Search

Background: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by inflammatory fibrosis usually involving the whole biliary tree. However, there are very limited treatment options to treat this disease. Our previous study found a lipid-protein rCsHscB from a liver fluke - Clonorchis sinensis, which had full capacities of immune regulation. Therefore, we investigated the role of rCsHscB in a mouse model of sclerosing cholangitis induced by xenobiotic 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) to explore whether this protein had potential therapeutic value for PSC. Methods: Mice were fed 0.1% DDC for 4 weeks and treated with CsHscB (30 μg/mouse, intraperitoneal injection, once every 3 days); the control group was given an equal amount of PBS or CsHscB under normal diet conditions. All the mice were sacrificed at 4 weeks for the evaluation of biliary proliferation, fibrosis, and inflammation. Results: rCsHscB treatment attenuated DDC-induced liver congestion and enlargement and significantly decreased the upregulation of serum AST and ALT levels. The administration of rCsHscB to DDC-fed mice significantly decreased cholangiocyte proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production compared to mice fed with DDC alone. Also, rCsHscB treatment showed a decreased expression of α-SMA in the liver and other markers of liver fibrosis (Masson staining, Hydroxyproline content, and collagen deposit). More interestingly, DDC-fed mice treated with rCsHscB showed a significant up-regulation of PPAR-γ expression, which was similar to control mice, indicating the involvement of PPAR-γ signaling in the protective action of rCsHscB. Conclusion: Overall, our data show that rCsHscB attenuates the progression of cholestatic fibrosis induced by DDC and supports the potential for manipulating the parasite-derived molecule to treat certain immune-mediated disorders.

Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) infection induces severe hepatobiliary injuries, which can cause inflammation, periductal fibrosis, and even cholangiocarcinoma. Sphingolipid metabolic pathways responsible for the generation of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptor S1P receptors (S1PRs) have been implicated in many liver-related diseases. However, the role of S1PRs in C. sinensis-mediated biliary epithelial cells (BECs) proliferation and hepatobiliary injury has not been elucidated. In the present study, we found that C. sinensis infection resulted in alteration of bioactive lipids and sphingolipid metabolic pathways in mice liver. Furthermore, S1PR2 was predominantly activated among these S1PRs in BECs both in vivo and in vitro. Using JTE-013, a specific antagonist of S1PR2, we found that the hepatobiliary pathological injuries, inflammation, bile duct hyperplasia, and periductal fibrosis can be significantly inhibited in C. sinensis-infected mice. In addition, both C. sinensis excretory-secretory products (CsESPs)- and S1P-induced activation of AKT and ERK1/2 were inhibited by JTE-013 in BECs. Therefore, the sphingolipid metabolism pathway and S1PR2 play an important role, and may serve as potential therapeutic targets in hepatobiliary injury caused by C. sinensis-infection.

China has implemented strict policies for the installation of desulfurization facilities in coal power plants in order to mitigate their negative environmental and human health impacts. However, it is rarely acknowledged that desulfurization processes lead to increased water consumption and carbon emissions from the coal power sector. By using a bottom-up approach, we quantified that the desulfurization facilities in all of China’s coal power plants together avoided emissions of 29.52 Mt of SO2 in 2014, with expenses of 550.26 million m3 of increased water consumption, and 53.28 Mt of additional CO2 emissions. Such conflicts were especially pronounced in the North China Grid, where 9.77 Mt of SO2 emission reductions were realized at expenses of 132.15 million m3 of water consumption, and 14.25 Mt of CO2 emissions. The provinces in the North China Grid were already facing extreme water scarcity. Furthermore, while more than 90% of China’s coal power plants have installed desulfurization facilities, the application of full desulfurization would further reduce the greatest amount of SO2 emissions with the smallest amounts of additional water consumption and carbon emissions in the Northwest Grid. Replacing all wet desulfurization facilities with dry ones saves 498.38 million m3 of water consumption in total, and reduces 26.65 Mt of CO2 emissions; however, this is at an expense of 14.33 Mt of SO2 emissions. These conflicts are most pronounced in Shanxi Province in the North Grid, and in Guangdong Province in the South Grid.

