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This study aims to translate the Pediatric Transplant Rating Instrument (P-TRI) to conduct a validity and reliability study on Turkish children and define a cutoff value of this scale.A total of 151 pediatric kidney transplant patients were included in the study. The files of the patients were reviewed by two clinicians, and the scale was filled for inter-rater reliability. One of the clinicians filled the scale again after one month for intra-rater reliability. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and creatinine values were used for predictive validity. A GFR below60 ml/min/1.73 mCorrelation of P-TRI with GFR (r = .252, p = .003) and creatinine (r = -.249, p = .002) was performed, and the internal consistency of the scale items as measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficient was found to be 0.825. When the test was performed again, the intra-class correlation coefficient was found as .922 for intra-rater reliability and as .798 for inter-rater reliability. For both creatinine and GFR, the best cutoff point for the total score was found to be 66.5.Patients who received P-TRI above 66.5 could be at risk in the post-transplant period. Identification of these patients before transplantation and following these young people more closely will aid in the prevention of serious consequences. The reliability and validity scores are satisfactory for use in transplantation clinics for psychosocial evaluation and compliance in Turkish pediatric renal transplantation patients.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and the measures for controlling the pandemic adversely affected child and adolescent mental health; however, studies that examined the effects of the pandemic on child and adolescent mental health services are limited. This study aimed to determine the changes in admission to a child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic (CAPOC) in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the previous year. Methods: In this study, the information regarding admissions to Başkent University Faculty of Medicine’s CAPOC between March 2019 and March 2021 was examined. Information including age, sex, admission date, the form of admission (first admission/follow-up), and the diagnosis was obtained from the electronic medical record system and the differences between the pre-pandemic period and the pandemic period were assessed. Results: It was found that during the pandemic, there was a decrease in CAPOC admissions; however, both female admissions and median age increased compared with the previous year. Also, admissions due to obsessive-compulsive disorder and somatic symptom-related disorders increased. Conclusions: Although there were fewer CAPOC admissions during the pandemic period compared with the pre-pandemic period, there were differences between the age, sex, and diagnosis distributions of the patients between the pandemic and the pre-pandemic period. Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on CAPOC admissions will help plan child and adolescent mental health protective measures.

Children and adolescents with chronic diseases have more screen exposure time compared with their healthy peers. In this study, we investigated screen exposure time of children who received renal replacement therapy, which included kidney transplant and dialysis treatment, versus a healthy control group.Our study included 55 children and adolescents between the ages of 8 and 18 years. Although 28 participants did not have any chronic disease, 27 had chronic diseases and received renal replacement therapy. Among these patients, 17 had kidney transplant and 10 were receiving dialysis. A sociodemographic information form and the Conners Short-Form Parent Rating Scale were given to parents. Pediatric and adolescent patients completed the Children's Depression Inventory and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale-2. We analyzed differences between the groups with and without renal replacement therapy and examined relations between continuous variables.Duration of television screen time was significantly higher in children and adolescents receiving renal replacement therapy. Patients in the renal replacement therapy group showed a positive correlation between the Conners Short-Form Parent Rating Scale anxiety subscores and duration of smartphone use. In the kidney transplant recipient group, smartphone and computer durations were positively correlated and television duration was negatively correlated with the Conners Short-Form Parent Rating Scale behavioral problems subscores.Children on renal replacement therapy may be at risk in terms of excessive television exposure. Children who are on dialysis and have had a kidney transplant may be more prone to the negative effects of screen exposure than healthy peers who do not have chronic illnesses. These children and adolescents should be closely monitored to avoid the negative effects of excessive screen exposure.

The aim of this study is to determine functioning of adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) diagnosed in childhood and also depression and burnout levels among their parents. 261 adults with ASDs and their parents were recruited for the study. Both parents completed the Beck Depression and Maslach Burnout Inventories and reported the functioning of their adult offspring with ASDs. Only 5.4 % of our sample reported “good” or “very good” outcome. The most common psychiatric comorbidities were intellectual disabilities and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Maternal burnout and depression scores were significantly elevated compared to those of fathers. There is an undeniable urgent need for more research to identify the needs of adults and families suffering from ASD.

Red ear syndrome is defined as mostly unilateral burning pain and redness of external ear. It has two forms idiopathic and secondary. Idiopathic red ear syndrome is mostly seen in young people and associated with migraine. Secondary red ear syndrome is more frequent in adults and releated with cervical disorder. Our patient was a 10 year old boy diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and spesific learning disorder. He had a complaint of redness in his ear, following the atomoxetine treatment for ADHD. The redness was appearing after taking atomoxetine in 1 hour. The redness in his ear was unilateral and lasted in 4 hours. Sometimes headaches were accompanied with red ear. After atomoxetine treatment was ceased the redness and the headache in his ear were dissappered. In the pathophysiology of red ear sydrome there is a disregulation of sympathic outflow. Atomoxetine has a high selectivity for noradrenergic receptors and also has an effect on periferic noradrenergic receptors. Atomoxetine could change the sympathic vasodilation/vasoconstruction balance and cause red ear. Although the red ear is not a life threating situation, it could cause discomfort and anxiety, so the clinicians should keep in mind red ear syndrome while using atomoxetine. To our best knowledge this is the first red ear case associated with atomoxetinein literature.

