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Immune dysfunction is critical in pathogenesis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Few studies have reported abnormal cytokine profile and dysregulated T-cell functions during the onset and progression of certain types of lymphoma. However, the presence of IL9-producing Th9 cells and their role in tumor cell metabolism and survival remain unexplored. With this clinical study, we performed multidimensional blood endotyping of CTCL patients before and after standard photo/chemotherapy and revealed distinct immune hallmarks of the disease. Importantly, there was a higher frequency of “skin homing” Th9 cells in CTCL patients with early (T1 and T2) and advanced-stage disease (T3 and T4). However, advanced-stage CTCL patients had severely impaired frequency of skin-homing Th1 and Th17 cells, indicating attenuated immunity. Treatment of CTCL patients with standard photo/chemotherapy decreased the skin-homing Th9 cells and increased the Th1 and Th17 cells. Interestingly, T cells of CTCL patients express IL9 receptor (IL9R), and there was negligible IL9R expression on T cells of healthy donors. Mechanistically, IL9/IL9R interaction on CD3+ T cells of CTCL patients and Jurkat cells reduced oxidative stress, lactic acidosis, and apoptosis and ultimately increased their survival. In conclusion, coexpression of IL9 and IL9R on T cells in CTCL patients indicates the autocrine-positive feedback loop of Th9 axis in promoting the survival of malignant T cells by reducing the oxidative stress.Implications:The critical role of Th9 axis in CTCL pathogenesis indicates that strategies targeting Th9 cells might harbor significant potential in developing robust CTCL therapy.

Supplementary table S1: Follow-up patient's clinical details

PURPOSE The prognosis of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) that is refractory to bortezomib and lenalidomide is very poor wherein the median survival is between 3 and 9 months. We did this retrospective analysis to study the pattern of utilization, tolerance, and outcomes with pomalidomide in these patients having RRMM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of all the patients who were treated with generic pomalidomide at Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, during the period of May 2017 to March 2019 was done. Patients with secretory disease and who had completed at least one cycle of pomalidomide were analyzed for response rates, toxicity, and survival outcomes. RESULTS A total of 81 patients received pomalidomide-based therapy during this study period, out of which 75 were included in the survival analysis. Forty-eight patients (59.3%) were refractory to both lenalidomide and bortezomib. Overall response rate was 58.7%. Five patients (6.7%) achieved complete response, very good partial response was seen in 13 patients (17.3%), and partial response was seen in 26 patients (34.7%). After a median follow-up of 11 months (range 2-27 months), median progression-free survival was 9.1 months (95% CI, 5.4 to 12.9 months). Median progression-free survival for patients who were refractory to both lenalidomide and bortezomib versus nonrefractory was 5.5 and 12.6 months, respectively, which was significant statistically ( P = .04, hazard ratio, 0.35, 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.97). The median overall survival was not reached. Important toxicities included anemia (28%), neutropenia (16%), pneumonia (16%), and venous thrombosis (5%). CONCLUSION Generic pomalidomide-based therapy is an effective option and is well tolerated in patients with RRMM. Higher response rates and longer survival seen in our study are possibly because of heterogeneity of the study population.

Introduction HD-MTX is a key drug in the treatment protocols for ALL. The regimen needs to be administered with appropriate supportive measures and serum methotrexate level monitoring. A limited testing strategy is relevant in resource constraint settings since it allows a shorter duration of hospitalization. We report our experience with this strategy and its impact on the patient safety outcomes. Methods This is a retrospective study of all patients ≥ 15 years of age with newly diagnosed ALL or Lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) who were administered HDMTX (part of BFM-90 ALL protocol) at our institute between March 2013 to November 2013.The medical records were reviewed for clinical characteristics, disease-related details, HDMTX dose and cycles administered, leucovorin rescue and toxicities. Results A total of 423 cycles of HD-MTX were administered to 106 patients during the study period. The median duration for completion of all 4 cycles of HDMTX was 53 (IQR 49–60) days. The grade 3 or higher toxicities were anemia in 9.6%, neutropenia 19.4%, febrile neutropenia 5.7%, thrombocytopenia 4.4% and mucositis in 0.7%. There was statistically significant correlation between the levels at 42 h (≤ 1 mmol/L vs > 1 mmol/L) and toxicity- anemia, FN and mucositis observed more in the late clearance group. With limited sampling strategy whereby if the 42- hour level MTX level are

