C, SA and BR was studied in a pot experiment with ryegrass. Results Differences in the total N retention of moist chars were small. The amount of N retained increased with increase in the solution N and was at the highest 2–4 g NH4-N L−1 char. In four consecutive ryegrass harvests, the apparent N recoveries were 67, 47 and 34% for SA, BR and SS_C treatments. No slow release of N was observed. Conclusion Considering crop production, the amounts of N retained within the studied chars in bioavailable form were small. Chars with a higher N retention capacity would be needed for an efficient cascade from water purification to fertilizer use. Graphical Abstract
- Published
- 2021
9. Metsäteollisuuden kuitulietteiden peltoviljelykäyttö karkeilla kivennäismailla
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Maarit Termonen, Riikka Keskinen, Johanna Nikama, Kirsi Järvenranta, Helena Soinne, Mikko Järvinen, Kimmo Rasa, Jaana Uusi-Kämppä, Harri Auvinen, Reijo Lappalainen, and Mari Räty
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typpi ,hiili ,satovaikutus ,ohra ,Artikkelit ,nurmi - Abstract
Viimeaikaiset tulokset massa- ja paperiteollisuuden sivuvirroista ja tehtaan jätevesien puhdistusprosesseista syntyvien kuitulietteiden käytöstä maanparannusaineina hienojakoisilla viljelymailla ovat olleet lupaavia. Kuitulietteiden sato-, hiilisyöte- ja maanparannusvaikutusten selvittämiseksi karkeilla kivennäismailla (KHt) perustettiin Biosfääri-hankkeessa (Biosfääri Pohjois-Savo; Biomassan ja biojalostusteknologioiden hyödyntäminen liiketoiminnan kasvattamisessa) Luke Maaningalle kaksivuotinen, lohkoittain satunnaistettu ja neljänä kerranteena toteutettu kenttäkoe. Timotei-nurminatanurmi perustettiin kesäkuussa 2020 suojaviljan alle. Ennen kylvöä kuitulietteet levitettiin maan pintaan (21–28 tuore-t ha-1, liukoinen-N n. 15 kg ha-1, kokonais-P n. 26 kg ha-1) ja äestettiin noin 7 cm:n syvyyteen. Toinen metsäteollisuuden kuitulietteistä oli tyyppinimeltään kalkkistabiloitu puhdistamoliete (kalkkikuitu Kuopio; Fortum Waste Solution Oy; jatkossa maanparannuskuitu A), kun taas toinen oli hygienisoimaton ja tuotteistamaton (Stora Enso Oyj, Varkaus; jatkossa maanparannuskuitu B). Kuitulietteistä otetuissa näytteissä ei todettu salmonellabakteereita ja Escherichia coli -pitoisuudet (
- Published
- 2022
10. Pulp and paper mill sludges decrease soil erodibility
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Krista Peltoniemi, Risto Uusitalo, Hannu Fritze, Kimmo Rasa, Juuso Joona, Taina Pennanen, Sannakajsa Velmala, and Janne Kaseva
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Environmental Engineering ,Technical Reports ,Rain ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,complex mixtures ,01 natural sciences ,Soil ,Nutrient ,Organic matter ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,2. Zero hunger ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Suspended solids ,Sewage ,business.industry ,Soil organic matter ,Surface Water Quality ,food and beverages ,Agriculture ,Phosphorus ,Paper mill ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,15. Life on land ,Pollution ,6. Clean water ,Soil conditioner ,Agronomy ,chemistry ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,Soil fertility ,business - Abstract
Declining carbon (C) content in agricultural soils threatens soil fertility and makes soil prone to erosion, which could be rectified with organic soil amendments. In a 4‐yr field trial, we made a single application of three different organic sludges from the pulp and paper industry and studied their effects on cereal yield, soil C content, and fungal and bacterial composition. In laboratory rainfall simulations, we also studied the effects of the soil amendments on susceptibility to erosion and nutrient mobilization of a clay‐textured soil by measuring the quality of percolation water passing through 40‐cm intact soil monoliths during 2‐d rainfall simulations over four consecutive years after application. A nutrient‐poor fiber sludge reduced wheat yield in the first growing season, but there were no other significant effects on cereal yield or grain quality. An input of ∼8 Mg ha−1 C with the soil amendments had only minor effects on soil C content after 4 yr, likely because of fast microbe‐mediated turnover. The amendments clearly changed the fungal and bacterial community composition. All amendments significantly reduced suspended solids (SS) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in percolation water. The effect declined with time, but the reduction in SS and TP was still >25% 4 yr after application. We attributed the lower tendency for particle detachment in rain simulations to direct interactions of soil minerals with the added particulate organic matter and microbe‐derived compounds that stabilize soil aggregates. In soils with low organic matter content, pulp and paper industry by‐products can be a viable measure for erosion mitigation.
- Published
- 2020
11. Quantifying the pore structure of different biochars and their impacts on the water retention properties of Sphagnum moss growing media
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Kimmo Rasa, Markus Hannula, Jaakko Heikkinen, Mika Turunen, Jari Hyväluoma, Janne Kaseva, and Riikka Keskinen
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biology ,Water table ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Soil Science ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Raw material ,Carbon sequestration ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Sphagnum ,Moss ,0104 chemical sciences ,Water retention ,Control and Systems Engineering ,3d image ,Environmental chemistry ,Biochar ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,medicine ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,medicine.symptom ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Food Science - Abstract
Amending growing media with biochar has the potential to sequester carbon and enhance the properties of the receiving substance. However, knowledge of the mechanisms of how biochar amends the physical properties of the material is incomplete. By combining 3D image analysis and more conventional methods, this study aimed to (1) characterise the pore structure properties of three different plant-based biochars and (2) quantify their impact on Sphagnum moss growing media physical properties. The 3D imaging showed that irrespective of the feedstock, the majority (0.80–0.94 m3 m−3) of the biochar pore volume resided in pores with diameters 2–11 μm. Biochar pore properties shared similarities due to the structure of plant tissue. The application of biochar increased the water retention of the growing media by a maximum increase of 0.06 m3 m−3 in the pore diameter range 1–8 μm. This is relevant for plant-available water and microbiological activity, which indicates the usability of the biochar amendments. From methodological point of view, the benefits of combining 3D imaging with conventional measurements and impacts of the water table continuum discontinuity between the biochar and the surrounding growing media were demonstrated. The design of biochar for optimal water retention would benefit from further studies quantifying pore structure characteristics of biochar produced from a wide range of feedstocks.
- Published
- 2020
12. Structural and Chemical Changes of Pyrogenic Organic Matter Aged in Boreal Forest Soil
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Jari Hyväluoma, Arttu Miettinen, Riikka Keskinen, Kimmo Rasa, and Henrik Lindberg
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History ,Polymers and Plastics ,Business and International Management ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering - Published
- 2022
13. Potential of pyrolysis liquids to control the environmental weed Heracleum mantegazzianum
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Marleena Hagner, Bengt Lindqvist, Jouko Vepsäläinen, Chiara Samorì, Riikka Keskinen, Kimmo Rasa, Terho Hyvönen, Fifth Dimension - Vegetated roofs and walls in urban areas, Urban Ecosystems, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Marleena Hagner, Bengt Lindqvist, Jouko Vepsäläinen, Chiara Samorì, Riikka Keskinen, Kimmo Rasa, Terho Hyvönen
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Invasive species ,fungi ,Pyrolysis acid ,Pyroligneous acid ,Pyrolysis acid Pyroligneous acid Wood vinegar Slow pyrolysis Giant hogweed Invasive species ,Wood vinegar ,Slow pyrolysis ,Giant hogweed ,219 Environmental biotechnology - Abstract
Replacement of synthetic pesticides with biochemical alternatives and other biological and mechanical control methods represents a future need in plant protection. We investigated if slow pyrolysis liquids (PL) originating from hardwoods, which contain a wide range of organic compounds, can be used to control giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) either by (i) spraying directly on the seeds (Carum carvi seeds used as substitute) and seedlings or by (ii) covering seedlings with PL-containing mulching material (PLM). The effectiveness of the methods was evaluated in laboratory and greenhouse experiments using seedlings of various ages, PLs produced from aspen (Populus sp.), birch (Betula sp.) and willow (Salix sp.) and various PL/PLM application doses. In addition, the biodegradation of birch-derived PL was investigated. All tested liquids inhibited C. carvi seed germination effectively when used at > 20% concentrations and only slight differences existed among PLs produced from different biomasses. Direct spraying of PL on H. mantegazzianum seedlings was ineffective. PLM (containing 7.5%-40% of PL) inhibited seedling development effectively. Birch PL was readily biodegradable. Further product development is needed because the chemical composition of the PLs in PLM and their modes of action are poorly understood. The weed-inhibiting effect of PLM likely results from the PL and the mechanical barrier constituted by PL-bound peat fibers. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
- Published
- 2020
14. Quantitative analysis of feedstock structural properties can help to produce willow biochar with homogenous pore system
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Heikki Suhonen, Kimmo Rasa, Tuula Jyske, Peetu Rytkönen, Anneli Viherä-Aarnio, Jari Hyväluoma, Janne Kaseva, and Department of Physics
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0106 biological sciences ,Wood structure ,Willow ,Materials science ,116 Chemical sciences ,Lignocellulosic biomass ,Raw material ,WOOD ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,PYROLYSIS TEMPERATURE ,GRAVITY ,3D imaging ,Biochar ,Porosity ,Water content ,biology ,010405 organic chemistry ,POROSITY ,Salix ,Fibres ,biology.organism_classification ,Pulp and paper industry ,0104 chemical sciences ,Vessels ,Short rotation coppice ,MOISTURE-CONTENT ,Pore structure ,PULPS ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Pyrolysis ,X-ray tomography ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Novel bioeconomic approaches call for increasingly faster production of lignocellulosic biomass and its bettertailored use for higher added value. The high-yield capacity and structural properties of willows (Salix spp.) suggest their excellent potential for the production of designed biochar for use in agronomic, electronic and technical applications. All these applications rely on the internal pore structure of biochar. However, we lack an in-depth quantitative understanding of the interlinkages between the feedstock properties and the physical quality of the biochar produced. We studied quantitatively how the clonal and within-plant properties of five different willow clones (hybrids of Salix schwerinii E.L. Wolf) affected the micrometre-scale pore properties of the produced biochars (pyrolyzed at + 462 ?C). The porosity and pore size distribution were analysed before and after slow pyrolysis by X-ray microtomography and image analysis. We also studied the potential of conventional low-cost fibre analysis techniques to be used to predict biochar pore properties directly from fresh feedstock. The total porosity (0.55?0.62) and the pore size distribution of willow wood and derived biochars varied between clones. Approximately two-thirds of the biochar total porosity was associated with pores formed by wood fibres. Pyrolysis levelled off the structural variation detected between and within the clones. Pyrolysis-induced shrinkage reduced the pore sizes and narrowed the pore size distribution. The results suggest that conventional fibre analysis techniques could be utilized to predict biochar homogeneity. Short rotation coppice willows are suitable feedstock to produce homogenous biochar precursor for production of bio-based carbon materials to be used in high value-added technical applications. The structural homogeneity of the feedstock and produced biochar can be enhanced by selecting proper harvesting strategy and clones used in plantations. From the industrial perspective, comprehensive understanding of feedstock properties helps to control quality of the produced biochar.
