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The agricultural sector recognizes the potential of electronic marketplaces (e-markets) in enhancing efficiency, market access, and pricing over traditional markets. Despite this acknowledgment, farmers' adoption of these platforms in developing countries remains limited. This study examines the determinants of farmers' usage behavior on agricultural e-market platforms by integrating the UTUAT2 and swift guanxi factors. The study employed a self-administered questionnaire to gather data from 330 farmers in India who had exposure to agricultural e-markets and utilized PLS-SEM to analyze the data collected through purposive sampling. The study found that UTAUT2 and swift guanxi factors significantly influence farmers' intentions to adopt agricultural e-markets, with the exception of effort expectancy. The outcomes of the multigroup analyses indicate that both educational qualifications and crop type significantly influence farmers' usage behavior. This study contributes to practical applications and academic literature by integrating the UTAUT2 framework and swift guanxi concepts in the context of the agricultural e-market. Notably, while all dimensions prove significant, the negative impact of effort expectancy on usage intention stands out, a departure from previous e-commerce studies. This study enriches the technology adoption literature by uncovering the pivotal factors shaping farmers' adoption of e-market platforms in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper develops and tests a theoretical framework to explain the effect of guanxi human resource management (HRM), a unique Chinese cultural phenomenon, on employee innovative behavior. Design/methodology/approach: We draw from a sample of 398 employees in 81 teams and test the moderated mediation model using multi-level modeling. Findings: The results show that guanxi HRM can be perceived by employees as being simultaneously an unethical hindrance that stifles innovative behavior and a strategic challenge that is beneficial for innovative behavior. In addition, the results show that these indirect effects are contingent upon the strength of guanxi HRM. Originality/value: The study advances our understanding of the mechanism and boundary condition underlying the double-edged nature of guanxi HRM practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyadic leader–follower relationships play a significant role in sustainable development of labor-intensive and service-oriented organizations. The purpose of this study is to assess employees' motivation and outcomes of developing and maintaining high-quality supervisor–subordinate guanxi in Chinese hotels. A survey was undertaken in four- or five-star hotels, with a total of 318 matched employees-supervisor completed responses used for data analysis, which was conducted using SPSS Statistics and SmartPLS. The study's results show that affection and obligation significantly motivate employees to develop and maintain supervisor–subordinate guanxi, which in turn contributes to the desirable task performance delivery and supervisor autonomy support. Furthermore, the study confirms the mediating roles of supervisor–subordinate guanxi and task performance. This work extends guanxi research and is among the first to identify why hotel employees are motivated to develop and maintain high-quality supervisor–subordinate guanxi based on the contextualization of self-determination theory and Chinese cultural elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of venture capital in promoting entrepreneurship and funding innovation cannot be underestimated. However, it is important to acknowledge noteworthy concerns associated with collusive behavior in the venture capital process. "Guanxi" is a relatively intimate and closed social relationship, which can impact venture capital through trust and social obligations. Drawing on the theories of unethical pro-relational behavior and social networks, using data from GEM-listed companies supported by venture capital from 2009 to 2021, this research investigates the phenomenon of collusion behavior between venture capitalists and entrepreneurs, with a particular focus on the influence of "guanxi". The research finds that the presence of "guanxi" between venture capitalists and entrepreneurs tends to facilitate collusive behavior. Specifically, "guanxi" tends to increase entrepreneurial self-interest behavior, and venture capitalists' returns, infringe upon minority shareholders' interests, and increase corporate operational risk. Moreover, the study further explores the moderator effect of equity incentives on such collusion behavior. This research not only enriches the theoretical framework of the relationship between "guanxi" and venture capital activities but also provides insight into the ethical implications associated with "guanxi", contributing to the broader literature on social relationships and unethical behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the influences of human–human interaction on impulse-buying intention in live commerce through swift guanxi and trust. To further clarify its impact, gamification was also incorporated into the proposed model. We adopted a quantitative methodology involving online questionnaires distributed to 742 Vietnamese consumers with previous live commerce purchasing experience. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling, and the results suggested that in live commerce contexts, entertainment and responsiveness positively impacted swift guanxi, whereas personalization had no such effect. Mutuality and social contagion were identified as crucial elements for fostering trust in co-viewers in viewer–viewer interactions. Additionally, the findings validated the influence of gamification on three model components: entertainment, swift guanxi, and impulse-buying intention. These findings can aid live commerce vendors and streamers in implementing effective live sessions that foster participants' intentions to make impulsive purchases. Furthermore, this study deepens the understanding of swift guanxi and trust in the live commerce sector. Finally, the integration of gamification contributes to the current understanding of its influence in e-commerce studies in general and in live commerce studies in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-form video applications (SFV apps) provide an ideal channel for promoting rural tourism. Based on the elaboration likelihood model, this study integrated guanxi, telepresence, destination image, and tourism fatigue to investigate the factors affecting user intentions to travel to rural tourism destinations in the context of SFV apps. Through the use of structural equation modeling (SEM) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), the theoretical framework was examined using data collected from 445 SFV app users. The SEM findings revealed that guanxi could directly affect argument quality and source credibility, which further strengthened destination image and telepresence; the travel intention could be affected by destination image and telepresence without guanxi. Also, tourism fatigue played three roles in the formation of travel intention. Additionally, the results of fsQCA illustrated three configurations leading to high and low intention to visit rural tourism destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While