Management of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL) and plasmablastic lymphomas (PBL) poses significant challenges. The evidence supports use of dose-adjusted EPOCH (etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin) with or without rituximab as first-line therapy. The need for central venous access, growth factors and significant toxicities limits its use in resource-constrained settings. To address these challenges, we have developed a novel regimen, CVEP (cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, etoposide, and prednisolone) based on the pharmacodynamic principles of dose-adjusted EPOCH. This single-centre phase II study evaluated the efficacy and safety of CVEP regimen in patients with de novo systemic AIDS-related DLBCL and PBL. The primary objective was complete response (CR) rates as assessed by positron emission tomography-computed tomography. The secondary objectives were incidence of Grade 3/4 toxicities, toxicities requiring hospitalisation, and disease-free survival. From May 2011 to February 2017, 42 patients were enrolled. At the end of therapy the CR rates were 69% (29/42) in the intention-to-treat population and 80.5% (29/36) in evaluable patients. At a median follow-up of 69 months, the 5-year disease-free survival was 65.3%. Out of 217 cycles administered, febrile neutropenia occurred in 19.3% and hospitalisation was required in 18.3% of cycles. There were two treatment-related deaths. The CVEP regimen is an active and safe regimen for AIDS-related DLBCL and PBL.

The expression of CD20 in precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is associated with poor outcomes. The addition of rituximab to intensive chemotherapy in CD20+ ALL has led to improved outcomes in several studies. However, there is no clear evidence regarding the optimal number of doses and its benefit without an allogeneic stem cell transplant. Achieving measurable residual disease (MRD)-negative status postinduction would reduce the requirement for a transplant. Novel approaches are needed to induce a higher proportion of MRD-negative complete remission in patients with high-risk ALL. Given bortezomib’s activity in relapsed ALL and its synergism with rituximab in B-cell lymphomas, the addition of bortezomib to rituximab and chemotherapy may provide an incremental benefit in CD20+ precursor B-ALL. We conducted a phase 2 study to test the activity of bortezomib and rituximab in combination with a pediatric-inspired regimen during induction therapy in newly diagnosed adolescents and adults (aged >14 years) with CD20+, Philadelphia-negative precursor B-ALL; bone marrow MRD negativity at the end of induction was the primary end point. From December 2017 through August 2019, a total of 35 patients were enrolled. End-of-induction MRD-negative status was achieved in 70.9% of patients, as opposed to 51.7% in the historical cohort treated with chemotherapy alone. MRD-negative rates improved to 87.5% post-consolidation. At a median follow-up of 21 months, event-free survival and overall survival rates were 78.8% (95% confidence interval, 66-94) and 78.7% (95% confidence interval, 65.8-94), respectively. There was no significant increase in toxicity with bortezomib and rituximab compared with the historical cohort. The incidence of neuropathy was 26% (all less than grade 3). The combination of bortezomib, rituximab, and a pediatric-inspired ALL regimen was active and well tolerated in de novo CD20+ Philadelphia-negative precursor B-ALL. This trial was registered with the Clinical Trials Registry-India as CTRI/2017/04/008393(http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials).

