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Protein secretion is generally mediated by a series of distinct pathways in bacteria. Recently, evidence of a novel bacterial secretion pathway involving a bacteriophage-related protein has emerged. TcdE, a holin-like protein encoded by toxigenic isolates of

To cause disease, the important human enteropathogen Clostridioides difficile must colonize the gastro-intestinal tract but little is known on how this organism senses and responds to the harsh host environment to adapt and multiply. Nucleotide second messengers are signaling molecules used by bacteria to respond to changing environmental conditions. In this study, we showed for the first time that c-di-AMP is produced by C. difficile and controls the uptake of potassium, making it essential for growth. We found that c-di-AMP is involved in biofilm formation, cell wall homeostasis, osmotolerance as well as detergent and bile salt resistance in C. difficile. In a colonization mouse model, a strain lacking GdpP, a c-di-AMP degrading enzyme, failed to persist in the gut in contrast to the parental strain. We identified OpuR as a new regulator that binds c-di-AMP and represses the expression of the compatible solute transporter OpuC. Interestingly, an opuR mutant is highly resistant to a hyperosmotic or bile salt stress compared to the parental strain while an opuCA mutant is more susceptible A short exposure of C. difficile cells to bile salts resulted in a decrease of the c-di-AMP concentrations reinforcing the hypothesis that changes in membrane characteristics due to variations of the cellular turgor or membrane damages constitute a signal for the adjustment of the intracellular c-di-AMP concentration. Thus, c-di-AMP is a signaling molecule with pleiotropic effects that controls osmolyte uptake to confer osmotolerance and bile salt resistance in C. difficile and that is important for colonization of the host.One Sentence Summaryc-di-AMP is an essential regulatory molecule conferring resistance to osmotic and bile salt stresses by controlling osmolyte uptake and contributing to gut persistence in the human enteropathogen Clostridioides difficile.

International audience; Clostridioides difficile infections are associated with gut microbiome dysbiosis and are the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhoea. The infectious process is strongly influenced by the microbiota and successful infection relies on the absence of specific microbiota-produced metabolites. Deoxycholate and short-chain fatty acids are microbiota-produced metabolites that limit the growth of C. difficile and protect the host against this infection. In a previous study, we showed that deoxycholate causes C. difficile to form strongly adherent biofilms after 48 h. Here, our objectives were to identify and characterize key molecules and events required for biofilm formation in the presence of deoxycholate. We applied time-course transcriptomics and genetics to identify sigma factors, metabolic processes and type IV pili that drive biofilm formation. These analyses revealed that extracellular pyruvate induces biofilm formation in the presence of deoxycholate. In the absence of deoxycholate, pyruvate supplementation was sufficient to induce biofilm formation in a process that was dependent on pyruvate uptake by the membrane protein CstA. In the context of the human gut, microbiota-generated pyruvate is a metabolite that limits pathogen colonization. Taken together our results suggest that pyruvate-induced biofilm formation might act as a key process driving C. difficile persistence in the gut.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand to what extent the analysis of career scripts explains the inertia in implementing mandatory interviews designed to anticipate career lengthening in France. Design/methodology/approach This exploratory approach is based on 26 interviews of French cadres (a mix of managers and professionals) aged 45 and over in the media agency sector. Findings Two career scripts – one for the majority who perceive themselves in a dead end, and the other, more optimistic for those who experience job mobility – show several commonalities. Moreover, their combination suggests an entanglement with the previous business model of media agencies. Research limitations/implications The survey was conducted on a non-random sample in a radically changing sector. However, the entanglement may explain the inertia with regard to changes in career scripts and agencies’ business model. Practical implications As these cadres need to work longer and move from traditional media expertise to cross-functional consulting capacity, mandatory interviews should be integrated into a human resources management strategy that fosters intra-organizational dynamics. Social implications The lengthening of the professional life in France appears as a paradigm shift. The study of career sustainability in contexts becomes a critical research field for management development. Originality/value The institutional approach of managers’ careers is well developed, but there is a gap in understanding the entanglement of career scripts and business models. This may help address inertia in change processes.