A two-dimensional (2D) SnNb2O6/amino-functionalized graphene (En-RGO) nanocomposite with a representative 2D–2D architecture has been constructed by an easy self-assembly approach and firstly investigated as anode materials for secondary sodium-ion batteries. The SnNb2O6 nanosheets are evenly anchored with the amino-functionalized graphene through electrostatic attractive interplay between the negatively charged SnNb2O6 and positively charged En-RGO after modification. As a result, a remarkable reversible capacity of 300 mAh·g−1 was obtained at 50 mA·g−1, and significantly, the En-RGO electrode could also deliver ultra-long calendar life up to 1900 cycles with a high reversible capacity of 200 mAh·g−1 at current of 500 mA·g−1. Such excellent electrochemical characteristics can be mainly ascribed to its fast pseudo-capacitive energy storage mechanism, and the capacitive contribution can even reach up to 90% at 1.2 mV·s−1.

This study explores the effect of different ozone metrics on the total mortality risk in China. Using the CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Web of Science, and PubMed databases, the time series studies and case crossover studies from the establishment of each database to December 31, 2020 were retrieved, and 22 eligible studies were included in this analysis. A meta-analysis was performed for the ozone metrics of O

Chronic infection with liver flukes (such as Clonorchis sinensis) can induce severe biliary injuries, which can cause cholangitis, biliary fibrosis, and even cholangiocarcinoma. The release of extracellular vesicles by C. sinensis (CsEVs) is of importance in the long-distance communication between the hosts and worms. However, the biological effects of EVs from liver fluke on biliary injuries and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly characterized. In the present study, we found that CsEVs induced M1-like activation. In addition, the mice that were administrated with CsEVs showed severe biliary injuries associated with remarkable activation of M1-like macrophages. We further characterized the signatures of miRNAs packaged in CsEVs and identified a miRNA Csi-let-7a-5p, which was highly enriched. Further study showed that Csi-let-7a-5p facilitated the activation of M1-like macrophages by targeting Socs1 and Clec7a; however, CsEVs with silencing Csi-let-7a-5p showed a decrease in proinflammatory responses and biliary injuries, which involved in the Socs1- and Clec7a-regulated NF-κB signaling pathway. Our study demonstrates that Csi-let-7a-5p delivered by CsEVs plays a critical role in the activation of M1-like macrophages and contributes to the biliary injuries by targeting the Socs1- and Clec7a-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, which indicates a mechanism contributing to biliary injuries caused by fluke infection. However, molecules other than Csi-let-7a-5p from CsEVs that may also promote M1-like polarization and exacerbate biliary injuries are not excluded.

Background Various stimuli, including Clonorchis sinensis infection, can cause liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis is characterized by the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) with massive production of extracellular matrix (ECM). Our previous study showed that the TGF-β1-induced Smad signaling pathway played a critical role in the activation of HSCs during liver fibrosis induced by worm infection; however, the mechanisms that modulate the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway are still poorly understood. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that miRNAs act as an important regulator of activation of HSCs during liver fibrosis. Methods The target of miR-497 was determined by bioinformatics analysis combined with a dual-luciferase activity assay. LX-2 cells were transfected with miR-497 inhibitor and then stimulated with TGF-β1 or excretory/secretory products of C. sinensis (CsESPs), and activation of LX-2 was assessed using qPCR or western blot. In vivo, the mice treated with CCl4 were intravenously injected with a single dose of adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) that overexpressed anti-miR-497 sequences or their scramble control for 6 weeks. Liver fibrosis and damage were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Masson staining, and qPCR; the activation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway was detected by qPCR or western blot. Results In the present study, the expression of miR-497 was increased in HSCs activated by TGF-β1 or ESPs of C. sinensis. We identified that Smad7 was the target of miR-497 using combined bioinformatics analysis with luciferase activity assays. Transfection of anti-miR-497 into HSCs upregulated the expression of Smad7, leading to a decrease in the level of p-Smad2/3 and subsequent suppression of the activation of HSCs induced by TGF-β1 or CsESPs. Furthermore, miR-497 inhibitor delivered by highly-hepatotropic (rAAV8) inhibited TGF-β/smads signaling pathway by targeting at Smad7 to ameliorate CCL4-induced liver fibrosis. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that miR-497 promotes liver fibrogenesis by targeting Smad7 to promote TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway transduction both in vivo and in vitro, which provides a promising therapeutic strategy using anti-miR-497 against liver fibrosis. Graphical Abstract

