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Purpose Medical schools must have clear policies and procedures for promotion and tenure (P&T) of faculty. Social media and digital scholarship (SMDS) is an emerging form of scholarship capable of reaching audiences quickly, conveniently, and in a wide variety of formats. It is unclear how frequently SMDS is considered during P&T reviews. The authors sought to determine whether current P&T guidelines at medical schools consider SMDS. Method The authors acquired P&T guidelines from any U.S. Liaison Committee on Medical Education-accredited medical school (or their governing university) that were available online between October and December 2020. Using an iterative process, they developed a bank of keywords that were specific to SMDS or that could include SMDS between October and December 2020. The authors searched each school's guidelines for each keyword and determined whether the word was being used in relation to crediting faculty for SMDS in the context of P&T procedures. The primary outcome measure was the dichotomous presence or absence of SMDS-specific keywords in each school's P&T guidelines. Results The authors acquired P&T guidelines from 145/154 (94%) medical schools. After removing duplicate documents, the authors considered 139 guidelines. The keyword bank included 59 terms, of which 49 were specific to SMDS and 10 were umbrella terms that could be inclusive of SMDS. Of the 139 guidelines, 121 (87%) contained at least one SMDS-specific keyword. Schools had a median of 3 SMDS-specific keywords in their P&T guidelines. Conclusions As the presence and impact of SMDS increases, schools should provide guidance on its role in the P&T process. Faculty should receive clear guidance on how to document quality SMDS for their promotion file.

BACKGROUND Females make up more than half of medical school matriculants but only one-third of emergency medicine (EM) residents. Various factors may contribute to why fewer females choose the field of EM, such as the existing presence of females in the specialty. OBJECTIVE This study is a follow-up to previous work, and a survey is used to assess current residents’ attitudes and perceptions on various factors, including those relating to sex and gender on creating rank lists as medical students and in perceived effects on residency education. METHODS A web-based survey consisting of Likert scale questions regarding a variety of factors influencing a student’s decision to create a rank list and in perceived effects on residency education was sent to current EM residents in 2020. RESULTS Residents from 17 programs participated in the survey with an 18.2% (138/758) response rate. The most important factors in creating a rank list were the personality of residents in the program, location, and facility type. For factors specifically related to gender, respondents who answered affirmatively to whether the gender composition of residents affected the selection of a program in making a rank list were more likely to also answer affirmatively to subsequent questions related to the gender of program leadership (PP CONCLUSIONS Although factors such as location and resident personality show the most importance in influencing residency selection, when stratifying based on respondent sex, females tend to indicate that factors relating to gender have more influence on rank list and residency education compared with males.

Background Females make up more than half of medical school matriculants but only one-third of emergency medicine (EM) residents. Various factors may contribute to why fewer females choose the field of EM, such as the existing presence of females in the specialty. Objective This study is a follow-up to previous work, and a survey is used to assess current residents’ attitudes and perceptions on various factors, including those relating to sex and gender on creating rank lists as medical students and in perceived effects on residency education. Methods A web-based survey consisting of Likert scale questions regarding a variety of factors influencing a student’s decision to create a rank list and in perceived effects on residency education was sent to current EM residents in 2020. Results Residents from 17 programs participated in the survey with an 18.2% (138/758) response rate. The most important factors in creating a rank list were the personality of residents in the program, location, and facility type. For factors specifically related to gender, respondents who answered affirmatively to whether the gender composition of residents affected the selection of a program in making a rank list were more likely to also answer affirmatively to subsequent questions related to the gender of program leadership (P Conclusions Although factors such as location and resident personality show the most importance in influencing residency selection, when stratifying based on respondent sex, females tend to indicate that factors relating to gender have more influence on rank list and residency education compared with males.