Clostridioides difficileinfections are associated with gut microbiome dysbiosis and are the leading cause of hospital acquired diarrhoea. The infectious process is strongly influenced by the microbiota and successful infection relies on the absence of specific microbiota-produced metabolites. Deoxycholic acid (DOC) and short chain fatty acids are microbiota-produced metabolites that limit the growth ofC. difficileand protect the host against this infection. In a previous study, we showed that DOC causesC. difficileto form strongly adherent biofilms after 48 h. Here, our objectives were to identify and characterize key molecules and events required for biofilm formation in the presence of DOC. We applied time-course transcriptomics and genetics to identify sigma factors, metabolic processes and type IV pili that drive biofilm formation. These analyses revealed that extracellular pyruvate induces biofilm formation in the presence of DOC. In the absence of DOC, pyruvate supplementation was sufficient to induce biofilm formation in a process that was dependent on pyruvate uptake by the membrane protein CstA. In the context of the human gut, microbiota-generated pyruvate is a metabolite that limits pathogen colonization. Taken together our results suggest that pyruvate-induced biofilm formation might act as a key process drivingC. difficilepersistence in the gut.

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread on mobile genetic elements and in bacterial chromosomes. In type I TA, synthesis of the toxin protein is prevented by the transcription of an antitoxin RNA. The first type I TA were recently identified in the human enteropathogen Clostridioides difficile. Here we report the characterization of five additional type I TA within phiCD630-1 (CD0977.1-RCd11, CD0904.1-RCd13 and CD0956.3-RCd14) and phiCD630-2 (CD2889-RCd12 and CD2907.2-RCd15) prophages of C. difficile strain 630. Toxin genes encode 34 to 47 amino acid peptides and their ectopic expression in C. difficile induces growth arrest that is neutralized by antitoxin RNA co-expression. We show that type I TA located within the phiCD630-1 prophage contribute to its stability and heritability. We have made use of a type I TA toxin gene to generate an efficient mutagenesis tool for this bacterium that allowed investigation of the role of these widespread TA in prophage maintenance., Peltier et al. report additional type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems within phiCD630-1 and phiCD630-2 prophage regions of Clostridioides difficile strain 630. They find that type I TA modules within the phiCD630-1 prophage increase the stability and heritability of this prophage, uncovering the role of TA in prophage maintenance.

Bacillus species are a major economic and food safety concern of the food industry because of their food spoilage-causing capability and persistence. Their persistence is mainly due to their ability to form highly resistant spores adhering to the surfaces of industrial equipment. Spores of the Bacillus subtilis group are surrounded by the crust, a superficial layer which plays a key role in their adhesion properties. However, knowledge of the composition and structure of this layer remains incomplete. Here, for the first time, we identified a nonulosonic acid (Leg) at the surfaces of bacterial spores (B. subtilis). We uncovered a novel Leg biosynthesis pathway, and we demonstrated that Leg is required for proper crust assembly. This work contributes to the description of the structure and composition of Bacillus spores which has been under way for decades, and it provides keys to understanding the importance of carbohydrates in Bacillus adhesion and persistence in the food industry., The crust is the outermost spore layer of most Bacillus strains devoid of an exosporium. This outermost layer, composed of both proteins and carbohydrates, plays a major role in the adhesion and spreading of spores into the environment. Recent studies have identified several crust proteins and have provided insights about their organization at the spore surface. However, although carbohydrates are known to participate in adhesion, little is known about their composition, structure, and localization. In this study, we showed that the spore surface of Bacillus subtilis is covered with legionaminic acid (Leg), a nine-carbon backbone nonulosonic acid known to decorate the flagellin of the human pathogens Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni. We demonstrated that the spsC, spsD, spsE, spsG, and spsM genes of Bacillus subtilis are required for Leg biosynthesis during sporulation, while the spsF gene is required for Leg transfer from the mother cell to the surface of the forespore. We also characterized the activity of SpsM and highlighted an original Leg biosynthesis pathway in B. subtilis. Finally, we demonstrated that Leg is required for the assembly of the crust around the spores, and we showed that in the absence of Leg, spores were more adherent to stainless steel probably because of their reduced hydrophilicity and charge.

