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The energies and dispersions of the image states and quantum well electronic states in layers of Xe and Kr on a Ag(111) substrate were determined by angle-resolved two-photon photoemission (ARTPPE). For Xe, we measured binding energies of unoccupied electronic states for 1–9 layers and their parallel dispersion out to 4 layers. We measured the binding energies for a monolayer of Kr and dispersions for one and two layers. The n=2 and n=3 image states of the bare metal evolve into quantum well states of the layer (states of the Xe conduction band discretized by the boundary conditions of a 2-D slab) at higher Xe thicknesses, where the n=2,3 states exhibit both a perpendicular and parallel dispersion similar to that of the bulk Xe conduction band. The n=1 state appears to evolve with coverage as an image state screened by the Xe layer, with appreciable electron density in the vacuum. A continuum dielectric model (modified image state picture) reproduces the gross trends in the data, while an explicit quantum well analysis is used to extract the bulk Xe conduction band dispersion. A simple model which takes into account the band structures of the substrate and the overlayer, as well as the image potential, gives good agreement with the binding energy data. The combination of high energy and momentum resolution along both the surface parallel and surface normal yields very precise measurements of the bulk Xe conduction band as well as information about the behavior of conduction band electrons at interfaces. © 1996 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air permeability and capillary pressure are macroscopic snow properties that are influenced by the pore structure of the snow cover. Formulas for predicting fluid transport, species elution, and acoustive wave propagation require parameterization of one or both of these properties. We report paired measurements of permeability and capillary rise from snow samples at field sites in Hanover, New Hampshire, and Sleepers River Research Watershed, Danville, Vermont. We augment thesedata with laboratory tests on sieved snow and glass beads. Our measurements demonstrate a linear relationship between permeability and the ratio of porosity and the square of capillary rise, which we corroborate theoretically using a simple conduit model of the pore space. We propose that scatter in the data results, in part, from the effect of crystal shape on air flow and imbibition contact angle. Since the early measurements and classification schemes of Bader in 1939, many investigators have expanded the database of permeability observationsfor a wide range of snow types. We summarize these data and report our own recent observations from the New England sites and from an additional site in Manitoba, Canada. Our measurements are in the high range of reported values. However, after normalizing our data by the square of grain diameter, they follow the empirical function of Shimizufairly closely. This agreement supports our measurements, and demonstrates the usefulness of Shimizu's function for snow types other thanthe relatively dense, fine-grained snow used in his analysis. Our normalized permeability data for low density snow, as well as the Shimizu function, are below theoretical predictions for suspensions of spheres and infinite cylinders. By extending the model for spheres to oblate spheroids and discs, we estimate permeability that is in closer agreement with our data. We suggest that a decrease in surface-to-volume ratio as snow ages may account for a relative increase in normalized [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]