Extra-nodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma is a rare, distinctive clinicopathologic entity with an aggressive clinical course. High expression of multidrug-resistant (MDR) P-gp on NK lymphoma cells renders this disease resistant to anthracycline-based chemotherapy regimens. Over the years, based on retrospective analysis and phase II studies, regimens with L-asparaginase and non-MDR drugs have been used.To evaluate the outcome of patients with extra-nodal NK/T-cell lymphoma treated in a tertiary cancer care center in India from 2012 to 2021.Retrospective, observational, single-center study.Hematolymphoid Department, Tata Memorial Hospital.From January 2010 to December 2021, all consecutive patients with NK/T-cell lymphoma were analyzed.Relapse-free survival and overall survival.A total of 78 patients with a diagnosis of extra-nodal NK/T-cell lymphoma were treated from 2010 to 2021. Amongst them, 56 (71.8%) were male, with a median age of 40 years (15-71 years). The most common presenting symptom was nasal swelling (9%), followed by dysphagia (3.8%). B symptoms were present in 35 patients (45%). Only 5% had HLH anytime during the treatment. One-third of the patients had an ECOG performance status1. Nasal type constituted 80% of the cohort, regional node was involved in 60%, distant node was involved in 28%, 33% had more than 1 extra-nodal site involved, 23% had bulky disease, and 40% had advanced stage (stage 3-4) at presentation. EBV LMP1 was positive in 19 patients (24%). EBERISH was available in 9 patients, of which 7 were positive. Fifteen patients received treatment prior to presentation to our center (CHOP in 10 patients). At our center, the SMILE chemotherapy protocol was administered to 52 patients (66.7%). Consolidative radiation therapy was administered in 43 patients (55.1%). The best radiological response of CR was achieved in 49 patients (62.8%). After a median follow-up of 30 months, 30 (38.5%) patients relapsed and 30 (38.5%) died. Median relapse-free survival was 45 (95%CI: 5.1-84.8) months. Overall survival at 36 months was 53.4% (95%CI: 41.7%-68.4%).The outcome of NK/T-cell lymphoma in our cohort is comparable to the outcomes found in the literature.

AYA-ALL differs from pediatric ALL in terms of clinical, biological, psychosocial factors and access to care and has an inferior outcome. It is now being recognized that pediatric-inspired protocols are superior to adult protocols for this cohort, but given the lack of randomized trials, several questions remain unanswered.In this review, we discuss how AYA-ALL is different from the pediatric ALL population, compare AYA-ALL with ALL in middle and older age adults, review the studies that have enrolled the AYA cohort, summarize risk-stratified and response-adapted approaches, describe the biological subtypes, and review the novel agents/approaches under evaluation.AYA-ALL is a complex and challenging disease that needs multidisciplinary and focused care. Well-designed clinical trials that focus on this cohort are needed to further improve the outcomes.

PURPOSE Infections remain a major challenge in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Induction-related mortality reported in the literature is approximately < 5% in clinical trials. However, the real-world scenario is different, especially in developing countries, given the high incidence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms, high incidence of fungal pneumonia at baseline, and significant delay before initiation of chemotherapy. We aimed to look at contemporary infections and infection-related mortality and analyze the patterns of infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study was conducted at a large tertiary care oncology center in India. Patients with newly diagnosed AML who were older than age 15 years, considered fit for intensive therapy, and treated in the general wards of the adult hematolymphoid unit from March 1, 2014, until December 31, 2015, were included. RESULTS One hundred twenty-one patients were treated during the study period. The most common presenting complaint was fever (85%). The focus of infection at presentation was found in 63% of patients, with respiratory infection being the most common (47%). MDR organisms were isolated in 55% of patients during induction from various foci. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common blood culture isolate (42.9%). Fungal pneumonia was diagnosed in 55% of patients during induction despite antifungal prophylaxis. Treatment-related mortality was 10.7% in all phases, with an induction mortality rate of 7.4%. Complete remission was attained in 69% of patients. Of all patients who received induction chemotherapy, 74% completed all three consolidation cycles. The 121 patients were followed up for a median period of 53 months. Four-year event-free survival was 35.8%, and 4-year overall survival was 41.5%. CONCLUSION Infections and infection-related mortality are major challenges during AML induction. Gram-negative MDR and fungal infections are particularly common in our region.