- Published
- 2021
15. Performance of Liquids from Slow Pyrolysis and Hydrothermal Carbonization in Plant Protection
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Isa Lindqvist, Anssi Källi, Kari Tiilikkala, Hanne Wikberg, Marleena Hagner, Kimmo Rasa, Klaus Niemelä, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Fifth Dimension - Vegetated roofs and walls in urban areas, and Urban Ecosystems
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0106 biological sciences ,Willow ,Environmental Engineering ,020209 energy ,Biomass ,Hydrothermal carbonization ,Slow pyrolysis ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Acetic acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,CHEMISTRY ,010608 biotechnology ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy ,Waste Management and Disposal ,biology ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Chemistry ,fungi ,Pyrolysis liquids ,food and beverages ,Wheat straw ,RECOVERY ,15. Life on land ,Straw ,Pesticide ,biology.organism_classification ,OIL ,Plant protection ,Pine ,WOOD VINEGAR ,visual_art ,Environmental chemistry ,ACID ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Bark ,221 Nano-technology ,Pyrolysis - Abstract
The feasibility of thermochemical biomass conversion technologies can be improved if value-added applications for all fractions can be developed. One of such approaches is the use of liquid by-products from slow pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) in plant protection. Liquids produced from slow pyrolysis of pine bark, pine forest residues, wheat straw, and willow, and from hydrothermal carbonization of willow, were analyzed in this study. In particular, potential active compounds were analyzed, covering the main volatile, simple organic compounds and numerous phenolic substances. Effectivity tests of the liquids as pest repellent (Arianta arbustorum), herbicide (Brassica rapa), and insecticide (Rhopalosiphum padi) indicated that slow pyrolysis liquid from willow was the most effective pesticide, followed by the liquid from wheat, bark, and forest residues. HTC liquid did not show any pesticidal activity due to low concentration of organic compounds. High content of acetic acid and other carboxylic acids, and the presence of dozens of different phenolic compounds seem to be the main reason for the higher pesticidal activity of willow-derived pyrolysis liquid. Temperature-separated slow pyrolysis liquids proved to be suitable to be used as pesticides. Consequently there is possibility to improve the feasibility of thermochemical biomass conversion technologies remarkably by developing the liquid factions to value-added pesticides. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
- Published
- 2018
16. The Effects of Mixing Pulp and Paper Mill Sludge into Wood Bark on Storage-Related Environmental Impacts and Heating Value
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Janne Kaseva, Riikka Keskinen, Juha Oksanen, Jaakko Heikkinen, Kimmo Rasa, School common, CHEM, Luke Natural Resources Institute Finland, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
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Environmental Engineering ,Biological degradation ,business.industry ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Pulp (paper) ,Mixing (process engineering) ,Paper mill ,engineering.material ,Pulp and paper industry ,Wood pulp ,visual_art ,Wood storage ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,engineering ,Environmental science ,Bark ,Heat of combustion ,Bark utilization ,business ,Energy value ,Waste Management and Disposal - Abstract
The pulping industry generates vast amounts of bark residues and wastewater treatment sludges, which are combined and stored for varying periods in stacks, often in the open air, prior to utilization for energy via combustion. In order to optimize the storage strategy, the effects of incorporating sludge into bark on heating value and storage-related environmental impacts were investigated in laboratory and outdoor studies. Biological degradation activity was found to be higher in treatments containing 25% sludge (B75S25) and 50% sludge (B50S50) on a fresh mass basis, in comparison with pure bark (B100). Mean monthly dry mass loss was 2.1% (B100), 3.3% (B75S25), and 3.7% (B50S50) in the laboratory and 2.7%, 4.2%, and 4.8%, respectively, outdoors. Sludge addition was found to maintain degradation activity at low temperatures (+ 3°C). Co-storage of sludge and bark led to loss of energy, mainly due to increased loss of biomass and increased moisture content. Overall, biomass moisture content governed the heating value. Cumulative methane emissions over the storage period were higher from the sludge-containing treatments than from pure bark, but emissions of nitrogen-containing gases (N2O and NH3) were negligible throughout. Sludge addition roughly halved the cumulative chemical oxygen demand (COD) of leachate and minimized its concentration of phosphate-P. However, larger amounts of inorganic elements were released to the percolating water from the sludge-containing treatments. Overall, these results indicate that finding alternative uses for the sludge fraction would be beneficial.
- Published
- 2021
17. Pore structure of wastewater sludge chars and their water retention impacts in different soils
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Mika Turunen, Janne Kaseva, Kimmo Rasa, Riikka Keskinen, Jari Hyväluoma, Aino Reunamo, Johanna Nikama, Tampere University, and BioMediTech
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010401 analytical chemistry ,Soil Science ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,217 Medical engineering ,Raw material ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Water retention ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Environmental chemistry ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,medicine ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,Char ,Particle size ,medicine.symptom ,Porous medium ,Porosity ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Food Science ,Shrinkage - Abstract
Feasibility of pyrolysing wastewater sludge for char and energy production is dependent on the usability of the produced sludge char. This study aimed to produce mechanistic information of char impacts on amended porous media by determining (1) pore structure of sludge chars with 3D image analyses and (2) their influence on water retention and shrinkage properties of three contrasting soils. The pore structure of the chars consisted of crevices and large spheres. Their water retention impacts were minor, even though the low-porous char slightly increased porosity in the amended materials in various pore-size ranges. The dominating, though small, impacts were the increase in easily drainable interpores and decrease in smallest pore sizes relevant for plant available water. The char impacts were more visible in fine-than coarse-textured soils. The chars also significantly reduced shrinkage in clay soils. The results were insensitive to sludge feedstock or char particle size. publishedVersion
- Published
- 2021
18. Slow pyrolysis liquid in reducing NH
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Marleena, Hagner, Mari, Räty, Johanna, Nikama, Kimmo, Rasa, Sari, Peltonen, Jouko, Vepsäläinen, and Riikka, Keskinen
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Manure ,Soil ,Ammonia ,Nitrogen ,Animals ,Cattle ,Fertilizers ,Pyrolysis - Abstract
A substantial percentage of manure nitrogen (N) can be lost as gaseous ammonia (NH
- Published
- 2020
19. Are there environmental or agricultural benefits in using forest residue biochar in boreal agricultural clay soil?
- Author
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Helena, Soinne, Riikka, Keskinen, Jaakko, Heikkinen, Jari, Hyväluoma, Risto, Uusitalo, Krista, Peltoniemi, Sannakajsa, Velmala, Taina, Pennanen, Hannu, Fritze, Janne, Kaseva, Markus, Hannula, Kimmo, Rasa, Tampere University, Research group: Computational Biophysics and Imaging Group, and BioMediTech
- Subjects
Soil ,218 Environmental engineering ,Charcoal ,Clay ,Forests - Abstract
Short-term agronomic and environmental benefits are fundamental factors in encouraging farmers to use biochar on a broad scale. The short-term impacts of forest residue biochar (BC) on the productivity and carbon (C) storage of arable boreal clay soil were studied in a field experiment. In addition, rain simulations and aggregate stability tests were carried out to investigate the potential of BC to reduce nutrient export to surface waters. A BC addition of 30 t ha−1 increased soil test phosphorus and decreased bulk density in the surface soil but did not significantly change pH or water retention properties, and most importantly, did not increase the yield. There were no changes in the bacterial or fungal communities, or biomasses. Soil basal respiration was higher in BC-amended plots in the spring, but no differences in respiration rates were detected in the fall two years after the application. Rain simulation experiments did not support the use of BC in reducing erosion or the export of nutrients from the field. Of the C added, on average 80% was discovered in the 0–45 cm soil layer one year after the application. Amendment of boreal clay soil with a high rate of BC characterized by a moderately alkaline pH, low surface functionalities, and a recalcitrant nature, did not induce such positive impacts that would unambiguously motivate farmers to invest in BC. BC use seems unviable from the farmer's perspective but could play a role in climate change mitigation, as it will likely serve as long-term C storage. publishedVersion
- Published
- 2020
20. Bioavailability of phosphorus in granulated and pyrolyzed broiler manure
- Author
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Kimmo Rasa, Janne Kaseva, Minna Sarvi, Kari Ylivainio, Riikka Keskinen, Marleena Hagner, Helena Soinne, Risto Uusitalo, Sannakajsa Velmala, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Fifth Dimension - Vegetated roofs and walls in urban areas, and Urban Ecosystems
- Subjects
Granulation ,ALLIUM-PORRUM L ,WASTE ,Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ,Soil Science ,Slow pyrolysis ,Plant Science ,010501 environmental sciences ,engineering.material ,01 natural sciences ,Animal science ,Soil pH ,PHOSPHATE ,TEMPERATURE ,COMPOST ,1172 Environmental sciences ,Poultry litter ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,2. Zero hunger ,FERTILIZER VALUE ,Feather meal ,Compost ,Chemistry ,AVAILABILITY ,fungi ,food and beverages ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,15. Life on land ,Manure ,Bioavailability ,Biochar ,Organic fertilizer ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,engineering ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Fertilizer - Abstract
Production of organic fertilizers from poultry manure may compromise availability of phosphorus (P) to plants. This study examined the effects of granulation, feather meal addition, and pyrolysis on bioavailability of P in broiler manure in a pot experiment with ryegrass and assessed whether P availability is enhanced by inoculating arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) into soil. Granulated broiler manure gave similar plant yield and P uptake to superphosphate. Feather meal addition had a minor negative effect on P availability, whereas pyrolysis lowered the fertilization effect of broiler manure. The yield-based mineral-P equivalences were 120%, 85% and 75% during the first harvest, and 100%, 75% and 45% during one growing season for granulated unamended, granulated amended with feather meal and pyrolyzed broiler manure. Soil inoculation with AMF did not enhance P availability. Granulated poultry manure is suitable as a P fertilizer for annual crops with comparable bioavailability to mineral fertilizer P, whereas pyrolyzed poultry manure is suitable as a slow-release or storage P fertilizer in slightly acidic soils. Knowledge on P bioavailability in organic fertilizers produced with different technologies can be used for optimizing fertilization, minimizing build-up of soil P and its adverse environmental effects. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
- Published
- 2021
21. Slow pyrolysis liquid in reducing NH3 emissions from cattle slurry — Impacts on plant growth and soil organisms
- Author
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Mari Räty, Kimmo Rasa, Marleena Hagner, Jouko Vepsäläinen, Johanna Nikama, Sari Peltonen, Riikka Keskinen, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Fifth Dimension - Vegetated roofs and walls in urban areas, and Urban Ecosystems
- Subjects
inorganic chemicals ,Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,FIELD-APPLIED MANURE ,010501 environmental sciences ,Acetic acid ,CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION ,01 natural sciences ,Acidification ,Soil respiration ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,ANIMAL SLURRY ,Environmental Chemistry ,HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION ,MINERALIZATION ,Waste Management and Disposal ,1172 Environmental sciences ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,2. Zero hunger ,Chemistry ,Sulfuric acid ,Mineralization (soil science) ,15. Life on land ,Ammonia volatilization from urea ,Pollution ,Manure ,6. Clean water ,NITROGEN ,WOOD VINEGAR ,Germination ,Environmental chemistry ,Carbon dioxide ,Pyroligneous acid ,SEPARATION ,Slurry ,Phytotoxicity ,Grass ley ,AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION - Abstract