strengths mindset as a new strength-based approach has attracted significant interest from scholars and practitioners, there has been a notable gap in the effect of strengths mindset. This study aims to explore the relationship between strengths mindset and organizational citizenship behavior, while also examining the mediating role of thriving at work and the moderating effect of guanxi closeness. Utilizing a two-phase design, data were gathered from 499 employees from diverse companies in China. We adopted structural equation modeling with latent variables to test our hypotheses. This study found that strengths mindset is positively related to organizational citizenship behavior. Thriving at work was found to fully mediate this relationship. More importantly, guanxi closeness significantly bolsters the direct link between thriving at work and organizational citizenship behavior and the indirect relationship between strengths mindset and organizational citizenship behavior via thriving at work. This research contributes to advances the strengths mindset theory and research, providing a pioneering insight into promoting organizational citizenship behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how practicum EFL teachers build trust through appraisals in classroom interactions at a local senior high school in Mainland China. Building upon prior research on trust discourse and appraisals, we present a model of teachers’ trust discourse, which we apply to analyze six English reading lessons conducted by three young EFL practicum teachers. The findings reveal that the practicum EFL teachers construct two distinct types of trust: cognition-based trust (CBT) and affect-based trust (ABT). CBT is formed through the communication of the teachers’ epistemic and deontic authority, while ABT is fostered by emphasizing values congruence and guanxi (interpersonal connections) between the teachers and the students. Appraisals play a crucial role in the trust-building efforts of the practicum teachers. Our analysis further indicates a preference among the practicum teachers for prioritizing CBT, as evidenced by their strategic use of appreciation and judgment resources in the attitude system, as well as the application of force resources in the graduation system. This study provides valuable insights into the pivotal role of appraisals in cultivating trust between EFL teachers and students in classroom settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informal affective bonding through which social resources are deployed, known as guanxi, is significant in social, political, and economic relationships in present‐day China. Guanxi is sociologically understood as a form of social network and also as a type of social exchange. In addition, guanxi is regarded as a kind of or derived from ritual practices. Ritual aspects of guanxi are critically examined. The concept of ritual is distinguished from Confucian li, with which guanxi is often associated. Rituals held to be supportive of guanxi are examined, three distinct conceptualisations of ritual are identified, and ritual is differentiated from social practice, ceremony, and rite. Finally, emotions in guanxi ritual are briefly discussed, comparing Collins' approach with an account from the early Chinese theorist Xunzi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of ‘professional capital’, which consists of human, social, and decisional capital, has been adopted in many countries to guide teacher development and school practice. However, more empirical research needs to be conducted to understand the concept in the Chinese context. The study investigates how teachers accumulate their professional capital in Master Teacher Studios (MTSs), a cross‐school teacher professional learning community in China. The study adopts a qualitative case study approach. Interviews, observation, and document analysis were employed to collect data from 10 MTSs in Zhejiang province, China. Ten MTS hosts and 28 studio members were selected as research participants. A combination of inductive and deductive coding approaches helped identify specific practices related to the three components of professional capital. Teachers in MTSs develop their human capital with increased professional competence, professional achievements and reputations, as well as enhanced confidence and open mindsets. Regarding social capital, teachers benefit from harmonious interpersonal relationships within MTSs to win peer support, from stronger social ties to learn from experts, and access more visible opportunities to display themselves professionally. They also enhance their decisional capital in the critical areas of teaching research (jiaoyan) and leadership issues. The study reveals specific practices associated with professional capital in the Chinese context where interpersonal relationships (guanxi) and cooperation are particularly emphasised, contributing to theory development. The study also describes how teacher leaders contribute to developing teacher professional capital, which may contribute to understanding teacher‐led professional learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the Chinese government proposed the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013, Chinese firms have been actively investing in countries participating in BRI. What kinds of firms are willing to respond to this geopolitical policy? According to resource dependence theory and resource-based view, this study examines the impact of CEO political connections on outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) in the context of BRI and its boundary conditions. The results show that CEO political connections can promote firm OFDI under BRI. However, a good institutional environment in the home region and host country weakens the positive impact of CEO political connections. Furthermore, central state ownership has a substitute role for CEO political connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research has been conducted to scrutinize employee loyalty, but scant attention has been directed toward understanding this phenomenon within the context of the millennial workforce in China. To address this research gap, in this study we investigated the association between Confucian leadership and employee loyalty among millennials in China, incorporating the mediating role of supervisor–subordinate guanxi in this relationship. Participants were 250 employees of 15 firms, who completed a self-administered survey. We found a positive relationship between Confucian leadership and millennial employee loyalty. Moreover, supervisor–subordinate guanxi was a significant and partial mediator of this relationship. These findings suggest that it is important to adopt Confucian leadership as well as building quality supervisor–subordinate guanxi when enhancing millennial employee loyalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guanxi research would benefit from an empirical description of holistic guanxi network structures and consideration of sociologically meaningful antecedents such as one's cultural value endorsement. This study, inspired by the relational sociology and drawing on the reported trustworthiness of a rich array of referees in one's guanxi network collected from the Traditional Culture and Cognitive Pattern Survey, identifies two types of guanxi network structures in contemporary China: one is featured by the binary