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To survive, animals must convert sensory information into appropriate behaviours1,2. Vision is a common sense for locating ethologically relevant stimuli and guiding motor responses3–5. How circuitry converts object location in retinal coordinates to movement direction in body coordinates remains largely unknown. Here we show through behaviour, physiology, anatomy and connectomics in Drosophila that visuomotor transformation occurs by conversion of topographic maps formed by the dendrites of feature-detecting visual projection neurons (VPNs)6,7 into synaptic weight gradients of VPN outputs onto central brain neurons. We demonstrate how this gradient motif transforms the anteroposterior location of a visual looming stimulus into the fly’s directional escape. Specifically, we discover that two neurons postsynaptic to a looming-responsive VPN type promote opposite takeoff directions. Opposite synaptic weight gradients onto these neurons from looming VPNs in different visual field regions convert localized looming threats into correctly oriented escapes. For a second looming-responsive VPN type, we demonstrate graded responses along the dorsoventral axis. We show that this synaptic gradient motif generalizes across all 20 primary VPN cell types and most often arises without VPN axon topography. Synaptic gradients may thus be a general mechanism for conveying spatial features of sensory information into directed motor outputs.

Purpose To compare clinical outcomes of knotted and knotless single-suture bridge techniques in the arthroscopic treatment of bursal-sided rotator cuff tears.Methods Patients with bursal-sided tears were analyzed from June 2017 to March 2019; 54 patients were repaired using the knotted single-suture bridge technique (KT group), 59 patients with the knotless single-suture bridge technique (KLT group). All patients were followed up for a minimum of 24 months (in the range 24–35 months). The shoulder range of motion, and visual analog scale (VAS) score data were collected before operation, at three weeks, at three and six months after operation, and at the last follow-up. Meanwhile, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score and Constant–Murley (CS) shoulder score were collected before operation and at the last follow-up. Rotator cuff healing was evaluated by Barth ultrasonic classification at the last follow-up.Results At the last follow-up, VAS score had decreased from 5.0 (3.8, 6.0) to 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) in the KT group and from 5.0 (4.0, 6.0) to 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) in the KLT group. VAS score was higher in the KT group than in the KLT group at four postoperative time points. At three and six months after surgery, the patients in the KLT group had better anterior flexion and internal rotation than the KT group. Meanwhile, at the last follow-up, the internal rotation in the KLT group was still better than that of the KT group (P = 0.023), and the postoperative ASES score in the KLT group(97.90 ± 1.84) was significantly higher than that in the KT group(94.10 ± 3.18) (P = 0.001). Finally, there were two cases of retear in the KT group, and one case of retear in the KLT group, with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.938). At the final follow-up, healing was better in the KLT group by Barth ultrasonic classification (P = 0.019).Conclusions The knotless single-suture bridge technique maybe can result in more obvious pain relief, better anterior flexion and internal rotation range of motion, and functional recovery of the shoulder joint in the early stages. Also, healing may be better under ultrasound classification with the knotless single-suture bridge technique.Level of evidence: Level III; Retrospective Cohort Study; Treatment Study

PurposeBy adopting a cross-country analysis, this study aims to investigate how consumers' perception of book covers affects their online book purchases in terms of feelings of delight and perceived value of the book.Design/methodology/approachThe authors tested the hypotheses using a structural equation model using two countries' datasets obtained from 191 Japanese and 207 French consumers.FindingsThe perceived attractiveness of a picture/photo on a book cover can positively influence feelings of delight. Such emotion enhances a book's perceived value, resulting in active online book purchases. Furthermore, when the perceived value of a book is evident, the French are more strongly motivated to purchase books compared to Japanese consumers.Originality/valueBy simultaneously examining emotion and perceived value as an organism, the authors advance the knowledge of the relationship between book covers and online book purchases. In addition, the authors offer evidence that cross-cultural differences (between the French and Japanese) can stimulate different responses to each affective and cognitive internal state, although similar environmental stimuli are provided.

The BIBA (Busan Ion Beam Accelerator) is a compact linear accelerator facility using the 28 GHz ECRIS (Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source) at the KBSI (Korea Basic Science Institute). The superconducting magnets of the 28 GHz ECRIS produce high magnetic fields for strong confinement of plasmas in an ion source chamber. For stable operation of the superconducting magnets, performance of cryostat system is very essential. However, the cryostat system produces significant quantities of the heating due to conduction from room temperature. In addition, part of the X-ray radiation produced by the collisions of the electrons within the ion source chamber is absorbed by the cold mass of the superconducting magnet, leading to an additional heat load in the cryostat system. In this paper, a study on the performance of the cryostat system for 28 GHz ECRIS is performed to improve the cooling efficiency of the cryostat system.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are playing a major role in addressing and understanding better the COVID-19 crisis in recent days. These technologies are simulating human intelligence into the machines and consume large amounts of data for identifying and understanding the patterns and insights quickly than a human and preparing us with new kinds of technologies for preventing and fighting with COVID-19 and other pandemics. It helps a lot to notice the people who got infected by the virus and to forecast the infection rate in the upcoming days with the earlier data. Healthcare and medical sectors are in requirement of advanced technologies for taking accurate decision to manage this virus spread. AI-enabled technologies are working in a talented way to do things intelligently like human intelligence. Thus, the AI-enabled technologies are employed for attaining accurate health results by examining, forecasting, and checking present infected and possibly future cases.