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread on mobile genetic elements as well as in bacterial chromosomes. According to the nature of the antitoxin and its mode of action for toxin inhibition, TA systems are subdivided into different types. The first type I TA modules were recently identified in the human enteropathogen Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile. In type I TA, synthesis of the toxin protein is prevented by the transcription of an antitoxin RNA during normal growth. Here, we report the characterization of five additional type I TA systems present within phiCD630-1 and phiCD630-2 prophage regions of C. difficile 630. Toxin genes encode 34 to 47 amino acid peptides and their ectopic expression in C. difficile induces growth arrest. Growth is restored when the antitoxin RNAs, transcribed from the opposite strand, are co-expressed together with the toxin genes. In addition, we show that type I TA modules located within the phiCD630-1 prophage contribute to its stability and mediate phiCD630-1 heritability. Type I TA systems were found to be widespread in genomes of C. difficile phages, further suggesting their functional importance. We have made use of a toxin gene from one of type I TA modules of C. difficile as a counter-selectable marker to generate an efficient mutagenesis tool for this bacterium. This tool enabled us to delete all identified toxin genes within the phiCD630-1 prophage, thus allowing investigation of the role of TA in prophage maintenance. Furthermore, we were able to delete the large 49 kb phiCD630-2 prophage region using this improved procedure.

Clostridium difficile is a major cause of nosocomial infections. Bacterial persistence in the gut is responsible for infection relapse; sporulation and other unidentified mechanisms contribute to this process. Intestinal bile salts cholate and deoxycholate stimulate spore germination, while deoxycholate kills vegetative cells. Here, we report that sub-lethal concentrations of deoxycholate stimulate biofilm formation, which protects C. difficile from antimicrobial compounds. The biofilm matrix is composed of extracellular DNA and proteinaceous factors that promote biofilm stability. Transcriptomic analysis indicates that deoxycholate induces metabolic pathways and cell envelope reorganization, and represses toxin and spore production. In support of the transcriptomic analysis, we show that global metabolic regulators and an uncharacterized lipoprotein contribute to deoxycholate-induced biofilm formation. Finally, Clostridium scindens enhances biofilm formation of C. difficile by converting cholate into deoxycholate. Together, our results suggest that deoxycholate is an intestinal signal that induces C. difficile persistence and may increase the risk of relapse.

La definition du concept de cadre dans la litterature academique a connu une evolution importante depuis les travaux fondateurs de Boltanski (1982). Celle-ci traduit les changements profonds des modes de gestion des organisations et du systeme de protection sociale. C’est dans ce contexte que des dispositions conventionnelles ont instaure l’obligation d’entretiens de deuxieme partie de carriere en 2005. Aussi, en 2013, une enquete, realisee aupres de 26 cadres du secteur des agences media, avait pour question de recherche : quels sont leur mode d’anticipation de la carriere ? Les resultats corroborent l’hypothese d’une forte inertie de la representation sociale de carriere des cadres. Celle-ci semble attachee aux traditions nationales. Ce constat questionne sur l’efficacite de la procedure des entretiens (devenus depuis entretiens de professionnalisation) et pointe les enjeux strategiques pour les agences media. Les auteurs insistent sur la necessite de mesures d’accompagnement organisationnelles et pedagogiques.

La conception, le developpement et l’emploi du char ont debute au cours de la Premiere Guerre mondiale. Industriels prives et arsenaux d’Etat ont su produire des engins varies jusqu’a la nationalisation en 1936. Apres-guerre, les tentatives de cooperation autour d’un char commun avec l’Allemagne ont echoue jusqu’a aujourd’hui. En sera-t-il autrement demain ?

International audience; Clostridium difficile is the main cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Inside the gut, C. difficile must adapt to the stresses it copes with, by inducing protection, detoxification and repair systems that belong to the general stress response involving σB . Following stresses, σB activation requires a PP2C phosphatase to dephosphorylate the anti-anti-sigma factor RsbV that allows its interaction with the anti-sigma factor RsbW and the release of σB . In this work, we studied the signalling pathway responsible for the activation of σB in C. difficile. Contrary to other firmicutes, the expression of sigB in C. difficile is constitutive and not autoregulated. We confirmed the partner switching mechanism that involved RsbV, RsbW and σB . We also showed that CD2685, renamed RsbZ, and its phosphatase activity are required for RsbV dephosphorylation triggering σB activation. While CD0007 and CD0008, whose genes belong to the sigB operon, are not involved in σB activity, depletion of the essential iron-sulphur flavoprotein, CD2684, whose gene forms an operon with rsbZ, prevents σB activation. Finally, we observed that σB is heterogeneously active in a subpopulation of C. difficile cells from the exponential phase, likely leading to a 'bet-hedging' strategy allowing a better chance for the cells to survive adverse conditions.