distinction between family and non‐family referees, and the other displays a fourfold classification scheme, respectively concerning parents, nuclear family members (children and spouse), other relatives and close friends, and acquaintances. Furthermore, traditional culture endorsement is positively correlated with the likelihood of being subject to the binary classification scheme, while some counter social forces, such as the establishment of quasi‐kinship relationships, encourage one to lean toward the more fine‐grained fourfold guanxi network partitioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Using social media (SM) in the workplace is controversial. Managers are concerned about boundary spanners' heavy use of SM for unproductive activities, while boundary spanners need task-focused SM usage to enhance cooperative intention, share mutual knowledge, and build long-term relations. To clarify the effects of SM usage, the authors draw on task–technology fit (TTF) theory to examine how task-focused SM usage (TSM) and relationship-focused SM usage (RSM) influence the efficacy of interpersonal guanxi in China's emerging economy. Methodology/approach: The authors test the proposed theoretical model by collecting 550 valid questionnaires of survey data from manufacturers in China. Ordinary least squares regression is used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. Findings: The results of the statistical analysis show that interpersonal guanxi improves interfirm coordination and exchange performance. Furthermore, TSM usage strengthens the positive impact of interpersonal guanxi on interfirm coordination but weakens the positive effect of interpersonal guanxi on exchange performance, while RSM usage enhances its positive impact on exchange performance but weakens the positive effect of interpersonal guanxi on interfirm coordination. Research implications: This study contributes to the literature by developing and testing the TTF-based framework of interpersonal guanxi and SM usage. The finding enriches our knowledge on the roles of interpersonal guanxi in the business-to-business (B2B) context. Practical implications: This study offers the guidance for firms using SM in the B2B context. SM usage should be fited with firms' and boundary spanners' tasks, considering the complementary and supplementary nature of SM usage. Originality/value/contribution: This study tests the different roles of SM usage, i.e., TSM versus RSM, in fostering the efficacy of interpersonal guanxi, providing a meaningful perspective on firms' knowledge activities. Moreover, by proposing a TTF-based framework of interpersonal guanxi and SM usage, it explores the informational roles of boundary spanners' SM usage in promoting dyadic relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jin Ping Mei 金瓶梅 details the legal activities in Ming society with exceptional vividness. In other pre modern Chinese literary narratives, the ending usually featured poetic justice. However, Jin Ping Mei is a novel with unique realism in Chinese fiction in that it does not have a happy ending. More importantly, the novel depicts the normal condition and rationale of life based on guanxi 关系, an informal institution that was ubiquitous in Chinese society. Guanxi is a concrete embodiment of métis in the novel. This article sets out to demonstrate the métis in Jin Ping Mei through the analysis of guanxi in two cases. It argues that Jin Ping Mei depicts guanxi as the rationale of legal activities. Through guanxi, which is achieved through the manipulation of li 禮, ganqing 感情, renqing 人情, and mianzi 面子, gifts, banquets, and intermediaries, the culprits can easily find their way out of the unfavorable condition. The blend of rationality and emotion which is embodied in guanxi is the cultural root of the manipulation in the legal activities. The narrative of legal activities in Jin Ping Mei focuses on the métis based on guanxi in microlevel society and thus achieves unprecedented realism in premodern Chinese fiction narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Given Machiavellianism's strong historical and theoretical roots in power and politics, there are surprisingly few empirical studies, if any, that directly examine how Machiavellians attain and maintain power in organizations. Understanding this is important because Machiavellian employees have managed to effectively gain power to reach managerial positions of influence in organizations despite their negative reputation. Further, there are contradictory theories and peripheral empirical findings that suggest they gain power either by strategically forging important connections or through coercive force. We propose that a Mach middle manager perspective can help illuminate which power‐gaining strategy is used. Drawing from the Machiavellianism literature and power dependence theory, we theorize how Mach middle managers gain coercive power through abusive supervision on those with less power (their subordinates), while building close guanxi with those with more power (their senior manager) to obtain relational empowerment. Moreover, we theorize that they maintain power by increasing both power‐gaining strategies when Mach middle managers perceive a high threat to hierarchy from subordinates, suggesting these parallel relations are positively connected. We found support for our theoretical model using data from a multi‐confederate experimental lab study and two multi‐wave field studies. The theoretical and empirical implications of our findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guanxi is a symbolic means of social connection, or networking, that has existed in Chinese society for centuries. Although guanxi fosters trust and social capital, it can also increase the likelihood of favoritism and corruption. Despite deliberate measures that have been employed to establish a modern meritocratic public service system in China, many public servants today still perceive a need to use guanxi for career success. Utilizing data from public employees working in Sichuan, China, this study explores reasons that motivate the perceived need to cultivate guanxi in the public sector. The results from partial proportional odds models show that public employees' perceived need for guanxi is shaped by a combination of organizational, interpersonal, and individual factors, in particular a sense of collective efficacy, limited job alternatives, and public service motivation. We posit several theoretical and practical implications based on these empirical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The high-pressure nature of the construction industry, along with the COVID-19 pandemic, triggered abusive supervision (i.e. workplace bullying and incivility behaviour) that has diminished workers' well-being. However, despite the growing prevalence in practice and increasing concern in academia, abusive supervision remains largely unexplored by construction management scholars. This study aims to fill the gap in the current literature by analysing the effects of abusive supervision on construction workers' well-being, the mediating role of guanxi closeness and the moderating role of trust in the manager. Design/methodology/approach: A questionnaire survey was completed by 258 Chinese construction workers. The data underwent mediation and moderation analyses using PROCESS macro 3.5 for SPSS. Findings: The results revealed that