To understand customer repurchase intention in online stores, the present study has evolved with three variables: customer trust, loyalty, and satisfaction. A theoretical model was also developed to examine customer repurchase intention towards online shopping. The observation unit of this research is online stores and the analytical unit is the customers who have been purchasing grocery products via online. A random sampling technique was used to select the respondents and who are easily accessible. The data was collected from 645 online customers in Seoul. The data was analyzed with a structural measurement equation model by using Partial Least Square 3.0. Outcomes of study showed that, customer satisfaction and trust were the significant predictors of customer repurchase intention. The effect of customer loyalty towards repurchase intention seems to be very low. Hence, online retailers have advised to concentrate more on the activities needed to increase customer loyalty and to purchase more.

Analytical and numerical analyses for predicting the mechanical responses of BCC and FCC lattice structures under compressive loading were performed and verified by comparing them to experimental data. The analytical and numerical results are in excellent correlation, while the error between the experimental and numerical results is about 5.8 ~ 15.3 %, which was caused by the inconsistent lattice strut diameter and the material elastic modulus. The measured lattice strut diameter is smaller than the designed diameter by thermal shrinkage, so the thermal shrinkage should be taken into the lattice structure design in additive manufacturing processes. Based on the same analytical and numerical techniques, a parametric investigation of the elastic moduli of BCC and FCC lattice unit cells with respect to the strut aspect ratio, specific density and strut angle was performed. Finally, the elastic moduli of multi-cell BCC and FCC lattice structures with the same density were investigated by varying the number of rows and columns of lattice unit cells in both unconstrained and constrained boundary conditions. As the strut aspect ratio, density and angle increase, the elastic moduli of both BCC and FCC lattice increase. FCC elastic modulus is higher than that of BCC lattice with respect to the strut aspect ratio, density and angle, while BCC elastic modulus could be found to be higher than of FCC lattice for a constrained boundary condition.

The proliferation of information and communication technology and online business platforms joined together with smartphone technology and thereby changed the business-to-consumer business landscape, restructured organizations, and refurbished the process of value creation. Thus, it facilitates the businesspeople to reach a wider customer base by the customized customer targets; in so doing, it increases customers' trust and loyalty towards a brand. The internet-enabled technologies help the businesspeople to develop new digital markets and to make new demands for their products and services. Thus, the internet-enabled technologies are contributing a lot to the market engagement and customer target. Inline, a new technology called blockchain has transformed the digital marketing process completely and helps to do the business effectively with accurate and up-to-date data. With this backdrop, this chapter is designed to demonstrate how blockchain technology acts as a cutting edge technology in the consumer-centric pattern.

To understand customer repurchase intention in online stores, the present study has evolved with three variables: customer trust, loyalty, and satisfaction. A theoretical model was also developed to examine customer repurchase intention towards online shopping. The observation unit of this research is online stores and the analytical unit is the customers who have been purchasing grocery products via online. A random sampling technique was used to select the respondents and who are easily accessible. The data was collected from 645 online customers in Seoul. The data was analyzed with a structural measurement equation model by using Partial Least Square 3.0. Outcomes of study showed that, customer satisfaction and trust were the significant predictors of customer repurchase intention. The effect of customer loyalty towards repurchase intention seems to be very low. Hence, online retailers have advised to concentrate more on the activities needed to increase customer loyalty and to purchase more.

A commercial cyclopentadienylrutenium dicarbonyl dimer ([CpRu(CO)2]2) efficiently catalyzes the formation of N–H imines and carbonyl compounds simultaneously from β-hydroxy azides via C–C bond clea...

Currently, the 28 GHz ECRIS (electron cyclotron resonance ion source) was developed to produce a high-current heavy-ion beam at the KBSI (Korea Basic Science Institute). The high-voltage platform of the 28 GHz ECRIS is essential to deliver an ion beam to the next acceleration stage. The high-voltage platform was designed considering dielectric characteristics in order to ensure electrical safety. In this paper, a study on the dielectric characteristics of GFRP (glass- fiber-reinforced plastic) is performed to determine the thickness of the GFRP cylindrical shell located between the plasma chamber and the warm bore of the superconducting magnet cryostat. The dielectric experiments on a GFRP cylindrical shell were conducted under a DC voltage. Sphere-to-plane electrode systems were used to examine the dielectric characteristics. Also, the relationship between the dielectric characteristics of the GFRP cylindrical shell and the distribution of the electric field intensity was calculated and analyzed by using FEM (Finite Elements Method) simulations.

We report the dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of various secondary alcohols by the combination of a ruthenium catalyst and an anionic surfactant-activated lipoprotein lipase. The DKR reactions performed under totally base-free conditions at room temperature provided the products of excellent enantiopurities (91-99% ee or greater) in high yields (92-99%). More importantly, the DKR of α-arylallyl alcohols was achieved for the first time with high yields (87-91%).