As the two essential components, the white matter and gray matter compose the central nervous system of the brain. Widely known that axons of neurons mainly form the white matter, and these formed nerve fibers are responsible for transmitting information among various brain regions to achieve the coordinated operation of the entire brain. Early research on the white matter could only be done by dissecting living animals or human cadavers, until Basser et al. proposed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) technology in 1994, which could detect the diffusion characteristics of water in the brain in vivo noninvasively. Accordingly, this technology could be applied to investigate the diffusion movement of water in white matter to obtain the information of direction and micro-anatomy of white matter fiber bundles. With the advancement on the display and analysis of the anatomical structure of white matter fiber bundles, the exploration of microscopic pathological changes, and the assistance of clinical diagnosis and neurophysiological research, DTI technology has become one of the most popular topics in brain science research. Chronic pain refers to pain lasting more than three months, which not only seriously affects the patient's physical and social functions, but also dramatically reduces the quality of life. It was reported that long-term pain stimulation might cause pathological remodeling of the central nervous system, and abnormalities in white matter were found in imaging examinations of patients with chronic pain. This review introduces the quantitative analysis methods of white matter fiber bundle microstructure based on DTI and its application in chronic pain, and further discusses the application value of DTI technology on clinical research of chronic pain.

Exact compressed sensing (CS) recovery theoretically depends on a large number of random measurements. In this study, the authors present a novel CS measurement technique based on the cellular automata chaos (CAC) model. The proposed method selects original signal thresholding (OST) as its initial seed to realise CS signal coding. The benefits of CS coding with CAC-OST are that: (i) the signal compression ratio of this coding method can be far below the signal sparsity level and (ii) the signal can be recovered perfectly, even with slow CS measurements. This study reports some experiments that demonstrate the excellent performance of CAC-OST in CS coding.

In civil aviation transportation systems, air traffic controllers play a key role in maintaining safe, orderly and rapid air traffic flow management. Due to various undesirable stress influencing factors, the workload and work complexity of controllers have increased dramatically. In recent years, flight accidents or incidents caused by controller errors have occurred more frequently. Firstly, this paper proposes an evaluation framework that effectively identifies the key factors affecting the undesirable stress response of controllers, and extracts 20 main factors from the aspect of controllers’ work ability, work complexity, work environment, safety atmosphere, and physical and mental health, etc. Secondly, the combination of Grey System Theory and Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) Method is used to identify the factors affecting the controllers’ undesirable stress response qualitatively and quantitatively. Lastly, we extract key factors from the 20 main factors, which can help us better cope with and reduce the undesirable stress response of controllers. The research results show that the key factors are the number of aircraft under control at the same time, emergencies, equipment reliability, airspace complexity, and emotional conditions. The research results aim to improve the controller’s ability to adjust stress and improve the efficiency and safety of air traffic control.

Severe congestion at airport surface has now become a major challenge in air traffic management. Earlier work on congestion mitigation for traffic on airport surface has made primary contributions on efficiency improvement from the view of resource assignment, so as to enlarge the current resource utility. However, subject to the complexity of modeling and unacceptable computational cost, integrated runway-taxiway-apron allocation for aircraft was rarely reported.This paper introduces a macroscopic view on flow characteristics of airport surface traffic, breaking through the traditional perspective of independent optimization of runway, taxiway and apron operations, in order to adapt the road traffic assignment method to airport surface movement to allocate runway, taxiway and apron for each aircraft while minimizing total cost of the surface network system.

Flipped Classroom is a new teaching mode in recent years, which has become the focus of the world. In this paper, according to the characteristics of pathogen biology course the teaching content is complicated, pathogenic mechanism and prevention principle are more, knowledge point and memory are difficult to understand and so on, the function of flipped classroom in pathogen biology teaching is discussed.