Clostridium difficile is the main cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Inside the gut, C. difficile must adapt to the stresses it copes with, by inducing protection, detoxification and repair systems that belong to the general stress response involving σ

We present an integrated, compact, lab on a chip (LoC) platform and protocol for rapid pathogen analysis in food samples. The proposed LoC is based on an oxygen plasma nanotextured polymeric chip combining in one microfluidic chamber bacteria immunoaffinity capturing on the chip surface, chemical lysis and DNA isothermal amplification, followed by label-free detection with a Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) biosensor. The proposed operation protocol includes: 1) a short (3 h) off-chip pre-culturing step, starting from 1 to 5 CFUs in only 25 ml of spiked fresh or pasteurized milk, followed by a brief centrifugation step for concentration of the 25 ml down to 100 μl, and, 2) injection of the preconcentrated sample on chip for automated bacterial capture, lysis, DNA amplification and acoustic detection. The sample-to-answer analysis time was less than 4.5 h, which is at least 5-times faster compared to conventional methods. Label-free detection of four different bacteria Salmonella, B. cereus, Listeria and E. coli in milk is demonstrated with minimal off chip handling and record fast analysis time.

With regard to global food safety and preventing the spread of diseases caused by foodborne pathogens or their toxins, there is an increasing need for simple and rapid methods for the screening of such pathogens. We aimed to develop a fast and efficient biosensor for the screening of milk samples contaminated by Salmonella spp. and provide a quick and cost-effective method as an alternative to the time-consuming conventional cultivation- or PCR-based approaches. We exploited a simple but highly specific technique whereby bacterial cells were separated immunomagnetically, with subsequent reaction with conjugate; i.e. specific IgG molecule labelled with an electrochemically potent indicator. The unique structure of this indicator exploits the benefits of hyperbranched dendron molecules and heavy metal–derived quantum dots (QDs). Square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) using of screen-printed carbon electrodes with in situ formed Bi(III) film (BiSPCE) was used for the detection and quantification of metal ions released from the QDs (CdTe) after their acidic dissolution. The metal ion signals proportionally correlate with the amount of captured bacteria cells. By this method, the presence of Salmonella spp. was proven in 2.5 h even in minimal number of bacterial cells (4 CFU) in 1 mL of the sample.

International audience; The fast and efficient detection of foodborne pathogens is a societal priority, given the large number of food-poisoning outbreaks, and a scientific and technological challenge, given the need to detect as little as 1 viable cell in 25 gr of food. Here, we present the first approach that achieves the above goal, thanks to the use of a micro/nano-technology and the detection capability of acoustic wave sensors. Starting from 1 Salmonella cell in 25 ml of milk, we employ immuno-magnetic beads to capture cells after only 3 h of pre-enrichment and subsequently demonstrate efficient DNA amplification using the Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification method (LAMP) and acoustic detection in an integrated platform, within an additional ½ h. The demonstrated 4 h sample-to-analysis time comes as a huge improvement to the current need of few days to obtain the same result. In addition, the work presents the first reported Lab-on-Chip platform that comprises an acoustic device as the sensing element, exhibiting impressive analytical features, namely, an acoustic limit of detection of 2 cells/μl or 3 aM of the DNA target and ability to detect in a label-free manner dsDNA amplicons in impure samples. The use of food samples together with the incorporation of the necessary pre-enrichment step and ability for multiple analysis with an internal control, make the proposed methodology highly relevant to real-world applications. Moreover, the work suggests that acoustic wave devices can be used as an attractive alternative to electrochemical sensors in integrated platforms for applications in food safety and the point-of-care diagnostics.

