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Spring water acts as sources of fresh water for the people Northeastern states. With increasing human population and intensity of human interventions at the vicinity of the springs, both the quality and quantity of springs has been affected. The water quality, socioeconomic and disturbance status of three springs viz. Longtharai spring, Binoy Kumar spring and Larai Kappa spring of Tripura, Northeast India were investigated. The Water Quality Index value ranged from 28.9 to 54.6 and Human Disturbance Index varied from 32.75 to 44.30. The recorded temperature range was 29.7–30.7°C and turbidity value was above the standard value for Larai Kappa spring only i.e., 7.51 NTU. The poor water quality in Larai kappa spring might be due to higher disturbance index and also influence by the location of the spring, population and the sum of activities surrounding the springs. The result clearly shows the impact of human activities on spring ecosystem and suggested strategies and policy intervention for sustainable spring management.

In this paper, the notion of the soft Jacobson radical of a ring is defined. A relationship between the soft Jacobson radical of a ring and Jacobson semisimple ring is established. Some properties of this notion have been studied under homomorphism.

Eliminating stray and suppressing unwanted radiation in a high frequency circuit is difficult. It becomes a challenge to achieve an ultra-wide absorption band in a thin-single-layer microwave absorber. In this article, a novel polarization-independent, ultra-wideband, light-weight, thin microwave absorber has been investigated numerically and experimentally. The proposed absorber unit cell consists of two concentric circular rings loaded with lumped resistances placed on top surface of a dielectric substrate. Unit cell size is 0.28 λL * 0.28 λL * 0.067 λL, which is compact in configuration (where λL is the wavelength corresponding to lowest frequency of operation). The proposed design provides more than 90% absorption in the frequency range of 6.7 GHz to 20.58 GHz (fractional bandwidth of 101.7%). The novelty of the proposed work lies in designing a wideband and ultra-thin absorber by using optimum unit cell geometry, resistance loading, and air column loading. Combination of these techniques results in a very wide band absorber design. Four fold structural symmetricity makes the absorber polarization insensitive. The absorber is compact, light-weight (used air as spacer), and thin (only 0.067 λL thick) and provides an alternative to construct wideband absorber for electromagnetic interference reduction.

We investigate photoelectron circular dichroism (PECD) with coherent light sources whose pulse durations range from femtoseconds to nanoseconds. To that end, we employed an optical parametric amplifier, an ultraviolet optical pulse shaper, and a nanosecond dye laser, all centered around a wavelength of 380 nm. A multiphoton ionization experiment on the gas-phase chiral prototype fenchone found that PECD measured via the 3s intermediate resonance is about 15% and robust over five orders of magnitude of the pulse duration. PECD remains robust despite ongoing molecular dynamics such as rotation, vibration, and internal conversion. We used the Lindblad equation to model the molecular dynamics. Under the assumption of a cascading internal conversion, from the 3p to the 3s and further to the ground state, we estimated the lifetimes of the internal conversion processes in the 100 fs regime.

Cold metal transfer (CMT) allows thin plates to be joined with minimal distortion and without spattering. In this paper, the CMT process has been used to weld AISI 304 stainless steel. To investigate the weld strength properties, various welding process parameters such as welding current, welding speed, and contact-to-work distance (CTWD) were chosen. The results show that there is no fracture on the weld joint; the tensile residual stress levels of all the samples are in a controlled manner. FESEM images reveal a dimpled morphology and crack-free tensile fracture surfaces in welded joints. Welding speed is the most significant welding process parameter, followed by welding current and CTWD on the tensile strength of the welded joint. The joint welded at a welding current of 95 A, a welding speed of 4 mm/sec and CTWD 7 mm exhibits higher weld strength compared with other welded joints.

With Industry 4.0 and now 5.0 technologies, the entire globe is embracing these changes. Artificial intelligence-powered systems have immense potential to eliminate international geographical barriers and prove to influence global trade worldwide. The present study highlights how AI increases productivity, economic development, and provides international trade with new horizons. The global value chains, prediction of future trends like changes in consumer demand, risk management, supply chain links are some of the key applications of AI in the sector. AI empowers international trade negotiations to analyze economic trajectories of negotiating partners, adjustments of trade barriers at different rates and scenarios. The chapter will cover the support of AI to access global trade data, its response to diverse challenges, international expansions through digital platforms, support in translations, mechanism of demand prediction, automation of administration with increased efficiency and utility, smart manufacturing, barriers, and influences.