Author(s): Rivera, Ronald; Smart, Jonathan; Sakaria, Sangeeta; Wray, Alisa; Wiechmann, Warren; Boysen-Osborn, Megan; Toohey, Shannon | Abstract: UNSTRUCTURED As part of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requirements, residents must participate in structured didactic activities. Traditional didactics include lectures, grand rounds, simulations, case discussions, and other forms of in-person synchronous learning. The COVID-19 pandemic has made in-person activities less feasible, as many programs have been forced to transition to remote didactics. Educators must still achieve the goals and objectives of their didactic curriculum despite the new limitations on instructional strategies. There are several strategies that may be useful for organizing and creating a remote residency didactic curriculum. Educators must master new technology, be flexible and creative, and set rules of engagement for instructors and learners. Establishing best practices for remote didactics will result in successful, remote, synchronous didactics; reduce the impact of transitioning to a remote learning environment; and keep educators and learners safe as shelter-at-home orders remain in place.

As part of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requirements, residents must participate in structured didactic activities. Traditional didactics include lectures, grand rounds, simulations, case discussions, and other forms of in-person synchronous learning. The COVID-19 pandemic has made in-person activities less feasible, as many programs have been forced to transition to remote didactics. Educators must still achieve the goals and objectives of their didactic curriculum despite the new limitations on instructional strategies. There are several strategies that may be useful for organizing and creating a remote residency didactic curriculum. Educators must master new technology, be flexible and creative, and set rules of engagement for instructors and learners. Establishing best practices for remote didactics will result in successful, remote, synchronous didactics; reduce the impact of transitioning to a remote learning environment; and keep educators and learners safe as shelter-at-home orders remain in place.

Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is an epoxy resin used for the inner coating of canned food and beverages. BADGE can easily migrate from the containers and become a contaminant. In this study, we examined the effects of BADGE exposure to the dams on the behavioral, structural, and developmental abnormalities in the offspring. Female pregnant mice were fed with a diet containing BADGE (0.15 or 1.5 mg/kg/day) during gestation and lactation periods. In an open field test, the time spent in the corner area significantly increases in male mice of high-dose BADGE group at 5 weeks old. The histological analysis using offspring brain at postnatal day 1 delivered from BADGE (1.5 mg/kg/day)-treated dams demonstrates that positive signals of Forkhead box P2- and COUP-TF interacting protein 2 are restricted in each cortical layer, but not in the control brain. In addition, the maternal BADGE exposure reduces nestin-positive fibers of the radial glia and T-box transcription factor 2-positive intermediate progenitors in the inner subventricular zone. Furthermore, a direct BADGE exposure promotes neurite outgrowth and neuronal connection in the primary cultured cortical neurons. These data suggest that maternal BADGE exposure can accelerate neuronal differentiation in fetuses and induce anxiety-like behavior in juvenile mice.

This article presents antipatterns (and the corresponding patterns) based on the author’s experience implementing agility at Barclays.

Background Not enough is known about how the family justice system is working, the children and families using these services, and their wider outcomes beyond their involvement with the family court. The Nuffield Family Justice Observatory (FJO) Data Partnership, comprising a bespoke analysis platform hosted within the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank and analytical teams at Lancaster and Swansea Universities, has been established to address this knowledge deficit. MethodsFamily justice data is being deposited in the SAIL Databank. Data are acquired using a standardised split-file approach, stored in an anonymised format and made available to projects as linked data using a unique encrypted project anonymised linkage field. These data can be augmented with a wealth of available health, education and other governmental/social routinely collected datasets, and future data acquired from other sources, for a range of research projects. ResultsChildren and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (Cafcass) Cymru data has been transferred to the SAIL Databank, and agreements to transfer the Cafcass England data are being finalised. Applications are now welcomed to use these data to enhance understanding of the family justice system and children and families involved with the family courts in public and private law. Access will be facilitated through the SAIL Databank, subject to relevant governance procedures. ConclusionWe will discuss the rationale of the Nuffield FJO Data Partnership, and how it aims to a) increase capacity and capability of researchers and data scientists utilising family justice and other relevant administrative datasets, b) improve understanding about the family justice system using data from the Cafcass in England and Wales, c) demonstrate the complexities and value of data linkage, and d) assist future policy and practice development. We will discuss matching rates for the Cafcass Cymru data and linkages that have been made to other datasets within the SAIL Databank. We will also set out the support available from the partnership to those wishing to access and utilise family justice data.