A substantial percentage of manure nitrogen (N) can be lost as gaseous ammonia (NH3) during storage and field spreading. Lowering slurry pH is a simple and accepted method for preserving its N. Efficiency of slow pyrolysis liquid (PL) produced from birch (Betula sp.) as an acidifying agent, and its ability to reduce NH3 emissions following surface application of cattle slurry, was studied in a field experiment. Untreated slurry (US) and slurries acidified with PL and sulfuric acid (SA) were applied to the second harvest of a grass ley. Immediate NH3 emissions, grass biomass, N-yield and possible toxic impacts on soil nematodes and enchytraeids were examined. Furthermore, the effects on soil respiration, nitrogen dynamics and seed germination were studied in subsequent laboratory experiments. In the field, over one third of the water-extractable ammonium-N (NH4-N) applied was lost through NH3 volatilization from US. SA and PL acidified slurries reduced NH3-N emission rate equally from 3.4 to
- Published
- 2021
22. Fertilizer and soil conditioner value of broiler manure biochars
- Author
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Hanna Help, Lauri Sohlo, Kimmo Rasa, Riikka Keskinen, Jari Hyväluoma, Materials Physics, and Department of Physics
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education ,Soil Science ,010501 environmental sciences ,Environmental Science (miscellaneous) ,engineering.material ,Raw material ,01 natural sciences ,114 Physical sciences ,Biomaterials ,Biochar ,Char ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,2. Zero hunger ,Chemistry ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,15. Life on land ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,Manure ,6. Clean water ,Soil conditioner ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,engineering ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Fertilizer ,Pyrolysis - Abstract
Pyrolysis is an option for enhancing the sustainable management of broiler manure surpluses by producing a concentrated, hygienic char product with a fertilizer and soil conditioner value. In this study, the impacts of pyrolysis conducted at 350, 400 and 450 °C on total nutrient and harmful element concentrations in biochars derived from peat-bedded broiler manure were examined. Emphasis was placed on the availability of phosphorus (P). In addition, the pore structures of these biochars were explored using X-ray microtomography and image analysis. During pyrolysis, 35–50%, 40–55% and 35–45% of the original carbon, nitrogen and sulfur contents, respectively, of the feedstock biomass were lost as volatiles. Mineral elements, including P, were concentrated in the biochar. Although water-extractable P was found to be converted to less labile forms due to charring, the concentration effect and notable increase in sodium bicarbonate-extractable P rendered broiler manure biochars richer in total labile P in comparison with feedstock manure (7.1, 10.0, 11.1 and 14.8 g labile P kg−1 in feedstock and biochars produced at 350, 400 and 450 °C, respectively). The pore volume of the micrometer-scale porosity of the broiler manure biochar was comparable to that found earlier in wood-based biochars. In comparison with wood-based biochars, the pore structure of broiler manure biochars was more versatile, and the pore size distribution was wider. Consequently, part of the porosity was too large to store plant-available water, which may reduce the potential of broiler manure biochars to improve soil water storage capacity.
- Published
- 2019
23. Granulated broiler manure based organic fertilizers as sources of plant available nitrogen
- Author
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Janne Kaseva, Risto Uusitalo, Terhi Suojala-Ahlfors, Riikka Keskinen, Marleena Hagner, Minna Sarvi, Kimmo Rasa, and Tapio Salo
- Subjects
2. Zero hunger ,Feather meal ,Broiler ,Soil Science ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Growing season ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Plant Science ,010501 environmental sciences ,15. Life on land ,engineering.material ,01 natural sciences ,Manure ,Nitrogen ,Nutrient density ,Animal science ,chemistry ,Biochar ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,engineering ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Fertilizer ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Refining broiler manure to nitrogen (N) fertilizer products of consistent quality and balanced nutrient content could promote agronomic exploitation of this nutrient rich resource. For ensuring the effectiveness and sustainable use of such products, their plant available N supply needs to be known. In this study, the N fertilizer value of peat bedded broiler manure as pure granules (BM) and feather meal amended granules (BM+FM) was assessed in a pot experiment with ryegrass and field experiment with onion. The pot experiment examined also the performance of pure feather meal (FM) and slow pyrolyzed broiler manure (PyrBM). As measured by mineral N fertilizer equivalence, 68%, 45%–50%, 35%–43%, and 3% of the total N in FM, BM+FM, BM and PyrBM, respectively, was available to plants during the first growing season in favorable conditions. A minor (
- Published
- 2020
24. Cascade processing of softwood bark with hot water extraction, pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion
- Author
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Tuula Jyske, Jan-Erik Raitanen, Veikko Kitunen, Kimmo Rasa, Markku Vainio, Risto Korpinen, Petri Kilpeläinen, Henni Pulkkinen, and Saija Rasi
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Hot Temperature ,Environmental Engineering ,Softwood ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Chemistry ,Water ,Bioengineering ,General Medicine ,010501 environmental sciences ,Pulp and paper industry ,Torrefaction ,01 natural sciences ,Hot water extraction ,Anaerobic digestion ,010608 biotechnology ,Digestate ,Biochar ,Plant Bark ,Anaerobiosis ,Energy source ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Pyrolysis ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
A process model based on hot water extraction (HWE), slow pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion (AD) were used for pine and spruce bark utilisation. First tannins (32 mg/g and 11.8 mg/g, respectively) and polyphenols were recovered via HWE. Then, the residue was pyrolysed to produce biochar (marketable quality), gas (energy source) and liquid fractions. The liquid fraction was further separated into aqueous acidic fraction and to tar fraction. Bark, extracted bark residue and acidic liquid fraction from pyrolysis were treated in AD to produce biomethane and digestate. The methane yields from pine and spruce bark and extracted bark residue were low (from 42 to 96 mLCH4/gVSadded) and showed only small differences. In conclusion, cascade processing can improve the performance of subsequent single processes and utilise biomass sources with higher efficiency. The best processing chain may vary in different cases and the overall energy balance of processing needs further research.
- Published
- 2019
25. How and why does willow biochar increase a clay soil water retention capacity?
- Author
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Markus Hannula, Kai Arstila, Jari Hyväluoma, Jaakko Heikkinen, Kimmo Rasa, Sampo Kulju, Tampere University, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, and Research group: Computational Biophysics and Imaging Group
- Subjects
Water retention curve ,Soil science ,010501 environmental sciences ,mikroskopia ,01 natural sciences ,savi ,huokoisuus ,soil water retention ,tomografia ,Biochar ,Surface roughness ,medicine ,3D image analysis ,biochar ,3D-mallinnus ,Porosity ,ta216 ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Water content ,ta218 ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,219 Environmental biotechnology ,biohiili ,maaperä ,ta114 ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Chemistry ,Forestry ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,15. Life on land ,6. Clean water ,Water retention ,mikrorakenteet ,Soil structure ,plant available water ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,helium ion microscopy ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,medicine.symptom ,vesipitoisuus ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,X-ray tomography - Abstract
Addition of biochar into a soil changes its water retention properties by modifying soil textural and structural properties. In addition, internal micrometer-scale porosity that is able to directly store readily plant available water affects soil water retention properties. This study shows how precise knowledge of the internal micrometer-scale pore size distribution of biochar can deepen the understanding of the biochar-water interactions in soils. The micrometer-scale porosity of willow biochar was quantitatively and qualitatively characterized using X-ray tomography, 3D image analysis and Helium ion microscopy. The effect of biochar application on clay soil water retention was studied by conventional water retention curve approach. The results indicate that the internal pores of biochar, with sizes of at 50 and 10 μm (equivalent pore diameter), increased soil porosity and the amount of readily plant available water. After biochar addition, changes in soil porosity were detected at pore size regimes 5–10 and 25 μm, i.e. biochar pore sizes multiplied by factor 0.5. The detected pore size distribution of biochar does not predict directly (1:1 compatibility) the changes observed in the soil moisture characteristics. It is likely that biochar chemistry and pore morphology affect biochar-water interactions via e.g. surface roughness and contact angle. In addition, biochar induced changes in soil structure and texture affected soil moisture characteristics. However, the approach presented is an attractive pathway to more generalized understanding on how and why biochar internal porosity affects soil moisture characteristics. publishedVersion
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Effects of pyrolysis temperature on the hydrologically relevant porosity of willow biochar
- Author
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Sampo Kulju, Kimmo Rasa, Kai Arstila, Markus Hannula, Hailong Wang, and Jari Hyväluoma
- Subjects
porosity ,Materials science ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Applied Physics (physics.app-ph) ,010501 environmental sciences ,Raw material ,kuivatislaus ,01 natural sciences ,Analytical Chemistry ,huokoisuus ,Adsorption ,image analysis ,Biochar ,medicine ,biochar ,ta216 ,Charcoal ,Porosity ,ta218 ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,x-ray tomography ,biohiili ,ta114 ,Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci) ,Physics - Applied Physics ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Atmospheric temperature range ,slow pyrolysis ,Water retention ,Fuel Technology ,kuvantaminen ,Chemical engineering ,visual_art ,kuva-analyysi ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,medicine.symptom ,Pyrolysis - Abstract
Biochar pore space consists of porosity of multiple length scales. In direct water holding applications like water storage for plant water uptake, the main interest is in micrometre-range porosity since these pores are able to store water that is easily available for plants. Gas adsorption measurements which are commonly used to characterize the physical pore structure of biochars are not able to quantify this pore-size range. While pyrogenetic porosity (i.e. pores formed during pyrolysis process) tends to increase with elevated process temperature, it is uncertain whether this change affects the pore space capable to store plant available water. In this study, we characterized biochar porosity with x-ray tomography which provides quantitative information on the micrometer-range porosity. We imaged willow dried at 60 $^\circ$C and biochar samples pyrolysed in three different temperatures (peak temperatures 308, 384, 489 $^\circ$C, heating rate 2 $^\circ$C min$^{-1}$). Samples were carefully prepared and traced through the experiments, which allowed investigation of porosity development in micrometre size range. Pore space was quantified with image analysis of x-ray tomography images and, in addition, nanoscale porosity was examined with helium ion microscopy. The image analysis results show that initial pore structure of the raw material determines the properties of micrometre-range porosity in the studied temperature range. Thus, considering the pore-size regime relevant to the storage of plant available water, pyrolysis temperature in the studied range does not provide means to optimize the biochar structure. However, these findings do not rule out that process temperature may affect the water retention properties of biochars by modifying the chemical properties of the pore surfaces., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures
- Published
- 2018
27. Conversion of dissolved phosphorus in runoff by ferric sulfate to a form less available to algae: Field performance and cost assessment
- Author
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Tapio Salo, Päivi Joki-Heiskala, Aino Launto-Tiuttu, Janne Heikkinen, Aaro Närvänen, Antti Kaseva, Risto Uusitalo, and Kimmo Rasa
- Subjects
Mitigation ,Geography, Planning and Development ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Ferric Compounds ,Article ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Algae ,Ferric sulfate ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Sulfate ,Fertilizers ,Water pollution ,Ecology ,biology ,Phosphorus ,General Medicine ,Eutrophication ,Particulates ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Ferric ,Water quality ,Environmental Monitoring ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Conversion of dissolved P by ferric sulfate into a particulate form sparingly available to algae was studied in 15 ditches in Finland using stand-alone dispensers for ferric sulfate administration. Ferric sulfate typically converted 60-70 % of dissolved P into iron-associated form, a process which required 250-650 kg per kg dissolved P. Mean cost was 160 EUR per kg P converted (range 20-400 EUR kg(-1)). The costs were lowest at sites characterized by high dissolved P concentrations and small catchment area. At best, the treatment was efficient and cost-effective, but to limit the costs and the risks, ferric sulfate dispensers should only be installed in small critical source areas.