managers' abusive supervision reduced construction workers' well-being at work and in life. Guanxi closeness between manager and workers mediated the relationship between managers' abusive supervision and construction workers' well-being. Additionally, trust in managers moderated the mediating effect of guanxi closeness. This study further revealed that the emotional connection between construction managers and workers, such as expressive guanxi closeness and affective-based trust, is important in handling the impact of abusive supervision on the workers. Practical implications: The findings of this study provide support for recent calls to address negative manager behaviours such as abusive supervision in construction management. They aid the development of a more comprehensive internal mechanism that considers the influence of guanxi closeness on the outcomes of abusive supervision by managers at construction sites. Additionally, interventions that develop trust in managers may be particularly effective in alleviating the tension of abusive supervision. More attention should be paid to managers' emotional connections in daily construction project management. Originality/value: Rather than concentrate on positive leadership, this study shifts the focus to negative leadership in construction project management by identifying abusive supervision as a negative primary antecedent of workers' well-being. While prior research has highlighted how negative manager behaviours affect workers' well-being from the conservation of resources theory (COR) perspective, this study is the first, to the authors' knowledge, to adopt a social exchange theory perspective by introducing guanxi closeness as a mediator. It contributes to a greater understanding of how trust in the manager alleviates the negative effect of the person's abusive supervision on construction workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guanxi is a ubiquitous, intricate, and enduring characteristic of Chinese society and permeates virtually every aspect of Chinese life. Drug policing is no exception. This study attempts to clarify the concept of guanxi and illustrate how guanxi affects police professionalisation in China through observing drug policing conducted by two Anti-Drug Squads and one Anti-Drug Corps in Jixiang City in China and interviewing 25 anti-drug police officers. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the data. This article defines guanxi as a long-term, interpersonal, and transmittable relationship that is connected by ganqing (affective bonds) and renqing (instrumental bonds). It involves mianzi (face and reputation) maintenance and social reciprocity. It highlights the importance of the Guanxi Base, which has often been omitted in previous literature. It argues that guanxi may result in unfair police management and give rise to renqing cases that undermine police professionalisation and the rule of law. Furthermore, it is argued that police professionalisation may bring about some resistance to political interference, particularly when it violates the law. However, guanxi operates smoothly within legal boundaries during drug policing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do citizens prefer to utilize personal connections (e.g. guanxi) with government officials to access public services? Conventional wisdom suggests that improvements in formal institutions can reduce the popularity of informal behaviors; however, limited research has explored the relevant roles of e-government and anticorruption endeavors. Thus, based on survey data from 30 Chinese municipalities and multilevel regression designs, this study shows that citizens in cities with higher e-government development levels or who perceive governments' anticorruption efforts to be effective are less likely to perform guanxi practices. The negative effect of e-government is also more salient among individuals with political connections. Therefore, this study contributes to the ongoing discussion on the relationship between formal institutions and guanxi practices by revealing the specific ways in which e-government development and anticorruption efforts lessen individuals' reliance on guanxi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Business Studies is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This document is a collection of presentations and research studies from the International Journal of Psychology. The presentations cover topics such as health disparities, mental health in Black communities, trauma in diverse cultural backgrounds, and the importance of addressing health equity in children and youth. The research studies explore global issues like trauma treatment, migration, intergroup relations, and dementia screening. The studies aim to provide insights and promote understanding of these topics in order to foster inclusive environments and cooperation. [Extracted from the article]

This article engages in theoretical reflection on how to transcend the imposition of Eurocentric theories onto Southern and Eastern examples. Specifically, I reflect on the examination of educational issues faced by marginalized migrant communities within Chinese contexts and explore the application of an "Asia as Method" conceptual framework to reimagine education opportunities for migrant children and community mobilization as it pertains to a politics of recognition and redistribution. The politics of location and identity shaped by Chinese society's historical and contemporary power structures highlight both the needs and potential of theoretical conceptualizations from within. The goal is not simply to replace the West/North with the East/South nor is it to generate a wholly new theoretical concept to be applicable to all contexts; instead, the task undertaken in this work is to foster historically grounded relational explanations in order for communities in previously-decentered contexts to become one another's multifaceted reference points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guanxi, a distinctive Chinese concept, reflects a shared vision of relationships and connections that include mutual understanding, trust, and a deep bond between individuals. Recognized for its potency in shaping the relationships that facilitate business undertakings and access to key resources, Guanxi is postulated as a potential mediator in the nexus between organizational justice and contextual work performance. The depth of Guanxi, intertwined with Chinese culture and values, may be perceived differently across age groups. Specifically, as Chinese millennials usually interact with global paradigms, generational disparities might emerge in valuing these traditional constructs. This study delves into how the dimensions of Guanxi—Ganqing (emotional connection), Renqing (reciprocity), and Xinren (loyalty)—mediate the relationship between organizational justice and contextual work performance, with chronological age as a moderator. The present study includes a convenience sample of 630 Chinese employees, aged 22–67 years, who participated in a quantitative online survey. The findings endorse the mediation role of Guanxi. The total influence of justice was found to be significant, as well as the indirect impacts, that were statistically salient. Although the age‐moderated mediation was not wholly substantiated, the age‐specific indirect effects of Renqing and Xinren did present significant