This study examines the role of guided induction as an instructional approach in paper-based data-driven learning (DDL) in the context of an ESL grammar course during an intensive English program at an American public university. Specifically, it examines whether corpus-informed grammar instruction is more effective through inductive, data-driven learning or through traditional deductive instruction. In the study, 49 participants completed two weeks of ESL grammar instruction on the passive voice in English. The learners participated in one of three instructional treatments: a data-driven learning treatment, a deductive instructional treatment using corpus-informed teaching materials, and a deductive instructional treatment using traditional (i.e., non-corpus-informed) materials. Results from pre-test, post-test, and delayed post-test indicated that the DDL group significantly improved their grammar ability with the passive voice, while the other two treatment groups did not show significant gains. The findings from this study suggest that in this learning context there are measurable benefits to teaching ESL grammar inductively using paper-based DDL.

Helicobacter pylori is an important cause of gastric pathologies and persistent infection can lead to stomach cancer. Virulent H. pylori strains encode a type IV secretion system responsible for translocation of the oncogenic CagA protein into cells of the gastric mucosa. Gene HP0522 encodes the essential component Cagδ (Cag3), and we show by gel filtration and cross-linking that purified Cagδ forms high molecular mass complexes. In contrast, its interaction partner CagT is mostly monomeric, but co-fractionates after gel filtration. Analysis by transmission electron microscopy revealed that purified Cagδ complexes can self-assemble ring-like structures. Cagδ-overexpressing Escherichia coli exhibits membrane-associated circular profiles in regions of the cell envelope with intense immunogold labelling with a Cagδ-specific antiserum. Our results suggest that Cagδ has the capacity to form macromolecular structures contributing to the assembly of the type IV secretion system.

Simulation is increasingly being utilised for pre-hospital professional education in Europe. To ensure this growth continues, it is important that experience is shared throughout Europe to help ‘spread the word’ and share examples of ‘best practice’. The Society in Europe for Simulation Applied to Medicine (SESAM) is an organisation which was set up to help facilitate and exchange knowledge about the use of simulation in medical (and paramedical) education throughout Europe. Previous SESAM annual meetings have not attracted significant numbers of delegates from the pre-hospital professions. This could be because previous programmes have not had much direct relevance for this audience. Working with the SESAM executive committee for the 2012 annual meeting in Stavanger, the authors helped co-ordinate a group of European pre-hospital simulation educationalists to create a programme of presentations and workshops designed to be directly relevant to a pre-hospital professional audience. Attendance overall for the 2012 annual meeting in Stavanger was significantly higher than in 2011 and it appears that more pre-hospital professionals attended in 2012 (but this cannot be supported in this paper). The increased emphasis placed on pre-hospital simulation in Stavanger helped create a specific SESAM supported network (Pre-Hospital Special Interest Group or PH-SIG) and this network will help share simulation ‘best practice’ amongst European pre-hospital professionals in the future.

Gram-negative bacteria use type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) for a variety of macromolecular transport processes that include the exchange of genetic material. The pKM101 plasmid encodes a T4SS similar to the well-studied model systems from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Brucella suis. Here, we studied the structure and function of TraE, a homolog of VirB8 that is an essential component of all T4SSs. Analysis by X-ray crystallography revealed a structure that is similar to other VirB8 homologs but displayed an altered dimerization interface. The dimerization interface observed in the X-ray structure was corroborated using the bacterial two-hybrid assay, biochemical characterization of the purified protein, and in vivo complementation, demonstrating that there are different modes of dimerization among VirB8 homologs. Analysis of interactions using the bacterial two-hybrid and cross-linking assays showed that TraE and its homologs from Agrobacterium, Brucella, and Helicobacter pylori form heterodimers. They also interact with heterologous VirB10 proteins, indicating a significant degree of plasticity in the protein-protein interactions of VirB8-like proteins. To further assess common features of VirB8-like proteins, we tested a series of small molecules derived from inhibitors of Brucella VirB8 dimerization. These molecules bound to TraE in vitro, docking predicted that they bind to a structurally conserved surface groove of the protein, and some of them inhibited pKM101 plasmid transfer. VirB8-like proteins thus share functionally important sites, and these can be exploited for the design of specific inhibitors of T4SS function.