Clostridium difficile is the major etiologic agent of antibiotic-associated intestinal disease. Pathogenesis of C. difficile is mainly attributed to the production and secretion of toxins A and B. Unlike most clostridial toxins, toxins A and B have no signal peptide, and they are therefore secreted by unusual mechanisms involving the holin-like TcdE protein and/or autolysis. In this study, we characterized the cell surface protein Cwp19, a newly identified peptidoglycan-degrading enzyme containing a novel catalytic domain. We purified a recombinant His6-tagged Cwp19 protein and showed that it has lytic transglycosylase activity. Moreover, we observed that Cwp19 is involved in cell autolysis and that a C. difficile cwp19 mutant exhibited delayed autolysis in stationary phase compared to the wild type when bacteria were grown in brain heart infusion (BHI) medium. Wild-type cell autolysis is correlated to strong alterations of cell wall thickness and integrity and to release of cytoplasmic material. Furthermore, we demonstrated that toxins were released into the extracellular medium as a result of Cwp19-induced autolysis when cells were grown in BHI medium. In contrast, Cwp19 did not induce autolysis or toxin release when cells were grown in tryptone-yeast extract (TY) medium. These data provide evidence for the first time that TcdE and bacteriolysis are coexisting mechanisms for toxin release, with their relative contributions in vitro depending on growth conditions. Thus, Cwp19 is an important surface protein involved in autolysis of vegetative cells of C. difficile that mediates the release of the toxins from the cell cytosol in response to specific environment conditions., IMPORTANCE Clostridium difficile-associated disease is mainly known as a health care-associated infection. It represents the most problematic hospital-acquired infection in North America and Europe and exerts significant economic pressure on health care systems. Virulent strains of C. difficile generally produce two toxins that have been identified as the major virulence factors. The mechanism for release of these toxins from bacterial cells is not yet fully understood but is thought to be partly mediated by bacteriolysis. Here we identify a novel peptidoglycan hydrolase in C. difficile, Cwp19, exhibiting lytic transglycosylase activity. We show that Cwp19 contributes to C. difficile cell autolysis in the stationary phase and, consequently, to toxin release, most probably as a response to environmental conditions such as nutritional signals. These data highlight that Cwp19 constitutes a promising target for the development of new preventive and curative strategies.

International audience; The success of microfluidic immunocapture based on magnetic beads depends primarily on a sophisticated microscale separation system and on the quality of the magnetic immunosorbent. A microfluidic chip containing a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed (μMSFB), developed for the capture and on-chip amplification of bacteria, was recently described by Pereiro et al.. The present work shows the thorough development of anti-Salmonella magnetic immunosorbents with the optimal capture efficiency and selectivity. Based on the corresponding ISO standards, these parameters have to be high enough to capture even a few cells of bacteria in a proper aliquot of sample, e.g. milk. The selection of specific anti-Salmonella IgG molecules and the conditions for covalent bonding were the key steps in preparing an immunosorbent of the desired quality. The protocol for immunocapturing was first thoroughly optimized and studied in a batchwise arrangement, and then the carrier was integrated into the μMSFB chip. The combination of the unique design of the chip (guaranteeing the collision of cells with magnetic beads) with the advanced immunosorbent led to a Salmonella cell capture efficiency of up to 99%. These high values were achieved repeatedly even in samples of milk differing in fat content. The rate of nonspecific capture of Escherichia coli (i.e. the negative control) was only 2%.

Summary Leptosphaeria maculans causes stem canker of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). The APSES transcription factor StuA is a key developmental regulator of fungi, involved in morphogenesis, conidia production and also more recently described as required for secondary metabolite production and for effector gene expression in phytopathogenic fungi. We investigated the involvement of the orthologue of StuA in L. maculans, LmStuA, in morphogenesis, pathogenicity and effector gene expression. LmStuA is induced during mycelial growth and at 14 days after infection, corresponding to the development of pycnidia on oilseed rape leaves, consistent with the function of StuA described so far. We set up the functional characterization of LmStuA using an RNA interference approach. Silenced LmStuA transformants showed typical phenotypic defects of StuA mutants with altered growth in axenic culture and impaired conidia production and perithecia formation. Silencing of LmStuA abolished the pathogenicity of L. maculans on oilseed rape leaves and also resulted in a drastic decrease in expression of at least three effector genes during in planta infection, suggesting either that LmStuA regulates, directly or indirectly, the expression of several effector genes in L. maculans or that the infection stage in which effectors are expressed is not reached when LmStuA expression is silenced.