- Published
- 2015
28. Possibilities of Using Liquids from Slow Pyrolysis and Hydrothermal Carbonization in Acidification of Animal Slurry
- Author
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Anssi Källi, Hanne Wikberg, Kimmo Rasa, Riikka Keskinen, Jari Hyväluoma, and Tapio Salo
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,020209 energy ,Inorganic chemistry ,Biomass ,Context (language use) ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,hydrothermal carbonization ,Hydrothermal carbonization ,acidification ,Capillary electrophoresis ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Waste Management and Disposal ,animal slurry ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Chemistry ,pyrolysis ,Chemical engineering ,13. Climate action ,Yield (chemistry) ,Slurry ,Composition (visual arts) ,Pyrolysis - Abstract
Pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) are gaining increasing interest in the context of biomass valorization. However, these processes yield a liquid fraction with an acidic pH value challenging to productize. In this paper, the possibility of replacing concentrated acids in acidification of animal slurry with organic acids derived from thermochemical conversion of various biomasses was investigated. The acid composition of four pyrolysis and one HTC liquid fraction were characterized using capillary electrophoresis and their total acidity determined titrimetrically. The amount of each liquid needed to reduce the pH of pig and cattle slurries to 6.0 and 5.5 were recorded. The total acidity of pyrolysis liquids varied highly (850-2560 meq l-1) depending on the biomass. For HTC liquid the total acidity was low (220 meq l-1). The most concentrated liquid, which showed greatest potential for practical use, was derived from pyrolysis of willow wood. Its required application rate for decreasing the pH of the slurries from >7.5 to 6.0 was 20-50 l t-1. This study suggests that there is a possibility of using liquids from pyrolysis process for acidification of animal slurries. Producing more concentrated liquids, further concentration of these acidiferous streams and the effects of the liquid addition on the properties of slurry are worth further studying.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Quantifying Physical Properties of Three Sphagnum ‐Based Growing Media as Affected by Drying–Wetting Cycles
- Author
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Janne Kaseva, Mika Turunen, Riikka Keskinen, John Koestel, Kimmo Rasa, Jaakko Heikkinen, and Jari Hyväluoma
- Subjects
biology ,Environmental chemistry ,Soil Science ,Environmental science ,Wetting ,biology.organism_classification ,Sphagnum - Published
- 2019
30. Structure and hydraulic properties of the boreal clay soil under differently managed buffer zones
- Author
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Kimmo Rasa and Rainer Horn
- Subjects
2. Zero hunger ,Hydrology ,Cambisol ,Sorptivity ,Soil Science ,Soil science ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,15. Life on land ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Bulk density ,6. Clean water ,Infiltration (hydrology) ,Soil structure ,Hydraulic conductivity ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Porosity ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Vegetated buffer zones (BZs) between arable fields and bodies of water are commonly established to reduce erosion and run-off of particle-bound nutrients. Functioning of a BZ depends on soil structure, as it is important for water infiltration. Therefore, it is vital to understand how varying management practices affect soils of BZs. We studied the structural and hydraulic properties of three differently managed BZs established in a boreal Vertic Stagnic Cambisol (clay, 51%). The three management practices for vegetation were as follows: natural with no treatment, harvested yearly and grazed by cattle. We used bulk density and macroporosity, together with a pore geometry index (air permeability per unit air-filled porosity), to describe the soil structural properties. Hydraulic properties were measured at different length scales by means of an aggregate sorptivity test, saturated hydraulic conductivity of the core samples and field-saturated hydraulic conductivity. Vegetation management markedly affected the physical properties in the top 5 cm of the soil. Properties were least favourable for infiltration at the grazed site, with the greatest bulk density, least macroporosity and hydraulic conductivity or greatest pore tortuosity. In general, spatial variation in zones with restricted and good hydraulic conductivity together with reduced aggregate sorptivity in the deeper horizons made the soil prone to preferential flow when initially dry. Prolonged wetness, on the other hand, reduced saturated hydraulic conductivity significantly, resulting in surface run-off. Harvesting was considered the best management practice due to its inherent capacity for reducing the soil nutrient content and because it has minor implications for soil physical properties.
- Published
- 2013
31. A Simple Dynamic Model of Soil Test Phosphorus Responses to Phosphorus Balances
- Author
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Annika Vaahtoranta, Kimmo Rasa, Kari Ylivainio, Eila Turtola, Elena Valkama, Jari Hyväluoma, Perttu Virkajärvi, Risto Uusitalo, Elise Ketoja, Juha Grönroos, and Riitta Lemola
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Soil test ,Soil science ,Context (language use) ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,engineering.material ,01 natural sciences ,Soil ,Soil Pollutants ,Fertilizers ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Soil classification ,Phosphorus ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Soil type ,Pollution ,Leaching model ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,engineering ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,Fertilizer ,Groundwater - Abstract
Soil test P (STP) concentration indicates whether annual P applications can be expected to give yield increases and can also indicate an elevated risk of P mobilization and potential for P transfer to surface waters and groundwater from a particular field. Changes in STP with time thus project agronomic benefits and environmental risks of different P use strategies. To predict STP changes with time, we constructed a simple dynamic model for which the input variables are P balance and initial STP. The model parameters (soil type-specific constants) were fitted using data originating from 44 P fertilizer experiments with different P rates. Model performance was evaluated using independent data sets that either had reasonably accurate input values ( = 103) or were obtained from farmers through interviews ( = 638). The simulations were in agreement with measured STP changes for both evaluation data sets when fittings were performed separately for four main soil types (clays, silts, coarse mineral soils, and organic soils). Statistical analysis confirmed that the model captured the trends in STP (NHOAc test) with acceptable accuracy and precision, with of 0.83 and 0.66 for the data with more accurate input and for farmer interview data, respectively; the corresponding model efficiency statistics were 0.88 and 0.66. The model is not restricted to use with one soil test, as fittings for several different types of soil tests can be generated. In this study, we fitted the model for Olsen P data retrieved from the literature. Agronomic use of the model includes evaluation of P use strategies, e.g., when a certain STP level is targeted or when long-term economy of P use is calculated. In an environmental context, the model can be used to predict STP changes with time under variable P balance regimes, which is essential for realistic assessment of changes in the potential for dissolved P losses.
- Published
- 2016
32. Structure and pore system in differently managed clayey surface soil as described by micromorphology and image analysis
- Author
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Kimmo Rasa, Thilo Eickhorst, Markku Yli-Halla, and Rolf Tippkötter
- Subjects
2. Zero hunger ,Moisture ,biology ,Platy ,Soil Science ,Soil science ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,010501 environmental sciences ,15. Life on land ,Dispersion (geology) ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Soil structure ,Hydraulic conductivity ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Wetting ,Porosity ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Water infiltration is a crucial process for functioning of vegetated buffer zones (BZ). Structure of a clayey surface soil of three differently managed BZs, i.e., 1) natural with no treatment, 2) harvested once a year and 3) grazed by cattle was investigated in this study. Soil macro pores (> 50 μm) were characterized by qualitative description and quantitative image analysis of soil thin sections in order to assess their capability to water infiltration. Less than 10% of the macro pores consisted of rounded and irregular pores smaller than 300 μm indicating root activity. Instead, macro porosity was clearly dominated by elongated pores characterized by irregularity, expressing the complexity of the pore system. This pore pattern appeared in thin sections as weak or moderate ped separation suggesting good water infiltration when initially dry. Partial accommodation of pores may result in decrease of hydraulic conductivity, as these pores tend to close upon wetting and swelling. In the grazed site a platy structure was observed due to hoof pressure, which may further impair the hydraulic properties of soil. Moisture and temperature related processes (shrink–swell, freeze–thaw, and water saturation) are thought to be conducive to the aggregation and rearrangement of soil structure around the year, resulting in a complex pore system with low intra-aggregate porosity. In addition, wet periods typical of boreal soils result in clay dispersion and formation of aggregate-related pedofeatures of dense infillings, described as fine clay intrusions.
- Published
- 2012
33. Phosphorus exchange properties of European soils and sediments derived from them
- Author
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Helinä Hartikainen, Paul J. A. Withers, and Kimmo Rasa
- Subjects
Bulk soil ,Soil Science ,Sediment ,Soil science ,Sorption ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,13. Climate action ,Desorption ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Saturation (chemistry) ,Surface runoff ,Surface water ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The sorption and desorption of phosphorus (P) from eroding soil particles in land runoff are important processes contributing to agriculturally-driven eutrophication. We investigated the P-exchange properties and related chemical characteristics of contrasting European agricultural soils and sediment material eroded from them under indoor (small-scale) and outdoor (larger-scale) rainfall simulations. Quantity-intensity (Q/I) relationships revealed large variation in equilibrium P concentrations at zero net P sorption (EPC 0 ) (0-10.3 mg 1 -1 ) and instantly labile P (-Q 0, the amount of P to be desorbed to obtain a P equilibrium concentration of 0 mg 1 -1 ) (2-75 mg kg -1 ), both correlating closely with Al-bound P and the P saturation degree of Al oxides (DPS Alox ). Maximum P sorption (Q max ) (43-515 mg kg -1 ) also correlated most closely with Al ox . The indoor and outdoor rainfall simulations produced sediments with different P sorption properties: in the indoor simulation (less kinetic energy, constant slope), the sediments had larger EPC 0 values, and usually larger —Qo values, than the sediments in the outdoor simulation (greater kinetic energy, variable slopes). Furthermore, the P exchange properties of the sediments differed from those of the bulk soil depending on the enrichment of soil P-sorption components (Fe/Al oxides, clay). The outdoor simulation indicated that sites with gentle slopes produced sediments that were more enriched with Al ox , Fe ox , Mn ox and organic C than those with steeper slopes. In this study, when the bulk soil had an initial EPC 0 greater than 1.3 mg l -1 , the outdoor rainfall simulation produced sediment with smaller EPC 0 and vice versa, indicating that, depending on the P status of the bulk soil, the sediment material was acting as source or sink for P during transport. However, on the basis of their EPC 0 values, most eroding sediments might be expected to desorb, rather than adsorb, P when entering surface water.