variances between millennials and those above 42 years. The relevance of this study extends beyond the academic field, shedding light on the cultural dynamics at play within Chinese organizational settings. By unveiling the relationships between Guanxi, organizational justice, and performance, and by elucidating the age‐specific variations therein, this research provides insights for organizational leaders and human resource professionals. Based on these findings, businesses can craft targeted interventions that capitalize on the strengths of Guanxi, ensuring fair practices and enhancing performance across diverse age groups. Further, recognizing the unique attributes and values of different generational cohorts can aid in fostering a harmonious, culturally attuned, and efficient workplace environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effect of international talent inflow on technological innovation and the influence of the Chinese cultural environment on their relationship. Based on provincial-level data from 2000 to 2012, we construct a static panel data model to explore the effects of international talents on technological innovation and the moderating role of Guanxi culture and social trust in the above relationship. We find that international talent inflow positively impacts technological innovation. Guanxi culture significantly negatively impacts technological innovation and negatively moderates the relationship between international talent inflow and technological innovation. Social trust significantly positively impacts technological innovation and positively moderates the relationship between international talent inflow and technological innovation. The interaction between social trust and Guanxi culture has a significant positive effect on technological innovation. The study shows that different cultural environments have an essential impact on developing international talent's innovation ability. This paper provides evidence for the need to improve China's cultural environment and provides important implications for the formulation of talent policies. Based on this, we suggest improving the talent introduction system, optimizing the relationship culture, and building a good social trust system to promote regional innovation. Plain language summary: In this paper, we found that international talent inflow positively impacts on technological innovation. Guanxi culture significantly negatively impacts on technological innovation and negatively moderating the relationship between international talent inflow and technological innovation. Social trust significantly positively impacts on technological innovation and positively moderates the relationship between international talent inflows and technological innovation. The interaction between social trust and Guanxi culture has a significant positive effect on technological innovation. This study makes several contributions to the literature. First, it enriches the research on the influence of informal institutions in the field of international talents and reveals the boundary conditions for the role of international talents. Second, it deepens the research on the influence of culture with Chinese characteristics and enriches the empirical research on Guanxi culture in management. Lastly, it expands the antecedents of technological innovation. There are some limitations to this study. First, in addition to the negative side of the Guanxi culture, there is also a positive side. This study only uses the time invested by entrepreneurs and corporate entertainment expenses to explore its effect. Therefore, future research can analyze both sides of Guanxi culture. Second, Guanxi culture is just one of China's core cultures. Other cultures such as favor and face are also cross-cultural adaptation issues that international talents must face. It is necessary to discuss them. Third, limited to data availability, the social trust data only covers 7 years. Therefore, more relevant alternative indicators can be sought to verify the results in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops a theoretical framework on the conditions and mechanisms of informal governance in international organizations by a major power. It argues that the condition for informal governance is that the major power has favourable outside options, i.e. the alternatives that bring about considerable gains in the absence of cooperation, while other countries do not. When conditions are not in place, the major power is unable to exert informal influence. Based on the theoretical lens of the conditions and mechanisms of informal governance by major powers in international organizations, this article assesses China's influence in the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). It finds that China's influence in the AIIB does not remain static. In the early years after the establishment of the AIIB, China was not in a position to exercise informal governance and did not demonstrate influence beyond the confines of the AIIB's formal rules. As the situation of outside options for European countries worsening and as China's outside options improving, China became well placed to implement informal governance. Under such circumstances, China's preferences are well reflected in the AIIB's decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Cultural capital" and "field" are Pierre Bourdieu's most popular concepts, applied in sociological research around the world, including China. Yet, Bourdieu's overarching theory of reproduction in education implicitly bore the imprint of a culture-field connection specific to French schooling and society circa 1960–1980. This essay has two broad aims. First, it sketches a comparative framework for connecting cultural resources to their surrounding fields. Second, it applies that framework to three populations of Chinese students: domestic students in China, Chinese international students in North American universities, and Chinese first generation and immigrants in North America. Those populations are used to illustrate several arguments. First, domestic students in China and their diaspora in North America highlight how rationalized competitions in stratified systems trigger intensive "adaptations." Second, Chinese immigrants have inadvertently triggered new "valuation contests" in North American education. Third, international Chinese students exemplify emerging transnational strategies of opting out of intensive competitions by switching fields. Future directions for research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus peels are rich in flavonoids, and some valuable flavonoids with health benefits, such as polymethoxyflavones (PMFs), are found almost exclusively in citrus peels. While the peels usually regarded as by-product, leading to source waste. As a traditional method, drying is helpful to increase added-value of peels which can be used as medicine. However, the variations in variety and quantity of flavonoids during drying processes of citrus peel remain unknown. In this study, Guanxi honey pomelo peel investigated the effect of different drying methods on flavonoids content in citrus peels. Five drying techniques, namely, freeze-drying (FD) and hot air drying (HAD) at 30 °C, 50 °C, 70 °C and 90 °C were used employed for drying the pomelo peels and HPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis identified 39 flavonoids changes in flavonoids