Background There is limited data on outcomes in cancer patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) from lower middle‐income countries (LMICs). Patients and Methods This was an observational study, conducted between 12 April and 10 June 2020 at Tata Memorial centre, Mumbai, in cancer patients undergoing systemic therapy with laboratory confirmed COVID‐19. The objectives were to evaluate cumulative 30‐day all‐cause mortality, COVID‐19 attributable mortality, factors predicting mortality, and time to viral negativity after initial diagnosis. Results Of the 24 660 footfalls and 7043 patients evaluated, 230 patients on active systemic therapy with a median age of 42 (1‐75) years were included. COVID‐19 infection severity, as per WHO criteria, was mild, moderate, and severe in 195 (85%), 11 (5%), and 24 (11%) patients, respectively. Twenty‐three patients (10%) expired during follow‐up, with COVID‐19 attributable mortality seen in 15 patients (6.5%). There were no mortalities in the pediatric cohort of 31 (14%) patients. Advanced stage cancer being treated with palliative intent vs others [30‐day mortality 24%% vs 5%, odds ratio (OR) 5.6, 95% CI 2.28‐13.78, P, COVID‐19 attributable mortality in cancer patients on systemic therapy in LMICs appears lower than published data and slightly more than an unselected patient's cohort. Delayed recovery in terms of SARS COV‐2 negativity is seen in these patients. Treating Cancer remains the priority.

Treatment of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) in the elderly aims to achieve disease remission while minimizing treatment-related toxicities. The use of anthracycline in the elderly is associated with increased risk of cardiotoxicity and myelosuppression. Non-anthracycline-based regimens have commonly been used in patients with cardiac contraindications or anticipated severe toxicities to anthracyclines.We retrospectively analyzed the treatment outcomes of patients, aged 60 years and above, newly diagnosed with DLBCL at our center. Of a total of 218 patients, 71 patients received the R-CHOP regimen (Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine and Prednisolone) and 137 received R-CE (Etoposide) OP chemotherapy. The decision to substitute etoposide for doxorubicin was based on physician's discretion depending on the performance status, cardiac comorbidities and frailty as well as available resources for supportive care.The 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate in the R-CHOP group was higher than that in the R-CEOP group (79.1% vs 49.6%, P-value.001) and this superiority of R-CHOP was seen in both early and advanced disease. The incidence of febrile neutropenia and grade III/IV hematological toxicities was significantly higher in the R-CHOP group in the age group of 60 to 65 years'. ECOG PS at presentation, NCCN-IPI and the chemotherapy regimen were found to be significant factors for 2-year PFS rate by multivariate analysis.Anthracycline-based regimen should be used in elderly fit patients without absolute cardiac contraindications wherever feasible with adequate access to supportive care.

Background Patients with cancer who develop COVID-19 are at higher risk for severe disease and death. We aimed to study the outcomes of patients with cancer who were infected with SARS CoV2, and identify risk factors for adverse outcomes after COVID-19. Methods We included patients with cancer, who were diagnosed with SARS CoV2 between 11th April 2020 and February 2021 at a tertiary referral cancer centre in India. We collected data on age, sex, coexisting medical conditions, type of cancer, intent of cancer management, cancer treatment details, and severity and outcome of COVID-19. The primary outcome was a composite of severe COVID (defined as grade 6 or more on the WHO ordinal scale) or death within 30 days. We performed multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors for severe COVID or death. Results We obtained data on 1253 patients with cancer and SARS CoV2 infection, of whom 293 (23.6%) had hematological malignancies. The severity of COVID was mild (grade 1 to 3 on WHO ordinal scale) in 1014 (81%) patients, moderate (WHO grade 4 or 5) in 167 (13%) patients and severe (WHO grade 6 or 7) in 72 (6%) patients. The primary outcome was seen in 160 patients (12.8%) and the all-cause 30-day mortality was 10.9% (138 deaths). Advanced age [adjusted OR 1.84 (0.86; 3.94)], history of smoking [aOR 1.78 (1.10; 2.91)], palliative intent of treatment [aOR 3.57 (2.48 to 5.12)] and presence of more than 2 comorbidities [aOR 1.66 (1.03 to 2.67)] were significant risk factors for severe COVID or death. Advanced age and palliative intent of treatment remained significant risk factors for 30-day mortality. Recent systemic anti-cancer therapy, sex or cancer type did not influence outcomes. Conclusion Most patients with cancer who developed COVID-19 in our setting had mild disease; the elderly and those treated with palliative intent were at higher risk of severe COVID-19 or death. Recent cancer therapy did not impact COVID-19 severity or outcomes suggesting that in most patients with cancer, the management of cancer should continue uninterrupted during the pandemic.

