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The increase in population-related and environmental issues has emphasized the need for more efficient and sustainable production strategies for foods and chemicals. Carbohydrates are macronutrients sourced from crops and undergone transformation into various products ranging from foods to chemicals. Continuous efforts have led to the identification of a promising hybrid system that couples the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to intermediates containing one to three carbons (C1–3) with the transformation of the intermediates using engineered microorganisms into valuable products. Here we use yeast to transform C1–3 substrates into glucose and structurally tailored glucose derivatives, such as the sugar alcohol myo-inositol, the amino monosaccharide glucosamine, the disaccharide sucrose and the polysaccharide starch. By metabolic rewiring and mitigation of glucose repression, the titre of glucose and sucrose reached dozens of grams per litre. These results provide directions for microbial sugar-derived foods and chemicals production from renewable reduced CO2-based feedstocks. [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

In clinical practice, informed consent to anesthesia technology is still a unique field of anesthesiology. For patients with mental disorders, anesthesiologists' neglect of the process of informed consent has become a weak link in clinical work. With the primitive moral instinct of humans and based on sympathetic moral care for patients with mental disorders, proxy consent is considered to be beneficial to patients, but in reality, there are many factors that restrict their rights in anesthesia informed consent. In the medical model of doctor-patient joint decision-making, patients with mild mental disorders should be involved in the informed consent process as much as possible, and the depth and breadth of the information provided depend on the patient's insight. The path to truly obtaining informed consent for anesthesia from patients with mental disorders needs to be optimized. Through multi-disciplinary cooperation and other methods, we can achieve real informed consent and protect the rights of patients with mental disorders.

Electrocatalytic technology is essential to develop environmentally friendly energy technologies and to reduce dependence on non‐renewable resources. The construction of highly efficient, inexpensive, and robust electrocatalysts is the primary prerequisite to the large‐scale application of electrochemical devices. In recent years, selenium‐based catalysts (SBCs) have been extensively investigated and emerged as a promising candidate for electrocatalysis given their potential to reduce or replace the dosage of noble metals and their ability to catalyze a range of critical electrochemical processes. This Review minutely analyses the recent research advances in SBCs, highlighting the significant role of Se in enhancing the catalytic performance. First, it starts from the concepts related to SBCs, followed by the classification of SBCs as well as the strategies to regulate the activity of SBCs are elaborated. Then, the techniques for characterizing SBCs are systematically summed up, mainly focusing on morphological and structural characterization methods. Next, the applications of SBCs in various energy‐conversion reactions (e.g., hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction, CO2 reduction reaction) are discussed, aiming at elucidating the association between their structure–activity correlations. Finally, the challenges related to SBCs and their future development trends are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In longitudinal cohort studies involving large populations over extended periods, informed consent entails numerous urgent challenges. This paper explores challenges regarding informed consent in long‐term, large‐scale longitudinal cohort studies based on the longitudinal and dynamic nature of such research. It analyzes and evaluates widely recognized broad consent and dynamic consent methods, highlighting limitations concerning their ability to adapt to evolving research objectives and participant perspectives. This paper discusses trust‐based informed consent and emphasizes the needs to establish and maintain trust with research participants and to balance information disclosure with respect for participants' autonomy. Informed consent in long‐term studies is an evolving process that must adapt to changing research environments. Based on participant trust, researchers should observe and assess potential research risks. Finally, the paper recommends enhancing institutional credibility, implementing reconsent procedures, and ensuring robust ethical oversight to safeguard participants' rights despite the complexity of modern biomedical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]