- Published
- 2010
34. Lietelannan levitys sokerijuurikkaalle kasvukaudella
- Author
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Susanna Muurinen, Marja Turakainen, and Kimmo Rasa
- Subjects
sokerijuurikas, lannan levitys, sijoittava kalusto, letkulevitys, kasvukausi, sato ,Artikkelit - Abstract
Lannan levitys sokerijuurikasmaille on ongelmallista aikaisesta kylvöstä ja myöhäisestä sadonkorjuusta johtuen, jolloin kasvukauden ulkopuolisina levitysajankohtina maa on usein märkää ja helposti tiivistyvää. Levittämällä lanta kasvukauden aikana, voidaan mahdollisesti vähentää maan tiivistymistä ja samalla vältetään ravinteiden talviaikainen huuhtoutuminen syksyllä levitetystä lannasta. Lisäksi tehostamalla lannan hyödyntämistä, voidaan vähentää väkilannoitteiden käyttöä ja niiden ostosta aiheutuvia kustannuksia.Juurikkaan kasvukausi on pitkä ja sen ravinteiden otto on suurimmillaan heinäkuussa. Siten se pystyy hyödyntämään tehokkaasti kasvukaudella levitetyn lietelannan ravinteet. Kasvukaudella 2009 toteutetussa kokeilussa peltolohkon kahta koekaistaa lannoitettiin eri tavoin. Väkilannoitekaista sai N- ja K-lannoitteina 120 kg N ha-1 ja 30 kg k ha-1 sekä lietelantakaista N-lannoitteena ja lietelantana 66 kg N ha-1, 12 kg P ha-1 ja 22 kg K ha-1. Lietteen levitystä kokeiltiin ensiksi sijoittavalla levityslaitteistolla, mutta kasvuston vioittumisen vuoksi levitysmenetelmä vaihdettiin letkulevitystä vastaavaksi.Keväällä lohkolta otettiin maanäytteet viljavuusanalyysiä varten. Juurikkaan taimettumista seurattiin taimilaskennan avulla. Kasvuston lehtivihreän määrää arvioitiin SPAD-mittarilla kolme kertaa kasvukauden aikana. Lietevaunun vaikutusta maan tiivistymiseen (35 cm) tarkasteltiin penetrometrillä. Juurisadon määrä, juurikkaan keskipaino sekä sadon sokeri-, aminotyppi-, kalium- ja natriumpitoisuudet määritettiin nostetusta sadosta.Kenttähavaintojen perusteella todettiin, ettei käytetty sijoittava levityskalusto sovellu lannan levittämiseen juurikaskasvustoon. Sijoittava kalusto vioitti juurikaskasvustoa huomattavasti, kun kaluston vannasväli oli 17 cm ja juurikkaan riviväli 45 cm. Letkulevityksessä lanta puolestaan imeytyi hyvin maahan, eikä kasvusto likaantunut merkittävästi. Kesäkuun loppupuoli osoittautui hyväksi ajankohdaksi toimenpiteelle, sillä kasvusto on vielä avointa ja voi toipua tallauksesta.Maa oli tiiviimpää lietevaunun renkaan urassa kuin sen vieressä, mikä osittain johtunee poikkeuksellisen märistä levitysolosuhteista. Lietelantakaistan alhaisempi typen lannoitusmäärä näkyi juurikkaiden aminotyppipitoisuudessa, joka oli lietelantakaistalla alhaisempi kuin väkilannoitekaistalla. Kasvukauden aikana mitatut SPAD-tulokset tukevat tulosta. Väkilannoitekaistan sato kehittyi hyväksi ilman fosforilannoitustakin.Levityskalustoa kehittämällä ja ajouria käyttämällä kasvukauden aikaisen lannanlevityksen aiheuttamaa kasvuston vioittumista voitaisiin mahdollisesti vähentää. Lietteen levityksen siirtäminen kasvukaudelle ei automaattisesti poista tiivistymisriskiä, vaan maan kosteustilaan tukee edelleen kiinnittää huomiota. Hyvä keino tiivistymisriskin pienentämiseksi on suosia mahdollisimman kevyttä levityskalustoa.
- Published
- 2010
35. Shrinkage properties of differently managed clay soils in Finland
- Author
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Mari Räty, Kimmo Rasa, Markku Yli-Halla, Liisa Pietola, and Rainer Horn
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Materials science ,Effective stress ,Soil Science ,Soil science ,Soil classification ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,15. Life on land ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Water potential ,Soil structure ,Soil water ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Geotechnical engineering ,Saturation (chemistry) ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Soil mechanics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Shrinkage - Abstract
Soil cracking is a well-known phenomenon, also seen in clay soils in the boreal climatic zone. This study was carried out to quantify soil shrinkage properties in six differently managed clay soils in Finland (Vertic Cambisols, 51% clay). Cylinder samples (100 cm(3)) were taken in spring from two depths (0-5 and 5-10 cm), then saturated with water and dried as a function of applied suction. The heights of the sample were measured after each drying step and the volume of soil was calculated assuming isotropic shrinkage. The volume loss by shrinkage at a suction of -50 kPa was 1.6-3.8% and the total shrinkage was 5.2-10.5% of the total soil volume, respectively. All shrinkage curves showed structural shrinkage which occurred in the matric potential range from saturation to around -6 kPa. The shrinkage curves were characterized by minor proportional and wide residual shrinkage zones. Eight of twelve sites showed a steeper shrinkage in the proportional shrinkage zone than the theoretical 1:1 line. Large slope values, up to 3.0, reflect the collapse of inter-aggregate pore space due to shrinkage pressure. The results indicate significant particle rearrangement and structural changes, e.g. structural collapse and changes in inter-aggregate pore space due to shrinkage pressure. Continuous water saturation and variable periods of freezing between spring and autumn are mostly responsible for soil weakness against increasing effective stress as soil dries. It is presumed that shrinkage behaviour will change substantially with increases in drying and wetting cycles.
- Published
- 2009
36. Work community factors, occupational well‐being and work ability in home care: A structural equation modelling
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Anneli Vauhkonen, Terhi Saaranen, Kirsi Honkalampi, Susanna Järvelin‐Pasanen, Saana Kupari, Mika P. Tarvainen, Merja Perkiö‐Mäkelä, Kimmo Räsänen, and Tuula Oksanen
- Subjects
factors ,home care ,occupational well‐being ,structural equation modelling ,work ability ,work community ,Nursing ,RT1-120 - Abstract
Abstract Aim To examine how work community factors are related to occupational well‐being and work ability, and how occupational well‐being is related to work ability. Design A cross‐sectional study was conducted among home care workers in one municipality in Finland. Methods A self‐administered survey on work and well‐being was filled out by 167 employees working two shifts in 2019. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the association between work community factors, occupational well‐being and work ability. Results The only work community factor directly affecting Occupational well‐being was Information and work organization; the effect of the other two factors, Social support and Influence on work shifts, was indirect. All work community factors indirectly affected Work ability. Home care should emphasize information provision and work organization with optimal time use. This requires social support, a well‐functioning work atmosphere and providing employees with opportunities for influence and participation.
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Quality improvement activity in occupational healthcare associated with reduced need for disability retirement: A Bayesian mixed effects modelling study in Finland
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Jarmo Kuronen, Klas Winell, Juho Kopra, and Kimmo Räsänen
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depression ,alcohol ,disability ,quality improvement ,finland ,disability retirement ,disability pension ,occupational healthcare ,pension ,networking ,health check-up ,bayesian mixed effects modelling ,work ability ,retirement ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
OBJECTIVES: There is evidence that occupational healthcare (OHC) may improve employees’ work ability. This research was designed to study whether common quality improvement (QI) activities in the OHC quality network (OQN) – a voluntary collaborative forum – can reduce the need for disability pensions. METHODS: The study population comprised employees under the care of 19 OHC units in Finland affiliated with the OQN. The association of 12 QI activities with new disability pensions during the years 2011–2017 was analyzed by Bayesian mixed effects modelling. RESULTS: Patients of OHC units affiliated with the OQN have fewer full permanent disability pensions [odds ratio (OR) 0.77, 95% credible interval (CI) 0.60–0.98] and full provisional disability pensions (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.53–0.87) than patients of unaffiliated units. Of the studied QI activities, the measurements of intervening in excessive use of alcohol had the strongest association with the incidence of all disability pensions (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.41–0.68). Participation in the focus of work measurements and quality facilitator training was also associated with the reduced incidence of disability pensions (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.71–0.98, and OR 0.92, 95 CI 0.84–0.99, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Affiliation with a quality network seemed to improve outcomes by reducing full disability pensions or replacing them by partial disability pensions. Some QI activities in the OQN were associated with a reduction of disability pensions.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Effects of de-icing chemicals sodium chloride and potassium formate on cadmium solubility in a coarse mineral soil
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Helinä Hartikainen, Kimmo Rasa, and Tommi Peltovuori
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Environmental Engineering ,Formates ,Sodium ,Inorganic chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Transportation ,010501 environmental sciences ,Sodium Chloride ,complex mixtures ,01 natural sciences ,Chloride ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Soil pH ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Soil Pollutants ,Solubility ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Soil Microbiology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Cadmium ,Ice ,Sorption ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Pollution ,Soil contamination ,6. Clean water ,Potassium formate ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Oxidation-Reduction ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Excessive use of sodium chloride (NaCl) as de-icing chemical causes environmental problems, such as elevated chloride concentrations in groundwater. On vulnerable sites, this can be avoided by using alternative organic de-icing chemicals, such as potassium formate (KHCOO). The environmental impacts of KCHOO are, however, not well known. This study reports the potential effects of NaCl and KCHOO on mechanisms controlling the mobility of cadmium (Cd) in roadside soils as a result of vehicular traffic. Changes in the solubility of Cd in a coarse mineral soil treated with these two de-icing chemicals were studied in a 50-day incubation experiment under four different moisture and temperature combinations and an initial soil Cd concentration of 3 mg kg − 1 . After incubation, the distribution of soil Cd into different fractions was analyzed using a sequential extraction method. Soil pH and soil redox potential were recorded and the occurrence of Cd–Cl complexes in the soil was estimated using published stability constants. During incubation, KCHOO lowered the soil redox potential, but this was not accompanied by a decrease in the sorption capacity of oxides and the release of oxide-bound Cd into soil solution. On the other hand, elevated pH (from 4.3 to 6.7–8.5) in the formate treatments increased the sorption of Cd onto the oxide surfaces (up to 80% of total sorbed Cd). In the NaCl treatments, cation competition and formation of Cd–Cl complexes increased the water-soluble Cd fraction. Consequently, the amount of bioavailable Cd was 3.5 times smaller in the KCHOO than in the NaCl treatments.