Compressed sensing (CS) theory provides a new acquisition idea for sparse signals and sparsely-expressed signals. CS-based hardware design has been widely concerned. And related products have been tentatively tried in many fields. The design of remote sensing imaging based on CS mainly includes single pixel multiple exposure imaging and block focal plane coding multi — pixel single exposure imaging. In this paper, a CS asymmetric processing model, which is different from traditional image reconstruction, is proposed. And it is applied to CS hardware design for infrared (IR) remote sensing imaging. This model fully considers the global information of the image, which combines the multiple neighborhood values of the observed results in the CS process, and also combines the multiple measurement matrix blocks to form a new measurement matrix. At the same time, a sparse dictionary construction method suitable for asymmetric patterns is proposed, which can effectively compensate for the local differences caused by image segmentation. The experimental results show that the proposed method is superior to the conventional block focal plane coding compression reconstruction both in reconstruction time and in reconstruction quality.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of interventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided and monitored argon-helium cryoablation for the treatment of brain tumors in rabbits. In addition, the present study evaluated the associations between imaging and pathology, the therapeutic effects and the effects on the surrounding normal tissues. A total of 14 rabbits were equally divided into groups C and D. Under general anesthesia, the skull was drilled and tumor blocks were implanted. Subsequently, a New Zealand rabbit VX2 brain tumor model was successfully established. Rabbits in group C were treated with argon-helium cryoablation and those in group D did not undergo any treatment (control). Regular postoperative MRI scanning was performed to observe the changes in tumor size, and the survival times of the rabbits in groups C and D were recorded. The extent of necrosis in the brain tumor exhibited a significant correlation with the freezing time of cryoablation, and the necrotic region was shown to be the same size as the ice ball. The survival times of the rabbits in the treatment group (group C) were significantly prolonged. Therefore, the observations of the present study demonstrated that the VX2 brain tumor model, produced using an improved tumor block implantation method, was stable and suitable for MRI observation and interventional study. In addition, argon-helium cryoablation was shown to be a safe and feasible therapeutic method for the treatment of brain tumors, and was demonstrated to significantly increase the survival times of the brain tumor-bearing rabbits.

Demodex is a type of permanent obligatory parasite, which can be found on the human body surface. Currently, drugs targeting Demodex usually result in adverse effects and have a poor therapeutic effect. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the use of Chinese crude medicine volatile oils for targeting and inhibiting Demodex in vitro. The volatile oils of six Chinese crude medicines were investigated, including clove, orange fruit, Manchurian wildginger, cinnamon bark, Rhizome Alpiniae Officinarum and pricklyash peel, which were extracted using a distillation method. The exercise status of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis and the antiparasitic effects of the volatile oils against the two species were observed using microscopy. A skin irritation test was used to examine the irritation intensity of the volatile oils. In addition, an acute toxicity test was utilized to observe the toxicity effects of the volatile oils on the skin. Xin Fumanling ointment was employed as a positive control to identify the therapeutic effects of the volatile oils. The results indicated that all six volatile oils were able to kill Demodex efficiently. In particular, the clove volatile oil was effective in inducing optimized anti-Demodex activity. The lethal times of the volatile oils were significantly decreased compared with the Xin Fumanling ointment (P

Entrepreneurship teaching evaluation system constantly promotes the upgrading of university teaching quality in private enterprise education through actively promote the learn autonomy of students, the work enthusiasm of teachers and the management efficiency of teaching. Therefore, in the process of constructing the teaching evaluation system, the teaching managers of private higher education should clarify the ideas and emphasis of index selection, explore the appropriate construction way to further display the function and the role of entrepreneurship education teaching evaluation system. High education serves the community development, social development is inseparable from the support of education, what kind of social and economic development needs, there will be what kind of education mode. Thus, today with the globalization of economic and the internationalization of education, the development of the entrepreneurship education has become the main content of high education, the quality of entrepreneurship education development determines the development level of higher education, in order to better promote the development of entrepreneurship education, universities and related departments should construct and improve the entrepreneurship education teaching evaluation system to promote the development and reform of university entrepreneurship education. Private Colleges with its own characteristics, should avoid weaknesses and make a special feature on student innovation and entrepreneurship culture to open up a new journey.

This study presents a novel compressive sensing (CS) framework to solve the high dimensional mass spectrometry (MS) signal processing in Bioinformatics. As a hot research topic, CS has attracted a great deal of attention in many fields. In theory, high sparsity is one precondition for any CS framework. However, in Bioinformatics, one application bottleneck is that only a few MS data can be considered as sparse. So sparse representation (SR) become necessary. However, this will create a new problem that the SR computation cost will be too huge to MS signal because of its high data dimensionality (usually tens of thousands or more). Therefore the authors propose theconcept ofsparse difference (SD) to realise a new CS framework. Firstly, it canacquire the prior MS information through fractal and entropy recognition. Secondly, the original signal can be perfectly recovered by SD based on the previous recognition result. The feasibility and validity of this CS framework isproved by experiments.

This paper mainly introduces the methods and advantages of creating three-dimensional entity by the user coordinate system (UCS). The example of the operation details the operation method and skill of the UCS entity . This makes the creation process of the 3D entity clear, simple, and quick.