Background: The present study explores a novel self-pipelining strategy that can enhance speed-power efficiency as well as the reliability of a binary multiplier as compared to state-of-art register and wavepipelining. Method: Proper synchronization with efficient clocking between the subsequent self-pipelining stages has been assured to design a self-pipelined multiplier. Each self-pipelining stage consists of self-latching leaf cells that are designed, optimized and evaluated by TSMC 0.18μm CMOS technology with 1.8V supply rail and at 25°C temperature. The T-Spice transient response and simulated results for the designed circuits are presented. The proposed idea has been applied to design 4-b×4-b self-pipelined Wallace- tree multiplier. The multiplier was validated for all possible test patterns and the transient response was evaluated. The circuit performance in terms of propagation delay, average power and Power-Delay- Product (PDP) is recorded. Next, the decomposition logic is applied to design a higher-order multiplier (i.e., 8-bit×8-bit and 16-bit×16-bit) based on the proposed strategy using 4-bit×4-bit self-pipelined multiplier. The designed multiplier was also validated through extensive TSpice simulation for all the required test patterns using W-Edit and the evaluated performance is presented. All the designs, optimizations and evaluations performed are based on BSIM3 device parameter of TSMC 0.18μm CMOS technology with 1.8V supply rail at 25°C temperature using S-Edit of Tanner EDA. Results: The reliability was investigated of the proposed 4-b×4-b multiplier in the temperature range - 40°C to 100°C for maximum PDP variation. Conclusion: A benchmarking analysis in terms of speed-power performance with recent competitive design reveals preeminence of the proposed technique.

Spring is vital in all hilly areas. Without question, springs have aided in the advancement of human civilization. Mountain springs supply water to rural families in the Northeast. This spring ecological study was conducted in Dhalai, Tripura, with socio-economic policy significance. The springs chosen were Jamircherra (JS) and Govindabari (GS). The seasonal features of each spring were studied. The monsoon season is used to bring the life-giving flow of perennial springs. Several water quality indicators like WT, pH, EC, TDS, Turb, TH, DO, BOD, Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl−, No3, Po4 were examined to assess the risk of spring contamination. The most common aberrant results are samples having excessive phosphate (PO42−) and turbidity levels compared to norms. The spring's water quality was tested using the weighted arithmetic index methodology. The water quality at the two springs was adequate but not great throughout the year, causing human deaths from water-borne diseases. Thus, policy implementation was emphasized to save the spring and human life. A physicochemical evaluation of both springs was used to describe a techno-legal component of Environmental regulations.

In this paper, the concepts of soft maximal int-ideal and soft irreducible int-ideal of a ring are introduced and some properties of these notions have been studied. Also we point out some facts of a ring which cannot be extended to the soft setting and it is justified by suitable examples.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the major factors that are contributing to and promoting the growth of solar energy usage in India. Four direct relationships are empirically proven to have significant influence on the dependent variable, growth of solar energy usage. Within the scope of the current study, a survey was conducted, secondary sources of data were used to develop a framework and were reviewed. The findings reveal that all four identified independent variables have a positive effect on the growth of the solar energy sector in India. This study aims to identify a new set of independent variables that impact the growth of solar energy usage in India.

In this paper, some properties of soft radical of a soft int-ideal have been developed and soft prime int-ideal, soft semiprime int-ideal of a ring are defined. Several characterizations of soft prime (soft semiprime) int-ideals are investigated. Also it is shown that the direct and inverse images of soft prime (soft semiprime) int-ideals under homomorphism remains invariant.

Surface water serves most of the water requirements to sustain lives on earth. Of all fresh water on earth, only 1.2% is making up of surface water and the rest is confined in ice and ground. As the rivers provide for the significant sources of surface water, there is a need for river-based water resource management to meet global water quality challenge. Haora River that originated in the India’s north-eastern state of Tripura and meets ultimately with the Titas River in the Bangladesh carries a significant impact on life in and around the river both on the Indian side and Bangladesh side. Thus, study emphasizes the test of water quality of the river and corresponding impact therefor based on a detail explanation of the monitoring data obtained through published sources, laboratory analysis of samples and relevant field observations. ANOVA revealed year wise significant variations in physicochemical and biological properties of the river water tested except for pH. Abnormalities were mostly observed in the values of T, DO, BOD, PO4-P and FC. Water Quality Index (WQI) revealed water quality status of the river fall under the category of very poor to unfit, and require proper treatment before the water is being used for drinking and other domestic purposes. Adversities in the water are also found to be affecting the aquatic life and overall river ecosystem. Cause and effect analogy of these abnormalities were established for taking corrective measures. Existing statutory law to prevent and control such anomalies have been found lacking enforcement in the state of Tripura. The broad-based state level water policy to protect and improve water resources has also been found lacking in the state. The study recommends policy level interventions at the earliest considering the specific measures suggested in this study.