- Published
- 2005
39. Biopsykososiaalinen lähestymistapa työuupuneiden työntekijöiden työkyvyn tuessa työpaikoilla ja työterveyshuolloissa
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Riitta Kärkkäinen, Terhi Saaranen, Merja Sallinen, and Kimmo Räsänen
- Subjects
Labor. Work. Working class ,HD4801-8943 ,Business ,HF5001-6182 - Abstract
Biopsykososiaalista eli kokonaisvaltaista lähestymistapaa suositetaan kroonistuneiden terveysongelmien hoidossa, mutta työuupumuksen hoidossa siitä tiedetään vähän. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan biopsykososiaalisen lähestymistavan ilmenemistä työpaikoilla ja työterveyshuolloissa työuupuneiden työkyvyn tuessa painottaen tukea vaikeuttavia tekijöitä. Aineisto koostuu sairauspoissaolojen hallintaan ja työhön paluun tukeen osallistuvien ammattilaisten haastatteluista ja kirjoitelmista yliopistoissa ja keskussairaaloissa (n = 15) sekä työterveyshuolloissa (n = 25). Aineistot kerättiin vuosina 2014–2017 ja analysoitiin laadullisesti. Työpaikkojen ja työterveyshuoltojen käytännöt työuupuneiden tuessa ulottuivat vaihtelevasti yksilöön, työoloihin ja työuupumukseen ilmiönä. Tukea vaikeuttivat: 1) yksilöön liittyvistä tekijöistä työuupumukselle altistava persoonallisuus, yksityiselämän stressitekijät ja avoimuuden puute työuupumuksesta ja sen syistä, 2) työoloista esimiehen tuen tarve, esimiehen tuen käänteisesti puskuroiva vaikutus, työyhteisön ilmapiiriongelmat, keinojen puute työyhteisön tukemiseen työterveyshuollossa ja moniammatillisen yhteistyön jäsentymättömyys työterveyshuollossa sekä 3) työuupumukseen liittyvistä tekijöistä työuupumuksen määrittelemättömyys, työuupumuksen työperäisyyden kyseenalaistaminen, ominaispiirteet, liitännäissairaudet ja toipumisen ennakoimattomuus. Johtopäätöksenä on, että biopsykososiaalinen lähestymistapa ei aina toteudu työuupuneiden tuessa.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Compressive behaviour of the soil in buffer zones under different management practices in Finland
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Kimmo Rasa, Liisa Pietola, Mari Räty, Markku Yli-Halla, and Rainer Horn
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lcsh:Agriculture ,Physics ,Animal science ,lcsh:S ,Soil science ,Articles ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,lcsh:S1-972 ,Management practices ,Food Science - Abstract
Soil structure that favours infiltration is essential for successful functioning of vegetated buffer zones. We measured bulk density, air permeability and precompression stress in a clay soil (Vertic Cambisol) and a sandy loam (Haplic Regosol) in Finland, to identify management-related changes in the physical and mechanical properties in the surface soil of buffer zones. In addition, the impact of texture on these properties was studied at depths down to 180?200 cm. Soil cores (240 cm3) were sampled from a cultivated field, from buffer zones harvested by grazing (only in a clay soil) or by cutting and removing the vegetation, and from buffer zones covered with natural grass vegetation. The samples were equilibrated at a matric potential of -6 kPa and compressed at a normal stress range of 20-400 kPa (7 h), followed by stress removal (1 h). Generally, the clay soil was more compressible than the sandy loam. Due to trampling by cattle, the young grazed buffer zone (0-3 cm) had the largest bulk density and the smallest total porosity. For the grazed sites, reduced air permeability (2.7-5.1 × 10-5 m s-1) was found, compared with that of the buffer zone under natural vegetation (15-22 × 10-5 m s-1), indicating decreased pore continuity. Although the old grazed site was easily compressed, compared with the younger site, it showed a greater resilience capacity due to the protective cover of organic residues accumulated on the soil surface., Hydrologiselta kannalta suojavyöhykkeiden ja -kaistojen tarkoitus on pintavalunnan hillitseminen ja imeynnän eli infiltraation edistäminen. Koska maan rakenne vaikuttaa keskeisesti suojavyöhykkeiden ja -kaistojen toimintaan, tässä tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin suojakaistojen hoitotoimenpiteistä aiheutuvia mahdollisia muutoksia maan fysikaalisiin (irtotiheys ja ilmanjohtavuus) ominaisuuksiin ja maan kokoonpuristumisominaisuuksiin. Tutkittuja hoitotoimenpiteitä olivat niitto ja niittojätteen poiskorjaaminen, laidunnus sekä alueen jättäminen luonnontilaan.Jokioisilla savimaan (Vertic Cambisol) ja Maaningalla hietamaan (Haplic Regosol) koekenttien maaprofiili tutkittiin 200 cm:n (savi) ja 180 cm:n (hieta) syvyyteen saakka, ja maanäytteet otettiin kustakin horisontista. Etenkin hietamaalla oli muokkauskerroksen alapuolella kyntöantura yhä havaittavissa 10 vuotta viljelyn lopettamisen ja suojakaistan perustamisen jälkeen. Savimaan syvemmissä, todennäköisesti märkinä läpi vuoden säilyvissä horisonteissa (90-200 cm) maan irtotiheys oli pieni (< 1,19 g cm-3) ja kokonaishuokostilavuus suuri (> 0,52 cm3 cm-3), vaikka orgaanisen hiilen pitoisuus (< 0,9 %) oli erittäin alhainen. Maan rakenne on yhä massiivinen ja hyvin heikosti kehittynyt. Suojakaistojen pintamaakerroksesta (0-3 cm) ja maaprofiilien horisonteista otetut häiriintymättömät lieriönäytteet (240 cm3) kyllästettiin ja tasapainotettiin hiekkapedillä (-6 kPa). Maan ilmanjohtavuus mitattiin ja näytteitä kuormitettiin 7 tunnin ajan pystysuoralla normaalivoimalla (20, 40, 70, 100, 200 ja 400 kPa), minkä jälkeen kuormitus vapautettiin (1 tunti). Jännitystilan ja vastaavan muodonmuutostilan välistä riippuvuutta eli maan kokoonpuristumisominaisuuksia tarkasteltiin puolilogaritmisella asteikolla toisen asteen polynomin mukaisesti sovitetun jännitys-puristumakuvaajan avulla. Maan sisäistä lujuutta eli kykyä vastustaa ulkoapäin tulevia voimia arvioitiin ns. esitiivistysasteen avulla, joka johdettiin graafisesti ns. Casagranden menetelmällä. Maaprofiilin eri horisonttien kokoonpuristuminen oli riippuvainen maalajista, ei niinkään hoitotoimenpiteistä, ja se oli huomattavasti suurempaa savimaalla kuin hietamaalla. Molemmilla maalajeilla kokoonpuristuminen väheni siirryttäessä pintamaasta pohjamaahan. Tämä voi osaltaan selittyä sillä, että veden poistuminen huokosista oli estynyt, mikä esti kokoonpuristumisen. Suojakaistojen hoitotoimenpiteistä laidunnus aiheutti epäsuotuisia muodonmuutoksia savimaan rakenteessa, mikä heijastui kaistojen heikentyneenä ilmanjohtavuutena (2,7-5,1 10-5 m s-1) luonnontilaisiin kaistoihin verrattuna (15-22 10-5 m s-1). Kauttaaltaan alhaiset esitiivistysasteet voivat osin selittyä varhaisella näytteenottoajankohdalla, jolloin maan rakenne on talven jäljiltä heikoin mahdollinen. Laiduntaminen vaikutti kuitenkin maan kokoonpuristumisominaisuuksiin. Vaikka nuoren laidunkaistan tiivistyminen oli jo tiiviimmästä alkutilanteesta johtuen vähäistä, myös puristuman kimmoinen palautuminen oli kuormituksen lakattua pientä. Vanha laidunkaista oli taas helposti tiivistyvä, mutta maan pintakerrokseen kerääntynyt orgaaninen aines lisäsi kuormituksesta aiheutuneen puristuman palautumista. Tulosten perusteella laidunnusta tulisikin välttää etenkin hiljattain perustetulla nurmella.
- Published
- 2008
41. Water repellency of clay, sand and organic soils in Finland
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Rainer Horn, Kimmo Rasa, and Mari Räty
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Moisture ,Soil organic matter ,lcsh:S ,Soil science ,Soil classification ,Articles ,complex mixtures ,lcsh:S1-972 ,lcsh:Agriculture ,Soil management ,chemistry ,Agronomy ,Soil water ,Environmental science ,Organic matter ,lcsh:Agriculture (General) ,Surface runoff ,Water content ,Food Science - Abstract
Water repellency (WR) delays soil wetting process, increases preferential flow and may give rise to surface runoff and consequent erosion. WR is commonly recognized in the soils of warm and temperate climates. To explore the occurrence of WR in soils in Finland, soil R index was studied on 12 sites of different soil types. The effects of soil management practice, vegetation age, soil moisture and drying temperature on WR were studied by a mini-infiltrometer with samples from depths of 0-5 and 5-10 cm. All studied sites exhibited WR (R index >1.95) at the time of sampling. WR increased as follows: sand (R = 1.8-5.0) < clay (R = 2.4-10.3) < organic (R = 7.9-undefined). At clay and sand, WR was generally higher at the soil surface and at the older sites (14 yr.), where organic matter is accumulated. Below 41 vol. % water content these mineral soils were water repellent whereas organic soil exhibited WR even at saturation. These results show that soil WR also reduces water infiltration at the prevalent field moisture regime in the soils of boreal climate. The ageing of vegetation increases WR and on the other hand, cultivation reduces or hinders the development of WR., Kun kuivaan, huokoiseen maahan tiputettu vesipisaraei imeydy välittömästi, maa on vettä hylkivää eli hydrofobista. Lämpimien ilmastoalueiden karkeilla mailla vedenhylkivyys on yleisesti havaittu ja tutkittu ominaisuus. Boreaalisella ilmastovyöhykkeellä ilmiötä on sen sijaan tutkittu vähän. Vedenhylkivyyden esiintyminen liitetään orgaaniseen ainekseen, vaikkakin on epäselvää, mitkä spesifit yhdisteet ilmiön synnyttävät. Vedenhylkivyys aiheuttaa veden imeytymisen heikkenemistä ja maan epätasaista kostumista. Nämä seikat puolestaan edistävät oiko- ja pintavirtauksien syntyä sekä eroosiota. Vedenhylkivyydelle on tyypillistä suuri ajallinen ja paikallinen vaihtelu. Tässä tutkimuksessa maan vedenhylkivyysindeksi (R) määritettiin mini-infiltrometrillä käyttäen kolmesta suomalaisesta maalajista, savesta, hiedasta ja eloperäisestä maasta, 05 cm:n ja 510 cm:n syvyydeltä otettuja näytteitä. Tulosten perusteella arvioitiin kosteuden, kasvillisuuden iän ja viljelymuodon vaikutusta vedenhylkivyyden voimakkuuteen sekä tarkasteltiin määritysmenetelmän soveltuvuutta eri maalajeihin. Tutkitut maanäytteet olivat näytteenottohetkellä vettä hylkiviä, ja ominaisuus lisääntyi maalajeittain järjestyksessä hieta < savi < eloperäinen maa. Kasvipeitteisillä alueilla veden imeytymisen maan pintaan todettiin heikentyneen hiedalla 34-kertaisesti ja savimaalla 410-kertaisesti vedenhylkivyyden takia. Näiden maalajien vedenhylkivyys lisääntyi kasvillisuuden ikääntyessä vuosittain kynnetyllä pellolla se oli vähäisintä. Lisäksi vedenhylkivyys oli suurempaa maan pinnalla kuin syvemmässä kerroksessa. Tämä lienee seurausta pinnalle kertyvästä orgaanisesta aineksesta ja sen runsastumisesta, kun maata ei kynnetä. Vedenhylkivyys lisääntyi maan kuivuessa. Kivennäismaat osoittautuivat vettä hylkiviksi, kun kosteus oli alle 41 tilavuusprosenttia. Eloperäinen maa taas oli lievästi vettä hylkivä jopa vedellä kyllästettynä. Kun määritettiin näytteiden potentiaalista vedenhylkivyyttä, savelle ja hiedalle sopivaksi kuivatuslämpötilaksi osoittautui +40 °C. Sen sijaan eloperäisen maan näytteiden esikäsittely potentiaalisen vedenhylkivyyden määrittämiseksi vaatii vielä lisätutkimuksia. Tulokset osoittavat vedenhylkivyyttä esiintyvän myös boreaalisen ilmastovyöhykkeen maalajeilla, vaikka sitä ei aiemmissa maan veden liikkeitä käsittelevissä tutkimuksissa ole otettu huomioon. Ilmiön merkitys korostuu etenkin kuivissa olosuhteissa kasvipeitteisillä alueilla.