Vibration and acoustic radiation of circular cylindrical shells are hot topics in the structural engineering field. However for a long period, this sort of problems is only limit to classical homogeneous boundary conditions. In this paper, the vibration of a circular cylindrical shell with elastic boundary supports is studied using modified Fourier series method, and the far-field pressure for a baffled shell is calculated by Helmholtz integral equation. Active control of vibration and acoustic radiation are carried out by minimizing structural kinetic energy and radiated acoustic power respectively. The influence of boundary conditions on the active control is investigated throughout several numerical examples. It is shown that the active control of vibration and acoustic for an elastically restrained shell can exhibit unexpected and complicated behaviors.

The response of grain quality traits to cold-water irrigation and its correlation with cold tolerance were studied in 11 japonica rice varieties from Yunnan Province, China. The results indicated that the response of grain quality traits to the cold-water stress varied with rice varieties and grain quality traits. Under the cold-water stress, grain width, chalky rice rate, whiteness, 1000-grain weight, brown rice rate, taste meter value, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity and final viscosity significantly decreased, whereas grain length-width ratio, head rice rate, alkali digestion value, protein content and setback viscosity markedly increased. However, the other traits such as grain length, amylose content, milled rice rate, peak viscosity time and pasting temperature were not significantly affected by the cold-water stress. Significant correlations were discovered between phenotypic acceptability and cold response indices of taste meter value, protein content, peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity. Therefore, it would be very important to improve the cold tolerance of Yunnan rice varieties in order to stabilize and improve their eating quality.

Metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis (20 per mouse) were given orally to Kunming mice. The mice were sacrificed at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 h after infection. The results showed that the excystation of the metacercariae occurred in the stomach and small intestine, mainly in the duodenum. Excystation occurred mainly at 2, 4, 8, and 16 h post-infection. Juveniles were found in hepatic duct on 0.5 h post-infection. The number of juveniles increased with the extension of infection time, which kept unchanged in hepatic duct from 32 h after infection.

High resolution and large field of view are two major development trends in optical remote sensing imaging. But these trends will cause the difficult problem of mass data processing and remote sensor design under the limitation of conventional sampling method. Therefore, we will propose a novel optical remote sensing imaging method based on compressed sensing theory and fractal feature extraction in this study. We could utilize the result of fractal classification to realize the selectable partitioned image recovery with undersampling measurement. The two experiments illustrate the availability and feasibility of this new method.

Freshwater fish were caught from Nenjiang River in Qiqihaer City, and examined for metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis by the artificial digestion (pepsin-HCl) method. The metacercariae (35-40) were given orally into stomach to each Kunming mouse of infection group (50 mice). The mice in control group were given the same amount of normal saline. The mice were sacrificed on the 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th, and 30th day after infection. Worms were collected, fixed and stained with carmine acetate, and observed under microscope. The egg-laying capacity of C. sinensis was observed in mice. 96%(48/50) mice were infected with metacercariae of C. sinensis. The recovery rate of adult worms on the 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th, and 30th day post-infection was 42.1%, 52.6%, 63.2%, 62.2%, 63.3%, and 63.2%, respectively. The first appearance of eggs in utero and feces was on the 15th and 20th day after infection, respectively. The branch of testis in worms was observed after 20 days of infection.

There are two major development trends in digital imaging, which are high resolution and large field of view. Because of these trends, mass data processing and sensor design will be caused by the limitation of conventional sampling method. Therefore, we propose a novel multi-scale subfield imaging method based on compressed sensing and fractal classification in this paper. We could utilize the result of fractal classification to realize the selectable partitioned image recovery. The experiments illustrate the availability and feasibility of this new method.

From May to November 2013, a total of 1175 wild freshwater fishes were collected from the rivers of Chuoer, Yalu, Wuyuer, Alun, and Yin in Nenjiang River basin Qiqihaer City, and examined for metacercariae by direct compression method. The metacercariae were collected by artificial digestion method. Forty Kunming mice were infected with 30-40 metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis. The mice were sacrificed 36 days after infection, and the adult worms were collected from bile duct, and observed under microscope. The results showed that a total of 1 175 fishes, belonging to nine species were taken from the Nenjiang basin of Qiqihaer region. The infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae was 51.2% (602/1 175). All the species were infected besides Silurus asotus, and the highest prevalence (82.7%, 91/149) was found in Longnose gudgeon and the lowest (7.1%, 6/84) in Perccottus glenii. Among the rivers, the highest prevalence of metacercariae was in Wuyuer River. (65.7%, 218/332), and the lowest was in Alun River and Yin River (24.1%, 67/278) (P0.05). Each part of the body in the Carassius auratus and Pseudorasbora parva were susceptible for metacercariae. The main infection site in Longnose gudgeon was the fish scales, and C. sinensis metacercaria was first discovered in the brain tissue of Phoxinus lagowskii. The experimental results showed that the adult worms of C. sinensis were found in the hepatic bile duct of the mice, with an infection rate of 85.0% (34/40). The suckers, digestive system and reproductive system of C. sinensis were visible clearly.