Un travail de recherche recent pour le compte du syndicat professionnel des agences medias (UDECAM) a porte sur l’anticipation de la deuxieme partie de carriere de cadres du secteur. Cette recherche qualitative a ete realisee sur un echantillon de 26 personnes, dont les entretiens semi-directifs ont ete analyses avec deux methodes d’analyse de donnees textuelles. Le but etait d’observer dans quelle mesure ces cadres prennent en compte l’allongement de la duree du travail. Cette demarche hypothetico-deductive s’est appuyee sur un modele theorique des modes d’anticipation de la carriere.Les resultats montrent que nombre d’entre eux sont dans une situation de dissonance cognitive, dans la mesure ou ils sont dans l’incapacite de planifier leur evolution professionnelle. En effet, le secteur des agences medias est confronte a un environnement chahute, du fait de la situation economique et de la numerisation des medias. Cadres et entreprises doivent donc apprendre ensemble a gerer la complexite, en developpant une forme d’agilite.Pour ce faire, une condition est d’accepter une reinvention de la relation d’emploi, ce qui suppose une double revolution de la confiance. Au niveau des cadres, ceci necessite suffisamment de confiance en soi pour oser sortir de la cage doree de l’expertise et accepter de considerer l’avenir sur le mode de l’imprevu. Au niveau du management, celui-ci doit sortir de sa posture de « celui qui sait » pour se donner la chance de profiter pleinement de la contribution de ses collaborateurs. Cette prise de risque collective suppose de repenser la relation d’emploi pour passer du paradigme du contrat, induit par le management par objectifs, au paradigme du don-contredon.

En France, la perspective du maintien dans l’emploi des seniors est un veritable choc culturel tant leurs departs anticipes etaient devenus la solution consensuelle des reductions d’effectifs. Parallelement a cette situation, le mode de gestion des organisations est de plus en plus financier. Les organisations, a la recherche de la valeur, vont jusqu’a creer de nouveaux business models, qui induisent de nouvelles relations d’emploi.Le courant dominant des travaux de recherche francais sur les seniors au travail s’appuie sur la theorie des representations sociales pour etudier les problemes de l’engagement des seniors. L’auteur formule l’hypothese qu’avant d’etre un probleme d’engagement, il s’agit d’une problematique cognitive, qui pourrait etre mieux cernee avec la theorie des schemas.

The pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile is linked to its ability to produce two toxins: TcdA and TcdB. The level of toxin synthesis is influenced by environmental signals, such as phosphotransferase system (PTS) sugars, biotin, and amino acids, especially cysteine. To understand the molecular mechanisms of cysteine-dependent repression of toxin production, we reconstructed the sulfur metabolism pathways of C. difficile strain 630 in silico and validated some of them by testing C. difficile growth in the presence of various sulfur sources. High levels of sulfide and pyruvate were produced in the presence of 10 mM cysteine, indicating that cysteine is actively catabolized by cysteine desulfhydrases. Using a transcriptomic approach, we analyzed cysteine-dependent control of gene expression and showed that cysteine modulates the expression of genes involved in cysteine metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, fermentation, energy metabolism, iron acquisition, and the stress response. Additionally, a sigma factor (SigL) and global regulators (CcpA, CodY, and Fur) were tested to elucidate their roles in the cysteine-dependent regulation of toxin production. Among these regulators, only sigL inactivation resulted in the derepression of toxin gene expression in the presence of cysteine. Interestingly, the sigL mutant produced less pyruvate and H 2 S than the wild-type strain. Unlike cysteine, the addition of 10 mM pyruvate to the medium for a short time during the growth of the wild-type and sigL mutant strains reduced expression of the toxin genes, indicating that cysteine-dependent repression of toxin production is mainly due to the accumulation of cysteine by-products during growth. Finally, we showed that the effect of pyruvate on toxin gene expression is mediated at least in part by the two-component system CD2602-CD2601.

Constatant les difficultes d’embauche de jeunes operateurs dans un entrepot logistique situe pres de la ville nouvelle de l’Isle d’Abeau, l’article rend compte d’un travail exploratoire sur le contrat psychologique. Une analyse lexicometrique d’interviews suggere que ces difficultes d’integration pourraient etre liees a la forte cohesion du groupe d’accueil. L’acces au marche du travail des jeunes serait-il aussi un probleme d’acceptation par le monde adulte ?