- Published
- 2008
42. Analysis of checklists for agricultural safety management
- Author
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Hyocher Kim, Kimmo Räsänen, Hyeseon Chae, and Kyungsuk Lee
- Subjects
checklist ,agriculture ,safety ,management ,Agriculture ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Introduction The current health and safety management system under the Occupational Health and Safety Act has avoided agriculture in Korea. It is important to consider the various safety systems used in agricultural health and safety to develop effective regulations. Objective The aims were to classify and review the items from various checklists using safety systems, such as design, training, etc., ultimately aimed at proposing directions for improving the health and safety of farmers. Material and methods Among the retrieved checklists with Google, four were chosen for this study, based on criteria such as the Checklist developed by an international organization, as well as others. Each item on the checklist was categorized using criteria concerning safety systems, developed based on previous studies. Results The total number of analyzed items was 573, which is 36 more than the actual number of checklist items (537). The proportion of items belonging to the training/procedures system was the highest (32.5%); the second-highest was for the mitigation system – 18.2%.; the third-largest proportion of items was maintenance/inspection – with 14.3%. Items related to the design and human factor systems were 8.2% and 5.6%, respectively. The safety system with the lowest proportion was the warning/notification system – 4.2% of the total items. The proportion of items that could not be classified into safety systems was found to be 16.1%. Conclusions A large number of items belonging to the training/procedures system reported as occasionally not effective in prevention of injury were found in the checklists. It appears important to develop checklist items proposing the supplementation of various safety systems, rather than presenting items that are biased towards certain safety systems.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Phosphorus and nitrogen cycles in the vegetation of differently managed buffer zones.
- Author
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Mari Räty, Jaana Uusi-Kämppä, Markku Yli-Halla, Kimmo Rasa, and Liisa Pietola
- Abstract
Abstract  Vegetated buffer zones (BZs) between a cultivated field and a watercourse reduce erosion and load of particle-bound phosphorus (P), but decay of abundant vegetation increases the potential of BZs to act as a source of readily algal-available P. To quantify temporal variations in P and nitrogen (N) contents of the grassy vegetation of BZs on a clay soil (Vertic Cambisol) in south-western Finland, plant samples were collected six times between May 2005 and April 2006 from natural BZs, BZs grazed by cattle and BZs harvested by cutting and removal of the yield. The total dry weight biomass peaked in early August at 2,130â2,360 and 5,500â6,270 kg haâ1 for the grazed and the other BZs, respectively. In August, 3,840â4,830 kg haâ1 were removed from the harvested BZs while the entire biomass of the non-harvested BZs remained in the field. In October, total P and N contents varied from 2.4â10.2 to 19â72 kg haâ1, respectively, the lowest amounts being for the young harvested BZ and the highest for the non-harvested BZs. A considerable decrease of P and N contents occurred in the biomass up to 6.1 and almost 30 kg haâ1, respectively, after the first frosts. Harvesting of BZs is recommended to decrease the amount of P and N in the BZs and reduce the risk of P and N leaching outside the growing season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Working people with type 1 diabetes in the Finnish population
- Author
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Pirjo Hakkarainen, Reijo Sund, Martti Arffman, Sari Koski, Vilma Hänninen, Leena Moilanen, and Kimmo Räsänen
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Type 1 diabetes ,Incidence ,Prevalence ,Employment ,Work ,Self-rated health ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background The incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing worldwide. Since so little is known about work life of individuals with type 1 diabetes, we examined incidence and prevalence trends of type 1 diabetes among working-aged Finns. We also investigated the employment rate and how workers with type 1 diabetes perceive their health and work ability, and their intended retirement age. Methods We analyzed changes in the incidence, prevalence, and employment rate using nationwide multi-register-based FinDM data, and estimated a Self-Rated Health, Work Ability Score, and inquired about retirement intentions of 767 working individuals with type 1 diabetes in a cross-sectional survey. All estimates were compared to the corresponding data of the Finnish general population. Results The average annual age-standardized incidence rate of type 1 diabetes among men aged 18–39 was 29 per 100,000/year; the incidence rate has increased by 33% from 1992 to 2007. Among women, the incidence remained at 16 per 100,000/year. Among working-aged (18–64) people, the age-standardized prevalence of type 1 diabetes increased by 39% among women and 33% among men. Two out of every three working aged individuals with type 1 diabetes were in the labor force; this is about 10% lower than in the Finnish population. The average age-standardized employment rate among those individuals with type 1 diabetes belonging to the labor force was 82%, compared to 84% in the general population. Working individuals with type 1 diabetes rated their health and work ability as being slightly lower than the general working population, but nonetheless, there were no significant differences in retirement intentions. Conclusions Between 1992 and 2007, the number of working-aged people and workers with type 1 diabetes increased by 35%. Most workers with type 1 diabetes manage as well at work as the general population. Special attention should be paid to workers with type 1 diabetes when they are diagnosed and/or report moderate or poor work ability.
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- 2017
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45. Hyviä käytäntöjä tyypin 1 diabeetikoiden työhön
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Pirjo Hakkarainen, Kimmo Räsänen, Leena Moilanen, Jarmo Heikkinen, Erja Huttunen, and Vilma Hänninen
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Labor. Work. Working class ,HD4801-8943 ,Business ,HF5001-6182 - Abstract
Suomalaisessa työelämässä on mukana noin 15 000–20 000 tyypin 1 diabeetikkoa. Tyypin 1 diabetes (T1D) on sairaus, joka voi vaatia erityistä huomioon ottamista työelämässä. Tämän toimintatutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kehittää työpaikoille T1D:een liittyviä hyviä käytäntöjä ja selvittää työpajatyöskentelyn soveltuvuutta niiden kehittämiseen. Hyviä käytäntöjä kehitettiin kuudessa työryhmässä, joihin kuului yksi tyypin 1 diabeetikko, hänen lähiesimiehensä sekä työterveyshuollon ja työsuojeluorganisaation edustajat ja tutkija. Kehittäminen tapahtui pääasiassa työpajatyöskentelynä. Työpajoissa kehitettiin kymmenen hyvää käytäntöä. Näistä neljä tähtäsi T1D:ta koskevan tiedon lisäämiseen työpaikoilla, kaksi pyrki parantamaan sairauden käsittelyyn liittyviä käytäntöjä työpaikalla, kaksi tarjosi työn järjestelyihin liittyviä keinoja helpottaa tyypin 1 diabeetikon työelämäosallistumista ja kaksi tähtäsi T1D:een liittyvien riskien parempaan hallintaan. Jaettua asiantuntijuutta hyödyntäen on mahdollista kehittää hyviä käytäntöjä edistämään tyypin 1 diabeetikoiden työhyvinvointia. Työpaikoilla tarvitaan monimuotoisia käytäntöjä, koska työpaikat, työt ja diabeetikot ovat kaikki erilaisia.
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- 2019
46. Supervisors managing sickness absence and supporting return to work of employees with burnout: A membership categorization analysis
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Riitta Kärkkäinen, Riitta-Liisa Kinni, Terhi Saaranen, and Kimmo Räsänen
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absence management ,burnout ,finland ,membership categorization ,occupational stress ,return to work ,supervisor ,Psychology ,BF1-990 ,Neurophysiology and neuropsychology ,QP351-495 - Abstract
Supervisor support alleviates burnout, but little is known about supervisors’ activities in supporting employees with burnout. This study discerned supervisors’ category-bound activities during the absence management and return-to-work (RTW) process of employees with burnout, and activities where the supervisors need support and guidance, from the perspective of occupational physicians and RTW coordinators in Finland. Data from semi-structured interviews and essays were analyzed with membership categorization analysis (MCA). First, occupational physicians and RTW coordinators saw supervisors as key actors in managing sickness absence and supporting RTW of employees with burnout. The large number of supervisors’ category-bound activities was discerned before the prolonged sickness absence, during the sickness absence, at work resumption, and after recovery from burnout. Second, supervisors were seen by occupational physicians and RTW coordinators as requiring support in implementing organizational absence management and RTW policies and procedures and communicating about burnout-related matters. The results of this study challenge occupational health services and employers to develop education for supervisors to improve their management practices as well as education for supervisors and employees to improve mutual communication to prevent and reduce burnout-related absenteeism and disability pensions. Further research of supervisors’ activities is needed from the perspectives of supervisors and the employees with burnout.