This article seeks to reassess our understanding of the nature of intertextuality in Moschus's Europa and to challenge scholarly preconceptions of the poem's (lack of) sophistication more broadly. The focus is on two essential intertextual moments: the interaction of Europa's dream with that of Atossa in Aeschylus's Persians and the question of the heroines' “willingness” in the Europa and in the Hymn to Demeter . Building on previous scholarship, the readings presented here offer novel interpretations of these important passages.

Background Previous studies have reported that the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is important for patient survival. Real time objective feedback during manikin training has been shown to improve CPR performance. Objective measurement could facilitate competition and help motivate participants to improve their CPR performance. The aims of this study were to investigate whether real time objective feedback on manikins helps improve CPR performance and whether competition between separate European Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and between participants at each EMS helps motivation to train. Methods Ten European EMS took part in the study and was carried out in two stages. At Stage 1, each EMS provided 20 pre-hospital professionals. A questionnaire was completed and standardised assessment scenarios were performed for adult and infant out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). CPR performance was objectively measured and recorded but no feedback given. Between Stage 1 and 2, each EMS was given access to manikins for 6 months and instructed on how to use with objective real-time CPR feedback available. Stage 2 was undertaken and was a repeat of Stage 1 with a questionnaire with additional questions relating to usefulness of feedback and the competition nature of the study (using a 10 point Likert score). The EMS that improved the most from Stage 1 to Stage 2 was declared the winner. An independent samples Student t-test was used to analyse the objective CPR metrics with the significance level taken as p

This paper weaves together issues of collaboration among staff and collaboration among students. It builds on experience at two very different British universities and it fits with one of the conference themes of ‘collaborative action in and beyond the campus’.One connection between these is that by practising effective collaboration, staff can contribute to a climate where collaborative information and technology skills are perceived by students to be valuable.Among staff the paper focuses particularly on collaboration between academic and information staff. Information professionals have an important, and often undervalued, role, in knowing where expertise is situated within a university; this is particularly valuable where electronic resources are used widely to support teaching. In the authors’ institutions there is a considerable variation in approaches to electronic support for teaching and learning, and one barrier to wider use is often the lack of a ‘comfort factor’. It is suggested that e...

In all organisms, secretion systems mediate the passage of macromolecules across cellular membranes. The bacterial type IV secretion system (T4SS) family can be divided into three functional groups. First, as typified by the Brucella suis system, T4SSs deliver effector macromolecules into eukaryotic cells during the course of infection. Second, in some Gram-negative bacteria, such as in Helicobacter pylori (ComB system), T4SSs mediate DNA uptake from and release into the extracellular environment. Thirdly, as in the IncN plasmid pKM101, T4SSs can mediate the conjugative transfer of plasmid DNA or transposons into a wide range of bacterial species. This conjugation phenomenon contributes to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes among pathogenic bacteria, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogenic strains. TraE of the IncN plasmid pKM101 belongs to the VirB8 family of proteins, an essential component of most T4SSs that form functional dimmers in the T4SS core. Here, we present the X-ray crystallographic structure of the periplasmic domain of TraE at 2.4 Å resolution. The structure shows many similarities to the known VirB8-like protein structures from Brucella suis [1] and Agrobacterium tumefaciens [2]. However, the nature and the number of residues implicated in the dimerization interface differ considerably from those in the TraE structure [2]. Similar to other VirB8 homologs we have shown by analytical gel filtration that there is a concentration dependant equilibrium between monomeric and dimeric forms of TraE. Moreover, using a bacterial two-hybrid assay, in vivo dimerization has been demonstrated with full-length TraE and key residues for dimerization were identified by site-directed mutagenesis. Our work adds novel insights into the growing body of knowledge on VirB8-like proteins and it will inform future strategies aimed at developing inhibitors of TraE protein interactions and of plasmid transfer.