Patients with cancer are at higher risk for adverse coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes. Here, we studied 1,253 patients with cancer, who were diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 at a tertiary referral cancer center in India. Most patients had mild disease; in our settings, recent cancer therapies did not impact COVID-19 outcomes. Advancing age, smoking history, concurrent comorbidities and palliative intent of treatment were independently associated with severe COVID-19 or death. Thus, our study provides useful insights into cancer management during the COVID-19 pandemic.

T cell lymphomas encompass a diverse group of Non-Hodgkin lymphomas with a wide spectrum of clinical, immunological and pathological manifestations. In the last two decades there has been a progress in our understanding of the cell of origin, genetic abnormalities and their impact on behaviour in T cell lymphomas. Genetic alterations are one of the critical drivers of the pathogenesis of T cell lymphoma. Disease progression has been correlated with multiple genetic abnormalities where malignant clones arise primarily out of the host immune surveillance arsenal. There are many cellular processes involved in disease development, and some of them are T cell signaling, differentiation, epigenetic modifications, and immune regulation. Modulation of these crucial pathways via genetic mutations and chromosomal abnormalities possessing either point or copy number mutations helps tumor cells to develop a niche favourable for their growth via metabolic alterations. Several metabolic pathways especially regulation of redox homeostasis is critical in pathogenesis of lymphoma. Disruption of redox potential and induction of oxidative stress renders malignant cells vulnerable to mitochondrial damage and triggers apoptotic pathways causing cell death. Targeting genetic abnormalities and oxidative stress along with current treatment regime have the potential for improved therapeutics and presents new combination approaches towards selective treatment of T cell lymphomas.

The use of pediatrics-inspired protocols in adolescent and young adult (AYA) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) results in superior survival compared with the adult protocols. Pediatrics-inspired protocols carry an increased risk of toxicity and treatment-related mortality in low resource settings, which can offset the potential benefits. We studied the outcomes and prognostic factors in the treatment of AYA ALL with a pediatrics-inspired regimen. We retrieved data regarding demographics, investigations, treatment details, and toxicities from the electronic medical records of patients diagnosed with ALL in the 15- to 25-year-old age group who were initiated on a modified Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster 90 (BFM-90) protocol between January 2013 and December 2016 at the Tata Memorial Centre. A total of 349 patients in the 15- to 25-year-old age group were treated with a modified BFM-90 protocol. The use of this pediatrics-inspired protocol resulted in a 3-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) of 59.4% and 61.8%, respectively. Only 15 patients underwent an allogeneic stem cell transplant. Minimal residual disease (MRD) persistence postinduction emerged as the only factor predictive of poor outcomes. A modified BFM-90 protocol is an effective and safe regimen for AYA ALL with an OS and EFS comparable to the published literature.

The Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) includes a wide-spectrum of disorders with varied clinical and biological behavior. This chapter focuses on the spectrum of clinical presentation of NHL and diagnostics with particular emphasis on the common NHLs.