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- 2018
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47. Agricultural injuries in Korea and errors in systems of safety
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Hyocher Kim, Kyungsuk Lee, and Kimmo Räsänen
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Korea ,agriculture ,Injury ,system of safety ,error ,root cause ,Agriculture ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Introduction Agriculture is known to be a dangerous industry in Korea, as well as in other countries. According to earlier studies, the root cause of occupational injury can be identified with errors in the various systems of safety, and such identification is helpful for the prevention of occupational injury. Objective The aims of this study were to examine the root causes of cases of agricultural injury in Korea, based on insurance claims and identification of errors in systems of safety. Material and Methods Using the Korean Mutual Aid Insurance’s injury claim database, 277 injury cases were identified, of which 68 were contacted. Root causes were categorized, using the logic tree diagramming method and the systems of safety described in the literature. Results Seventy-five percent of all injuries were attributable to falls, strangulation, amputation and collision from flying and falling objects. 194 root causes were found for all injuries. The percentages of errors in all the systems of safety for each root cause were 24.7% – training/procedure, 20.3% – design, 11.9% – mitigation, 9.3% – human factor, 6.2% – maintenance/inspection, and 1.0% – warning/notification. The percentage of root causes which could not be categorized due to a shortage of information was 18.6%. Conclusions It was found that most agricultural injuries were caused by a complex layer of root causes which were classified as errors in the systems of safety. This result indicates that not only training and personal protective equipment, but also regulation of safety design, mitigation devices, inspection/maintenance of workplaces, and other factors play an important role in preventing agricultural injuries. The identification of errors will help farmers to implement easily an effective prevention programme.
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- 2016
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48. Randomized controlled trials are needed to close the evidence gap in the prevention of preterm birth
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Emma Kwegyir-Afful, Sharea Ijaz, Kimmo Räsänen, and Jos Verbeek
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pregnant working women ,heavy lifting ,premature delivery ,pregnancy ,preterm birth ,prevention ,physical activity ,randomized controlled trial ,health education ,evidence gap ,prematurity ,premature birth ,infant morbidity ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Prematurity (5 days per week) in the causal pathway of premature delivery (6). Long working hours and heavy lifting are alleged to be associated with preterm delivery (7). Whilst some studies conclude there is a causal link between heavy lifting and preterm birth, another study concluded that, regardless of the exposure periods and the frequency of lifting, there is no significant association between heavy lifting and preterm birth (8). In a recent National Birth Cohort in Denmark, researchers published in the Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health concluded that occupational lifting of medium-to-heavy loads can lead to pelvic pain during pregnancy (9) whilst pelvic pain is a common signal of labor initiation. Interventions, such as health education, maternity leave, or reassignment to a less-physical task, are already in place in most Western countries to prevent exposure to heavy lifting at work among pregnant women. However, it is unclear which intervention produces better pregnancy outcomes. A systematic review (10) on the effects of bed rest as a preventive measure of preterm birth compared to no intervention among high-risk singleton pregnant women found no evidence to support this preventive measure. No other reviews on the comparative effectiveness of preventive measures for heavy lifting in preventing preterm birth were found. We therefore performed a systematic review of the published literature to locate evaluation studies of interventions to prevent heavy lifting during pregnancy. We searched for randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials (RCT/quasi RCT) comprising pregnant employees exposed to lifting tasks, which evaluated an intervention aimed at decreasing lifting exposure and the effects on the incidence of prematurity. Based on these inclusion criteria we developed a search strategy and searched the databases Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, and CINAHL up to 28 June 2012 (see appendix for full search strategy). Two authors independently scrutinized the references for eligible trials but none fulfilled our inclusion criteria. A further search of reference lists of potentially relevant studies also failed to identify any RCT. Thus, the hypothesis that an intervention that decreases heavy lifting exposure among pregnant woman may have a positive impact on pregnancy outcomes could be not proven either right or wrong. We went strictly for RCT because of the quality in terms of study design (11) as rigorous procedures are carried out to establish the cause and effect relationship between an outcome and intervention (12). Nevertheless, our search did yield five observational studies that did not fit the inclusion criteria (RCT, pregnant employees as subjects, exposure to heavy-lifting tasks, and an intervention aiming at decreasing lifting exposure). Three of the studies investigated a causal association between preterm birth and heavy lifting whilst two were intervention studies. The three exposure studies (6, 13, 14) indicated a negative impact of occupational exposure to strenuous physical activities on gestational age. One literature review suggested that exercise could be beneficial and an observational evaluation study concluded that current legislation in Germany sufficiently protects pregnant women against preterm birth (15, 16). However, their lack of validity and greater margins of errors associated with the studies’ designs make it difficult to rely on these observational studies. Existing systematic reviews of exposure are inconclusive on the subject matter. A meta-analysis indicated a statistically significant association between preterm birth and physically demanding work (5). Similarly, a systematic review (17) suggested a possible association between lifting and prematurity. In contradiction to these results, a third systematic review (18) refuted an association between lifting, especially during the first trimester, and premature delivery. This review was recently updated and came to similar conclusions (19). In spite of this, another Scand J Work Environ Health systematic review of the risk of miscarriage due to exposure to lifting during pregnancy cautions against lifting high loads during pregnancy (20). A phenomenon that characterized the identified primary studies was misclassification of exposure. The flaws in the estimation of especially the exposure severely hamper the drawing of strong conclusions in these studies and reviews. In almost all the studies, women self-reported their lifting exposure retrospectively or prospectively. It is unsure if the subjective measurement of exposure leads to non-differential misclassification. It has been argued that differential misclassification usually leads to an underestimation of the relation between exposure and outcome if there is any, but this is surrounded by uncertainty especially when exposure is on a continuous scale (21). It could be that misclassification is differential in case–control studies. Among cases, lifting exposure could be better remembered and reported as a result of recall bias. Therefore, there is a need for a high quality evaluation study in which a group of pregnant women with heavy lifting exposure are subjected to an intervention that decreases the exposure while a second group of unexposed women serves as a control. Such a study would provide reliable evidence for both an effect of the intervention and a causal relation (22). There are several possible explanations for the absence of high quality studies to support practice. To start, financial support is a major factor in every research. A substantial amount of money is required to conduct a high quality study. In low- and middle-income countries, where strenuous physical activity and premature birth are common occurrences (3, 6), access to finance to conduct research is always a challenge as evidenced by the “10/90 gap”, which indicates only 10% of global resources are earmarked for health research addressing 90% of global disease burden (23). Secondly, ethical considerations can also be a limiting factor. Human lives are involved and there may be ethical issues as to who should and should not be advised to avoid heavy lifting given the current uncertainty about the evidence necessitating precautionary measures (5). Thirdly, an RCT requires recruitment of participants from the first trimester to determine the consequences of varied exposure to strenuous work during the three different trimesters, however, the chances of attrition can be high due to the length of the study. Finally, in high income countries where health research is more common, there already exists legislation on maternity leave that protects pregnant women and therefore researchers may not have enough motivation to carry out such studies. Education to decrease physical activity during pregnancy has been shown to be effective for improving patients’ outcome and the prevention of unwanted occurrences such as prematurity (24). However, there is currently no evidence to support or refute its implementation for women who are exposed to lifting during pregnancy. Due to the aforementioned inconclusive nature and the methodological flaws in available studies, an RCT is needed to fill the gap. Such an ideal future RCT would hypothesize a reduction in the incidence of preterm birth among pregnant women who receive an intervention to avoid heavy lifting. The intervention could consist of health education pointing out the possibilities to avoid heavy lifting during pregnancy. The study should be a prospective two-arm RCT that is parallel and pragmatic to ascertain the effectiveness of the intervention. Looking at the global trends of premature birth, the appropriate trial must be centered within Asia or Africa because these continents have the highest proportions of preterm birth of 54% and 31%, respectively, in the world (3). Recruitment of participants could be done with the assistance of staff of antenatal clinics. Eligibility criteria for participants could be: women whose pregnancy has not gone beyond 12 weeks, singleton pregnancy, and women who are exposed to heavy lifting (≥10 kg) either at home or at work ≥10 times per day. Eligible participants would be assigned to either the experimental or control group at different antenatal clinics using an appropriate randomization method. Proper randomization will generate two groups that are equal in known and unknown extraneous variables with the exception of the intervention. To prevent contamination of the control group with the treatment of the intervention group when they are both attending the same clinic, randomization of antenatal clinics with their patients to either the intervention or the control group in a cluster randomized design would be desirable. Again, it will be difficult to realize randomization at the individual level in developing countries as a result of high cost and the complex nature of data collection (25). A sufficiently varied intensity of the health education intervention should be given to the treatment group during antenatal sessions with the content focusing on the meaning of heavy lifting, the possible implications of heavy lifting during pregnancy, encouragement of avoidance of lifting, and means to avoid lifting. The intervention could be elaborated further to ensure that this advice can also be implemented into practice. On the other hand, the control group should receive routine health education during their antenatal sessions. It would be important to monitor the level of exposure to heavy lifting in both groups to be able to show that the intervention had indeed been effective in the intervention group. For the outcome, the future study should measure the length of pregnancy according to the four subgroups of gestational age described by Goldenberg et al (26): births that occur at
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- 2014
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49. Työttömien terveyspalvelujen kehittäminen – verkosto mahdollisuutena
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Kirsi Niiranen, Hanna Hakulinen, Pirjo Manninen, and Kimmo Räsänen
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Labor. Work. Working class ,HD4801-8943 ,Business ,HF5001-6182 - Abstract
Artikkelin tavoitteena on kuvata ja ymmärtää terveydenhuollon sisäisiä verkostoja työttömien terveyspalvelujen toteuttamisessa ja kehittämisessä. Artikkeli perustuu Kuopiossa toteutetun Työterveysneuvontahankkeen loppuarviointiin vuonna 2011. Hankkeen keskeisin toiminta pohjautui terveystapaamisiin työterveyshoitajan kanssa. Asiakaskunta hankkeessa oli 15–25 vuotiaita työttömiä sekä keski-ikäisiä, työvoimapoliittisessa koulutuksessa olevia henkilöitä. Aineisto kerättiin Kuopion terveydenhuollon ja sidosryhmien sekä seurantapaikkakuntien (Joensuu, Jyväskylä, Oulu, Vammala) edustajien teemahaastatteluilla sekä Kuopiossa toteutetulla verkostokyselyllä. Työttömien terveyspalvelujen toimintaympäristö ja työttömien terveyden erityispiirteet sekä verkostotutkimus muodostavat teoreettisen viitekehyksen tutkimukselle. Tulosten mukaan työttömien terveyspalveluissa lähtökohtana on asiakaskeskeisyys ja organisaation rajapinnoilla toimiminen. Terveydenhuollon mahdollisuudet arvioida työ- ja toimintakykyä ovat rajalliset, sillä terveydenhuollon keinoin ei kaikkia asiakkaan asioita voida ratkaista. Työ- ja elinkeinotoimiston ja terveydenhuollon yhteistyötä pitää lisätä, sillä prosessivastuu työttömän asioissa kuuluu työ- ja elinkeinotoimistolle. Työterveyshuollon ja muun perusterveydenhuollon roolijakoa pitää selkeyttää. Työttömäksi jäävän terveydenhuollon kehittäminen tulee tapahtua työterveyshuollosta käsin yhteistyössä muun perusterveydenhuollon kanssa. Palvelun kehittäminen vaatii organisaation rajojen madaltamista, koordinointia pysyviä toimintamalleja sekä sopimuksia.
- Published
- 2014
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