In the process of the coal technology development, anchor installation speed is one of the main factors that affect the rapid excavation. The anchor cable automatic mounting vehicle, which is developed on the basis of this, is a set of borehole, anchor installation, fastening, tensioning and other operations. It effectively improve the efficiency of anchor cable supporting. This paper mainly introduces the working principle, the main structure design and functional characteristics.

Demodex is a type of permanent obligatory parasite, which can be found on the human body surface. Currently, drugs targeting Demodex usually result in adverse effects and have a poor therapeutic effect. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the use of Chinese crude medicine volatile oils for targeting and inhibiting Demodex in vitro. The volatile oils of six Chinese crude medicines were investigated, including clove, orange fruit, Manchurian wildginger, cinnamon bark, Rhizome Alpiniae Officinarum and pricklyash peel, which were extracted using a distillation method. The exercise status of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis and the antiparasitic effects of the volatile oils against the two species were observed using microscopy. A skin irritation test was used to examine the irritation intensity of the volatile oils. In addition, an acute toxicity test was utilized to observe the toxicity effects of the volatile oils on the skin. Xin Fumanling ointment was employed as a positive control to identify the therapeutic effects of the volatile oils. The results indicated that all six volatile oils were able to kill Demodex efficiently. In particular, the clove volatile oil was effective in inducing optimized anti-Demodex activity. The lethal times of the volatile oils were significantly decreased compared with the Xin Fumanling ointment (P

Face recognition is one important task in Nomad Biometric Authentication (NOBA) project. However, as many other face databases, it will easily produce the Small Sample Size (SSS) problem in some applications with NOBA data. Thus this paper uses the Compressed Sensing (CS) algorithm to solve the SSS problem in NOBA face database. Some experiments can prove the feasibility and validity of this solution.

A novel palladium-catalyzed cascade allylic amination/intramolecular hydroamination/isomerization process of protected enynol 1 and primary amine 2 has been explored, which constructs the important 1,2,5-trisubstituted pyrroles. This transformation offers an alternative synthetic methodology capable of generating substituted pyrroles in a straightforward way.

A novel palladium-catalyzed cascade allylic amination/intramolecular hydroamination/isomerization process of protected enynol 1 and primary amine 2 has been explored, which constructs the important 1,2,5-trisubstituted pyrroles. This transformation offers an alternative synthetic methodology capable of generating substituted pyrroles in a straightforward way.

In this paper, a novel robust audio watermarking algorithm based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) and vector quantization (VQ) is proposed. The original audio signal is first segmented into frames. The embedding process for each frame is as follows. First, the original frame is DCT transformed, and several middle-frequency coefficients are composed of a vector to be modified. Then the labeled-codeword based VQ is used to quantize this vector according to the watermark bit to be embedded. Finally, the modified middle-frequency coefficients together with the untouched coefficients are inversely DCT transformed to get the watermarked frame. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarking algorithm has strong robustness to not only most of the attacks in stir mark benchmark for audio but also the cropping attack.

In this paper, a novel robust audio watermarking algorithm is presented. It takes full advantage of the multi-resolution and the energy compression properties of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) respectively, and embeds a pseudorandom permuted binary image in the original audio signal by vector quantization (VQ). The original audio is first transformed using the properly selected wavelet bases into the DWT domain, then the approximate coefficients are segmented into frames and transformed to the DCT domain, and for each frame, several middle-frequency DCT coefficients are composed as a vector to be substituted. Then the labeled-codeword VQ is used to quantize this vector according to the corresponding watermark bit. The modified coefficient vectors together with the untouched coefficients are IDCT-transformed to get the watermarked approximate coefficients. Finally, the watermarked audio signal is attained by using the detail coefficients and the modified approximate coefficients. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarking algorithm has strong robustness to both most of the attacks in the stirmark benchmark for audio and the cropping attack.