across samples. FD proved to better preserve most glycosidic flavonoids. Flavonoid aglycones could be better preserved in samples of HAD at 30 ℃, 50 ℃ HAD and 90 ℃ HAD. Specifically, HAD at 30 ℃ and 50 ℃ HAD is beneficial for obtaining more valued polymethoxyflavones such as 5-hydroxy-6,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone, 5,7,8,4′-tetramethoxyflavone and 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxyflavone. The 90℃ HAD resulted in the highest content of naringenin and 5,7,8,4′-tetramethoxyflavanone. This study demonstrated the transformation characteristics of flavonoids in pomelo peel under varying drying conditions, providing benefits for comprehensive utilization of pomelo peel in extracting valued-added flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Drawing on the organizational learning and relational governance literature, this study aims to advance a theoretical model to explain the export performance of emerging market export ventures. Design/methodology/approach: This study selects quantitative methodology because the main objective of this study is to explore the role of export ventures' performance (past) on guanxi networking, co-creation marketing strategies and present performance. Findings: The empirical evidence suggests that guanxi networking and co-creation strategy can mediate the relationship between export venture performance in the preceding year and export venture performance in the following year. In addition, this study also provides some guidance for emerging market export ventures on how to build a strong guanxi networking and create opportunities for collaboration when the effect of export performance in the preceding year on current performance is absent. Originality/value: The authors propose the inclusion of strategic guanxi networking-related factors (e.g. top executives' ties with business-to-business customers, such as distributors in the host market) in the prior performance-current performance paradigm. The outcomes of this study also contribute to extant organizational learning theory research by integrating preceding performance research with the co-creation theory. The study offers new insights into organizational learning and relational governance from the emerging market perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosocial punishments by social media bystanders could block the path from misinformation spread to social media‐induced polarization (SMIP). However, prosocial punishments are inadequate for SMIP management because of the personal costs, and few studies propose effective ways to mobilize bystanders. The Chinese government implemented a regulation in 2017 to mobilize bystanders on social media through allocating accountability to act as misinformation supervisors. In China's guanxi culture, prosocial punishments are less observed considering the additional personal costs caused by breaking guanxi. Therefore, assessing the effectiveness of China's cyberspace accountability mobilization can help identify an effective tool for other governments to mitigate SMIP. We used a vignette survey experiment to collect data from WeChat users and applied a random regression model to analyse the data. Accountability mobilization significantly promotes bystanders' prosocial punishment to block the misinformation‐spread‐to‐SMIP path. Guanxi negatively moderates the relationship between accountability mobilization and prosocial punishment to the above path. The government could encourage the public to actively take prosocial punishments by using the new tool of accountability mobilization. Guanxi culture reduces the effectiveness of the tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Despite the ubiquity of workaholism and workplace incivility, extant research lacks sufficient empirical support on the underlying mechanisms between them, which hinders curtailing the uncivil behavior of workaholics. To systematically investigate the underlying mechanisms, we proposed two mediators: emotional exhaustion and psychological entitlement. The former illustrates why workaholics engage in uncivil behaviors uncontrollably from the existing conservation of resources perspective, which captures the behavioral dimension of workaholism. The latter explains why workaholics engage in workplace incivility voluntarily from a novel moral licensing perspective, which captures the overlooked cognitive dimension of workaholism. Further, we incorporate supervisor-subordinate guanxi as a critical moderator that helps differentiate the above two mediators. Results across two studies suggested that supervisor-subordinate guanxi alleviates the indirect effects of workaholism on workplace incivility via emotional exhaustion, while magnifying the indirect effects via psychological entitlement. Overall, these findings provide evidence that workaholism can also psychologically free employees to engage in subsequent uncivil behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With fierce market competition, for medium and small scaled businesses the innovation of the business model is meant as a significant method to obtain competitive benefits and improve performance. This paper takes Confucian culture as the guidance and innovatively takes Guanxi as the starting point to construct a theoretical model of "Guanxi Orientation—resource acquisition—business model innovation—SMEs' performance". On this basis, based on the data of 405 samples, using the linear regression analysis method, the bootstrapping test method, and other methods to understand the Guanxi orientation's intermediary mechanism on the execution of SMEs, and analyze the chain intermediary effect of resource acquisition and innovation of business model and the environment the moderating impact of turbulence. Descriptive statistics are used for questionnaire results and for the interviewees to have an in-depth conversation. The study uses a structural model, mediation, and moderation analysis for the results. The research outcomes firmly established that a pronounced Guanxi orientation positively impacts the performance of SMEs. Moreover, the investigation uncovered that resource acquisition and business model innovation act as intricate and multifaceted mediators in the relationship between Guanxi inclination and the performance of SMEs. The current study puts forward reasonable suggestions for SMEs to achieve business model innovation and performance improvement from the perspective of Guanxi along with researching the antecedents and processes driving novelty in commercial operations and SMEs' performance in the context of Chinese culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese guanxi may contribute to the explanation of the rapid growth of Chinese firms. This study uses drinking culture, regarded as a typical feature of guanxi-oriented culture, and political ties, regarded as indicating the cultural embeddedness of guanxi, to empirically examine the effects of cross-level interaction between guanxi-oriented regional culture and culturally embedded managers' guanxi on firm performance in China. Based on the data of A-share listed companies from 2016 to 2019, multiple linear regression analysis is used to test hypotheses. The results show that guanxi improves firm financial performance but damage technological innovation. The contextspecific research offers novel insights and contextualized knowledge to enrich and extend the understanding of how guanxi affects firm growth and contribute to the knowledge of Chinese social philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