In this letter, a substrate integrated waveguide-based leaky-wave antenna with wide beam scanning is presented to mitigate open stopband (OSB). The unit cell of this proposed antenna consists of a longitudinal slot and a post placed oppositely offset from the center line. By introducing inductive post along with the longitudinal slot in each unit cell, the OSB is suppressed resulting in continuous beam scanning. An equivalent circuit of the proposed unit cell is developed to explain the impedance matching technique used here to suppress OSB. Dispersion diagram is also used to analyze this seamless scanning. This antenna can scan from –49° to +69° through broadside because of wide impedance matching. Finally, the antenna is prototyped and experimentally verified. Measured results are in accord with simulated results. This antenna provides maximum gain of 14.2 dBi and low level of cross polarization.

This study presents a novel compact (of volume 0.002 λg 3 ) triple-band planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) for a wireless local area network (WLAN). The upper patch of the proposed antenna is meandered to resonate at WLAN bands and to make it compact. This meandering effect excites its second- and third-order modes along with the fundamental mode to cover all the three WLAN bands. A detailed analysis of the proposed PIFA is done using the theory of characteristic modes and the patch surface current distribution. The parametric study shows that two degrees of freedom are obtained to tune the all frequencies independently by varying the slots' parameters keeping the patch size fixed. In all the bands, it radiates at the broadside direction and provides a sufficient gain. Measured results are also presented here. The simulated and measured results are in agreement.

Present study explores new 9:1 Ternary-Multiplexer (T-MUX) using Normal Process Enhancement-type Metal Oxide Semiconductor (NPE-MOS) transistors without any threshold modifications. The 3:1 T-MUX based on proposed idea is designed first and that has been exploited in order to design the proposed 9:1 Ternary Multiplexer next. The front end circuit-design and optimization of proposed Ternary Multiplexer is performed on 32nm standard CMOS technology using BSIM4 device model with 1.0V supply rail at 27°C temperature. Ternary-digits "0", "1" and "2" are presented with 0V, 0.5V and 1.0V respectively. The designed circuit has been validated through extensive T-Spice simulations with all possible test patterns. As per evaluation the proposed 9:1 T-MUX consumes 51.37µW average power when operated with 3.2GHz of selection speed. The propagation delay of proposed circuit becomes 15.07ps.

Rudrasagar is a natural waterlogged wetland, also this wetland known as the Ramsar site since 2005. This wetland site is historically as well as ecologically important for the nearby inhabitants. There is an agency namely, Rudrasagar Udvastu Fisherman Samabai Samity Ltd. (RUFSS) manages this wetland activity who are directly dependent and sustains themselves. Pisciculture and agriculture are the main occupations in the local community. This is an integral part of inhabitants; it is not only important economically but socially as well as ecologically. Rudrasagar Lake has 240 hectors according to the Melaghar revenue office. The Rudrasagar lake depth is less in the dry season as well as high in the rainy season. Therefore, the inhabitants are mostly dependent on this lake for their sustainable livelihood. Because of these activities, there are presumption about the degrading of the lake's ecological quality. For the purpose of this study six villages namely, Chandanmura, Rajendranagar, Latamura, Kemtali, Baidermura, and Rangamur took as a sample. With the notion in mind of sustainable livelihood, this research will find the socio-economic importance of the Rudrasagar lake and its legal safeguards.

Water pollution is considered to be a major health hazard and about 80% of the diseases occurring worldwide are due to the contamination of water. Water pollution especially caused by microbial agents is again considered to be a leading problem in the developing countries. The study emphasises the significance of applying the test of water quality which indicates total effects of pollution on the surface water and gives a simple explanation of the monitoring data. Samples for the study were collected from four different locations of the river Gomati that flows through the north-east Indian State of Tripura and Bangladesh. The river is considered to be the only biggest source of water for the inhabitants living both on the Indian side as well as on Bangladesh side. The samples were tested for certain significant water quality parameters to assess the likely pollution in the river. Abnormalities were mostly observed in the values of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and turbidity in samples as they were found quite high when compared with standards. Dissolved oxygen (DO) level in samples which is considered to be significant for the very survival of aquatic life was also found not satisfactory. The results of pH analysis further indicated that water mostly has become alkaline. Relevant cause and effect analogy of the obtained results was established. Existing constitutional and statutory provisions to protect and improve water sources have been found lacking enforcement in letter and spirit in the State of Tripura. The study broadly suggests formulation of the specific State Water Policy vis-a-vis the existing National Water Policy and implementation thereof with stakeholders’ participation.

The biggest consumers of technology in recent decades are the urban and semi-urban populace, especially in the developing economies. This integration of humans and technology has unravelled novel challenges in protecting various socio-economic rights of the people, enshrined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDG). This paper tends to unravel the truth behind such promises in the Indian context, in her endeavour to bridge the digital divide in the internet of things. The paper focuses upon the current position of privacy laws in India and makes a contrast with leading democracies to unearth the challenges; technology would have to address in the coming decades. The debate involved in ‘realization and recognition’ coupled with enforcement mechanisms adopted in India would be integrated with this paper to clarify the need for protecting data privacy towards a sustainable and smart city.