Background Electronic media have become an important element in the lives of modern children. Devices like televisions, smartphones and tablets are widely used by some parents in order to manage hyperactive, stubborn and impulsive children who need high-intensity stimuli. Consequently, a child`s temperament and parental attitudes affect the duration and frequency of 3-7-year-old children`s screen (television-smartphone-internet) use. Based on this information, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the relation between screen media exposure, the child`s temperament and parental attitudes in 3-7-year-old children. Methods The participants of this study were 210 children of 3 to 7 years of age. Rothbart`s Child Behavior List was used to assess temperament; the Parenting Attitude Research Instrument was used to determine the parental attitudes. Screen media exposure assessment questionnaire, which included questions about the age the child started using the TV, smartphone and/or internet, and the duration of their daily usage, were filled in with the children`s parents. Results It was found that the increase in activity level, approach and discomfort was negatively correlated to the age the child started watching television, while shyness was positively related to the same phenomenon. The scores of the discomfort temperament subscale had a direct relation to the duration of watching television. Background television is negatively related to attention, inhibitory control, and perceptual sensitivity. Dependency, marital conflict and strictness and authoritarianism parameters were found to be positively related to the duration of playing with a smartphone. Also, in this study we found that negative temperament characteristics adversely affected screen media exposure and poor parenting styles worsen this relationship. Conclusions Both temperament and parenting styles affect screen media exposure. In addition, it was understood that parenting styles also affect the relation between temperament and screen exposure. Parental information programs on this subject can eliminate the lack of information related to early screen media exposure in preschool children.

© 2014 Kamla-Raj.Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorder. Dopamine related genes have been reported to be associated with ADHD. Dopamine 1 and 5 receptors together with the olfactory alpha subunit of the GTP-binding protein (Golf) in the striatum, mediate adenlyl cyclase activation. The aim of the paper was to investigate the correlation between ADHD, subtypes, family history of ADHD in rs8095592, and rs3892113 in GNAL (the gene that codes Golf). 100 children with ADHD and 81 healthy controls were recruited for the study. Genetic evaluation was performed with venous blood samples. The frequency of the genotypes and alleles in rs8095592 and rs3892113 was not significantly different between the patient and control groups. The GG genotype in rs8095592 was significantly more common in the patients who had a family history of ADHD. In conclusion, the presence of the allele A in rs8095592 could be preventive from ADHD in those with family history

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the factors releated to sexual abuse, developing early psychopathologies after sexual abuse and the factors releated to these psychopathologies. Methods: In this study, the sexually abused children and adolescents who were referred to Gazi University Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department for criminal reports between 2011 and 2012 were assesed retrospectively. Psychiatric diagnosis were made by using DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criterias. Results: The study included 107 sexually abused children. The sample consisted of 90 girls (84.1%) and 17 boys (15.9%). The number of participants who had a history of sexual abuse was 26 (24.2%). After the abuse, 77.6% of the patients were found to have a psychiatric diagnosis. It was also determined that having a psychiatric disorder history before the abuse, being abused by a known person out of the family, incest, multiple abuses, sexual abuse with penetration and accompanying physical violence is positively releated to having a psychopathology after the abuse. It was detected in multipl logistic regretion analysis that cases which had all of these three factors as having any psychiatric diagnosis before sexual abuse, being abused repeatedly and accompanying physical violence with sexual abuse, had the risk of having a psychopathology after the abuse 175 times higher than the others. Discussion: Early childhood sexual abuse often leads to mental health problems. Determining the factors associated with child sexual abuse and psychiatric disorders will be guiding at the follow-up and treatment of child sexual abuse cases.

One of the characteristics of puberty is awareness of one’s own sexuality. While searching in sexual behaviors sometimes put them awkward situations, yet this is how they exercise their sexuality. Deviations in sexual behavior such as paraphilia often begin in adolescence, transvestic fetishism is one of them. In this case report, 14-year-old male patient with mild mental retardation was brought with presenting symptoms of wearing his mother’s undergar-ments. This cross-dressing behavior has been going on for about a year and usually ending with masturbation asso-ciated with feelings of relief and quilt. He seemed embarrassed and was defensive to related questions, avoiding eye contacts and his mood was depressive in his mental examination. Mild mental retardation was determinated in his intelligence test. Sertraline 50 mg/day was started for his depression and weekly based therapy with him and his family was outlined. The purpose of the therapy, to make him understand his deviated behavior as well as edu-cate him as what to do appropriately with his sexual feelings. In this paper, relationship between transvestic fet-ishism and mental retardation, differential diagnosis of transvestic fetishism and psychodynamics of transvestic fet-ishism are discussed. Last of all, diagnose of transvestic fetishism at an early age and early intervention are im-portant for a successful treatment. The importance of sexual education to youngsters besides dealing familial and psychosexual factors contribute to treatment process are discussed. The need and choice of pharmacological treat- ment are also discussed in the light of the literature.