College students represent a burgeoning force in mass entrepreneurship, underscoring the critical need to nurture their entrepreneurial endeavors. This study adopts a quantitative method, surveying 33,660 Chinese college students engaged in entrepreneurial activities. It examines the impact of various entrepreneurial policies and regional entrepreneurship spirit on these students' decision-making processes. The findings reveal a positive correlation between entrepreneurial policies and entrepreneurial decision-making among college students, with regional entrepreneurship spirit serving as a mediator. Gender influences the relationship between regional entrepreneurship spirit and entrepreneurial decision-making, primarily moderating the effects of supply-based and environmentally-oriented policies. Entrepreneurship must be deeply integrated within China's unique social networks and informal institutional frameworks. The moderating influence of gender also highlights differing policy impacts among various student groups. This research contributes to the enhancement and understanding of the policy support mechanism's effect on college students and underscores the necessity for precise implementation of entrepreneurship policies tailored to college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do Chinese Muslims have their own voices heard under China's tightening online censorship amid a global health crisis like COVID-19? Based on 13-month ethnographic fieldwork, this article examines the active participation and creative use of digital media by Chinese Muslims during the pandemic. This study uses multi-sited ethnography (MSE) and digital ethnography to identify major features of networked Islamic counterpublic in China. It shows how Chinese Muslims creatively blend Islamic discourses of hygiene, scientific discourse, official regulations, and global discourses of public health through digital media. It also examines how Chinese Muslims selectively use digital platforms to cultivate Islamic ethics and strengthening global connections to Muslim world both online and offline. Furthermore, this study shows how resilient the networked Islamic counterpublic in China has been in terms of strategically voicing dissent in the shadows of anti-Muslim sentiments and state policies during a major global pandemic of our time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows that paradoxical leadership has a strong positive but inconsistent relationship with firm performance. Drawing on leadership contingency theory, we provide a theoretical model explaining how business unit level (BU‐level) paradoxical leadership positively impacts BU‐level performance mediated by BU‐level corporate entrepreneurship (CE). However, we also show that this relationship can turn negative when the degree of firm‐level Guanxi on human resource development (Guanxi HRD) practices is high. By relying on the responses from 276 BUs and performance archival data from the Taiwan Economic Journal database, we found that BU‐level CE mediates the relationship between BU‐level paradoxical leadership and BU‐level performance. Firm‐level Guanxi HRD practices diminish this effect and turn the positive relationship between BU‐level paradoxical leadership and BU‐level performance through BU‐level CE negative. Our study reveals the dark side of firm‐level Guanxi HRD practices and provides new theoretical and empirical insights that reconcile the relationship between paradoxical leadership and firm performance. Practitioner Points: There is a positive relationship between BU‐level paradoxical leadership and BU‐level performance.BU‐level CE positively mediates the relationship between BU‐level paradoxical leadership and BU‐level performance.BU‐level CE positively mediates the relationship between BU‐level paradoxical leadership and BU‐level performance.Guanxi HRD practices negatively moderate the positive relationship between BU‐level paradoxical leadership and BU‐level performance.Guanxi HRD practices negatively moderate the positive relationship between BU‐level paradoxical leadership and BU‐level performance through BU‐level CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the Chinese central government's anti-corruption policies and restrictions on Chinese Communist Party (CCP) cadres' conduct, many rural cadres still hold or join lavish banquets, but in secret. Why do cadres take such risks? Why is banqueting so important for them? This ethnographic study in one rural county shows how instrumental banqueting (fanju) and associated interactions enhance exchange among rural cadres and businessmen, which can be understood as a process of relational work. This relational work exaggerates and adorns participants' personal relationships and constructs a moral basis for corruption. This style of relational work uses the Confucian notion of li as an excuse to show benevolence(ren), creating "ritualized relational work." This paper contributes to an understanding of the resilience of guanxi practices during President Xi Jinping's anti-corruption campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching is often regarded as a profession with a high probability of job burnout. Research has shown a close relationship between teachers' motivation and their burnout, but it has not been closely explored among EFL (English as a foreign language) teachers in Chinese contexts. Considering the large number of college English teachers in Chinese universities and recent changes in their role, the study explores the relationship between their motivation and burnout, as well as the factors that affect teacher burnout among Chinese college English teachers. For this purpose, a total of 261 college English teachers from ten Chinese universities participated in the survey. Among them, 68 teachers submitted their narratives on teacher burnout using the narrative frame. The results showed that high mastery and relational goals and a low level of work avoidance goals contributed to higher motivation and less teacher burnout. The demand for research, lack of autonomy, and guanxi-based practices influenced Chinese teachers' burnout. The results show that teacher burnout is highly context-dependent and affected by the organizational structure and cultural practices. An organizational support needs to be provided for teachers to maintain their mastery goal orientations and increase their autonomy as professional teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to explore the process of β-glucosidase-assisted extraction of flavonoids from thinned fruits of Guanxi pummelo and the inhibitory effect of the extracted flavonoids on tyrosinase. In this paper, the extraction amount of total flavonoids was used as the index, and the β-glucosidase activity, enzymatic hydrolysis pH, temperature and time were optimized by single factor and response surface experiments, and the inhibitory effect of total flavonoids extract on tyrosinase was studied. The results showed that the optimal conditions for the extraction of flavonoids from thinned fruits of Guanxi pummelo were as follows: β-Glucosidase enzyme activity 0.0128 U/mL, enzymolysis pH4.4, temperature 35 t, time 4.8 h. Under these conditions, the extraction amount of total flavonoids was 34.0 