Purpose: There is lack of consensus on management of adolescent and young adult (AYA) Hodgkin lymphoma with respect to chemotherapy approach (adult or pediatric). Hence we sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine and Dacarbazine (ABVD) chemotherapy in AYA Hodgkin lymphoma. Patients and Methods: It is a retrospective, observational, single-center study. From January 2013 to December 2016, all consecutive patients with AYA (15-25 years, all stages) were analyzed. The primary endpoint of the study was event-free survival (EFS). Secondary endpoints were complete response rates (CR) and overall survival (OS). Results: A total of 220 patients (70% men) with median age 20 years were evaluated. A significant proportion of patients had adverse features such as stage III/IV disease (63%), bulky disease (63%), extranodal involvement (37%), and marrow involvement (22%). After two cycles and end of therapy, 77% patients achieved complete response. Primary progressive disease was seen in 6% patients. With a median follow-up of 2.6 years, 19 (8.6%) patients relapsed, 1 patient developed second malignancy, and 6 patients died. Three-year EFS and OS were 81.3% and 97%, respectively. Bleomycin-induced lung injury was seen in 16% patients. On multivariate analysis stage at presentation, bone marrow involvement, partial response at interim positron emission tomography and International prognosis score (IPS) >3 were predictors of poor EFS. Conclusion: ABVD is an effective and safe regimen in AYA Hodgkin lymphoma. Advanced disease with high IPS (>3) score needs an early escalation approach to escBEACOPP regimen.

INTRODUCTION: Primary Mediastinal B cell lymphoma (PMBCL) is a biologically and clinically distinct subset of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. We analysed the outcomes of our cohort of PMBCL patients treated with Dose adjusted (DA)-R-EPOCH regimen. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of consecutive PMBCL patients who received chemotherapy consisting of DA-R-EPOCH with filgrastim support. Survival analysis was done using Kaplan–Meier method. All calculations were performed using SPSS version 20 for windows. RESULTS: A total of 43 consecutive suspected PMBCL patients were reviewed for this study, 6 patients were excluded as diagnosis of PMBCL could not be established. All patients except one (97.3%) received 6 cycles of R-DA-EPOCH regimen. Median age of the patients was 27 years (range 15–58). Bulky disease (> 7 cm) was present in 97% patients and 54% patients had extranodal disease. With a median follow up of 40 months, 3-year overall survival was 80.6% (95% CI: 74.0–87.2). The 3-year event free survival was 78.4% (95% CI: 71.6–85.2). There were 6 (16.2%) relapses, 1 (2.7%) primary progression and 7 (23%) deaths. Mediastinal radiotherapy was administered to 17 (45.9%) patients. All the deaths were due to disease progression. Grade III/IV toxicities were seen in 28 (75.7%) patients, febrile neutropenia being the most common one. CONCLUSIONS: DA-R-EPOCH regimen is an effective and tolerable regimen in PMBCL patients even with adverse features.

The treatment landscape of treatment-naive chronic lymphocytic leukemia (TN-CLL) is rapidly evolving. As more and more new drugs and combinations are becoming part of therapeutic armamentarium, it becomes highly pertinent to understand the evidence for each of the treatment options to select the right drug for the right patient. We summarize the recent data of the available frontline treatment options. The novel agents can overcome adverse biological attributes and provide long-term disease control. MRD may become a reliable surrogate for survival in the evaluation of future therapies. FCR still remains one of the best options in a young fit CLL with mutated IGVH. Long-term follow-up data of ibrutinib confirm its efficacy and safety in both high-risk and elderly TN-CLL patients. A combination of venetoclax with obinutuzumab has provided the hope of fixed-duration therapy and the potential for functional cure in TN-CLL. Several other trials testing the efficacy of other targeted agents and the optimal sequencing approaches are underway. Chemoimmunotherapy holds its ground as an effective treatment in the IGVH-mutated CLL. The targeted agents either singly or in combination have become standard of care in many subsets of TN-CLL.