mg/g, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the flavonoids extract on tyrosinase was 0.31 mg/mL. The results of this study showed that the enzymatic process could significantly improve the extraction amount of flavonoids from thinned fruits of Guanxi pummelo, and the flavonoids from thinned fruits of Guanxi pummelo had strong tyrosinase inhibition. The results of this study provided a reference for the extraction and application of flavonoids from thinned fruits of Guanxi pummelo, which was conducive to promoting the high-value utilization of Guanxi pummelo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social capital encompassing ideas, knowledge, information, contacts, and referrals is crucial for business achievement. This study discusses the concept of social capital within Chinese society and its pivotal role as a strategic component in the business performance of Chinese entrepreneurs. The research identifies guanxi, originating from Confucian principles, as a cornerstone of Chinese social capital. Guanxi fosters trust, facilitates networks, and fulfills reciprocal obligations, enhancing business operations' efficiency and sustainability. It is a vital component of Chinese entrepreneurs' strategic approach, characterized by its ethical and insightful nature. The findings emphasize that leveraging social capital, especially guanxi, is a reliable predictor of Chinese business success. By exploring the dynamics of social relationships, the study sheds light on the strategic deployment of social capital as a critical determinant of business performance. This research significantly contributes to understanding social capital from a sociocultural perspective, suggesting the potential development of a refined social capital theory across diverse sociocultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractGiven the dual research gap between the topic of sustainable entrepreneurship in tourism and non-Western cultural contexts, this study integrates social identity and social embeddedness theories and introduces the concepts of face and guanxi to discuss the influence of residents’ allocentrism on their sustainable entrepreneurial intentions (SEI) in collectivist rural tourism destinations. The study adopted a dominant-sequential mixed research design. The study finds that residents’ allocentrism can directly influence or indirectly stimulate SEI by enhancing their desire to gain face and reinforcing guanxi. Residents desiring to pursue face are more willing to engage in sustainable entrepreneurship. Residents with stronger guanxi are more confident in overcoming the additional risks associated with maintaining entrepreneurial sustainability. This study suggests that the entrepreneurial process does not have to be a highly individualistic pursuit, and collectivist cultural values play a critical role in entrepreneurial decision-making processes regarding sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on social exchange theory, this study investigates whether supervisor-subordinate guanxi(SSG) promotes voice behavior in university teachers. Posting organizational identification as a mediator and traditionality as a moderator, we constructed a moderated mediation model. A sample of 218 Chinese university teachers completed a two-stage questionnaire, and the data obtained were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The findings reveal that SSG can positively predict the voice behavior of university teachers, and organizational identification partially mediates the relationship between SSG and voice behavior. Moreover, traditionality negatively moderates the relationship of SSG on voice behavior via organizational identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global workforce faces a common problem: women are underrepresented in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) disciplines. Based on goal congruity theory, the present study examined Chinese college students' career interests. In Study 1, a total of 413 Science/Engineering and Medicine/Business majors chose between two jobs: one was masculine, and one was feminine; one afforded a life goal, and the other did not. The life goals were agentic (high salary), or communal (time to spend with family, helping others, and social connection). Results showed that men and Science/Engineering majors preferred masculine jobs more than feminine ones, whereas women and Medicine/Business majors preferred feminine jobs more than masculine ones. Among the four life goals, family-friendly jobs were valued the highest for Science/Engineering men. However, high-salary jobs were valued as high as family-friendly jobs for Science/Engineering women. Medicine/Business majors did not differentiate among the four life goals. To replicate the results regarding life goals, 84 Science/Engineering and Medicine/Business majors participated in Study 2, where they ranked four jobs that afforded a different goal. High-salary and family-friendly jobs were rated higher than the other two types of jobs for Science/Engineering and Medicine/Business majors. Our study showed the impact of different life goals on career preference. Theoretical and practical implications of the results were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China does not have a unified and consistent ethical understanding. Ethics have to be mostly conceived and applied in personal terms. At the negotiation table, parties bring their own moral principles and values from their cultural background, education, and experience. Justice principles anchored in Chinese moral philosophy clearly take precedence over legal justice principles. For a Chinese negotiator, striking a deal is a process of balancing between two contradictory sets of values: Confucius' notions of rightness, and those of modern distributive (and procedural) justice. Now, distributive justice implies a whole range of criteria, such as rewards according to efforts, merits, and contribution, as well as need. Equality is still not on the Chinese justice agenda. Fairness has to find its own way between guanxi requirements, traditional nepotism, the influence of symbols, propitious numbers, references to ancestors, feng shui, and astrology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on guanxi and conservation of resources theory we explore how close personal ties between middle managers who participated in leadership development, constitutes an important social resource in an East Asian public sector context. We contribute to studies exploring the importance of informal leadership development opportunities and techniques, specifically utilised to overcome public sector structural barriers. We gathered qualitative data from 44 middle managers who had completed formal leadership development within the Hong Kong Civil Service. Our data revealed that high quality Superior-to-Subordinate Guanxi helped study participants to gain access to important development resources including further developmental opportunities, stretch assignments, developmental support and feedback. High quality Peer-to-Peer Guanxi helped them to gain access to peer tacit knowledge, participation in collaborative development projects and positive peer developmental feedback. Our findings inform future leadership development design and are relevant to East Asian public sector context's where guanxi ties are significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]