Introduction: From its emergence in China on 31 st December 2019, the COVID-19 infection has spread to affect more than 185 million people across the world with approximately 4 million deaths. A systematic review and meta-analysis which included various studies across the world showed that the risk of mortality in cancer patients with COVID-19 infection is 21.1% and the risk of severe disease and mortality due to COVID-19 appears to be higher in patients with hematological malignancies likely due to immunosuppression induced by both the underlying disease and intensive treatment. The experts suggest individualization of treatment based on the prevalence of COVID-19 infection, available infrastructure and social support. Guidelines are driven by opinion from a clinician's perspective. There is a need to evaluate a patient's preference in the present situation when they are faced with the dual problem of cancer and a potentially life-threatening infection. Purpose of study: To document the patients preferences and perspectives using a structured questionnaire when they are on cancer-directed chemo/immune or targeted therapy or treatment naive in our hospital during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives: The primary objective was to determine the proportion of patients who opt to continue on full intensity therapy. The secondary objectives were - to study the factors that lead to treatment discontinuation or dose reduction, to study the level of perceived risk at which patients opt for treatment discontinuation or dose reduction, to study the preferences for treatment continuation in different scenarios (COVID-19 adverse event and different relapse risk) (table 2 and 3) and to understand the difference in preferences for therapy between patients and oncologists/hematologists. Material and methods: This prospective survey was conducted between July 10, 2020 and October 16, 2020. A preconceived standard questionnaire was administered to each patient along with their caregivers (Figure 1). Along with this, we subjected the survey questionnaire separately to the set of medical oncologists/hematologists who were not a part of the patient's treating team and the responses were recorded and studied. Sample Size Assuming that 50% of the patients will continue the full intensity therapy, a sample of 203 will produce a two-sided 90% confidence interval with a precision of 12%. Considering a non-response proportion of 5%, a sample size of 213 was required to achieve primary objective. Results: A total of 200 patients were enrolled in this study with male to female ratio of 1.9:1 and a median age of 42 years (15- 78). Most common hematological malignancy in our study is acute leukemia (29%) followed by CML (23%), NHL (22%), multiple myeloma (16%). Baseline details are represented in Table 1. In this study, 47% patients were willing to receive full intensity chemotherapy (95% CI: 40.4 -54.7). Nature of disease (slow growing vs fast growing) and the intent of treatment (cure vs control of disease) were shown to significantly affect preferences of patients. There was no impact of various socio-economic or logistic factors in their preference for therapy. As high as 50% of the patients were willing to accept only 5% risk of covid 19 related complications to receive full intensity therapy. The acceptable risk of relapse over and above the baseline to receive lesser intensity chemotherapy was 5% for almost 1/3 rd of the patients. If covid related complications are mild, 40% of patients are ready to accept only 1 % risk of relapse to receive lesser intensity chemotherapy. As the risk of covid related complications increases from mild to severe, almost 50% of the patients are ready to accept ≥ 20% risk of relapse to receive lesser intensity chemotherapy (table 4). There was a statistically significant disagreement between physician and patient responses at 5%, 20%, 30% and 40% risk of covid related complications to receive full intensity therapy. When we consider the risk of relapse if lesser intensity therapy is opted, patient and physician responses are in good agreement at 1, 5, 10 and 20% risk levels. Conclusion: Almost 50% of patients are willing to opt for reduced intensity therapy because of fear of covid related complications and there is significant disagreement between patient and physician perspectives in certain clinical contexts. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Background: The impact of COVID-19 pandemic has been highly heterogeneous across the globe and different regions within the country. The differences in the outcome of these patients is related to their demographic profile, genetics, socio-economic conditions, and government health policies. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for hematological malignancies (HAQ index Methods: Ten tertiary referral hospitals across India reported the demographic, clinical, laboratory, treatment, and outcomes of COVID-19 infection in patients with hematological malignancies. The registry was retrospective from March 21, 2020, and prospective from November 1, 2020, till March 20, 2021. Risk factors associated with severity and mortality were evaluated using the penalised logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards model. Findings: Data from 565 patients was included in this study. Among these, 429 (76%) patients were hospitalized, 186 (33%) patients had moderate/severe COVID-19.There were 116 (20.5%) non-survivors at a mean follow up of 147 (95% CI : 142-153) days. Age >60 years (HR 2·55, 1·23 - 5·27), diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (HR 2·85, 1·58 - 5·13), interruption or alteration of anticancer therapy (HR 2·78, 1·65 - 4·68), and post hematopoietic cell transplant status (HR 3·68, 1·82 - 7·45) predicted mortality. In contrast, increasing age [20-40 years (OR 2·54, 1·32 - 4·90), 41-60 years (OR 3·51, 1·84 - 6·71), >60 years (OR 6·04, 3·01 - 12·10), comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus (OR 1·89, 1·18 - 3·04), hypertension (OR 1·94, 1·17 - 3·19), diagnosis of AML (OR 3·70, 2·06 - 6·67), indolent non-hodgkin lymphoma (OR 3·20, 1·68 - 6·09), multiple myeloma (OR 2·88, 1·64 - 5·05), malignancy not being in remission (OR 1·71, 1·12 - 2·60)were significantly associated with severe COVID-19 on univariate analysis. Of these, only increasing age [20-40 years (OR 2·60 (1·31 - 5·15), 40-60 years (OR 3·44, 1.60 - 7·41), more than 60 years (OR 5·70, 2·43 - 13·35)] , AML (OR 2·73, 1·45 - 5·12), and malignancy not being in remission (OR 1·85, 1·18 - 2·89) were significantly associated with severe COVID-19 on multivariable analysis Conclusion: The overall mortality from COVID-19 infection of the entire cohort was 20.5%; the mortality was 46.2% in patients who had moderate to severe disease COVID-19 illness. Similar to previous studies, age, diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia and a post stem cell transplant status was associated with mortality. In addition, interruption or de-escalation of anticancer therapy during Covid-19 infection was identified as an important factor associated with higher mortality on follow up in the current study. References 1. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet (London, England)2018; 391(10136): 2236-71.Lee AJX, Purshouse K. COVID-19 and cancer registries: learning from the first peak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Br J Cancer 2021; 124(11): 1777-84. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Immune dysfunction is critical in pathogenesis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Few studies have reported abnormal cytokine profile and dysregulated T-cell functions during the onset and progression of certain types of lymphoma. However, the presence of IL9-producing Th9 cells and their role in tumor cell metabolism and survival remain unexplored. With this clinical study, we performed multidimensional blood endotyping of CTCL patients before and after standard photo/chemotherapy and revealed distinct immune hallmarks of the disease. Importantly, there was a higher frequency of “skin homing” Th9 cells in CTCL patients with early (T1 and T2) and advanced-stage disease (T3 and T4). However, advanced-stage CTCL patients had severely impaired frequency of skin-homing Th1 and Th17 cells, indicating attenuated immunity. Treatment of CTCL patients with standard photo/chemotherapy decreased the skin-homing Th9 cells and increased the Th1 and Th17 cells. Interestingly, T cells of CTCL patients express IL9 receptor (IL9R), and there was negligible IL9R expression on T cells of healthy donors. Mechanistically, IL9/IL9R interaction on CD3+ T cells of CTCL patients and Jurkat cells reduced oxidative stress, lactic acidosis, and apoptosis and ultimately increased their survival. In conclusion, coexpression of IL9 and IL9R on T cells in CTCL patients indicates the autocrine-positive feedback loop of Th9 axis in promoting the survival of malignant T cells by reducing the oxidative stress. Implications: The critical role of Th9 axis in CTCL pathogenesis indicates that strategies targeting Th9 cells might harbor significant potential in developing robust CTCL therapy.